대학생 영어 학습자들의 세계시민의식과 만국공용어로서의 영어(ELF) 인식

신효정(Hyojung Shin) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.20

목적 본 연구의 목적은 글로벌 시대 영어 학습자들의 글로벌 정체성과 상호문화 역량의 개발을 위해 세계시민 교육과 만국공용어로서 영어(ELF: English as a lingua franca)를 겨냥한 영어 교육의 융합에 대한 가능성을 탐색하는 데 있다. 방법 K대학에 재학 중인 136명의 영어 학습자들을 대상으로 세계시민의식과 영어 학습에서 ELF에 대한 인식 사이에 관련성과 인과성을 상관관계분석과 회귀분석을 통해 조사하였다. 결과 두 변수 사이에 통계적으로 유의적인 상관관계(r=.454, p<.001)가 관찰되었으며 이를 통해 세계시민의식이 증가할수록 ELF에 대한 인식도 증가할 수 있고 반대의 경우도 가능하다는 것을 유추할 수 있었다. 회귀분석에서는 세계시민의식의 하위항목 중 참여의식(β=.302, p<.01)과 다문화의식(β=.224, p<.01)에서 통계적으로 유의미한 계수가 산출되었다. 이는 다양한 글로벌 이슈의 노출과 다문화 경험이 학습자들로 하여금 ELF를 인식하고 다문화 역량을 쌓는데 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있음을 암시하였다. 결론 소통능력, 다문화 인식, 참여의식 등 글로벌 역량을 갖춘 세계화 시대의 영어 학습자를 배출하는데 세계시민 교육과 ELF를 겨냥한 영어 교육의 융합이 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine if it is valid to integrate global citizenship education with ELF(English as a lingua franca)-aware teaching and learning in order for English learners to cultivate global identi-ties and multicultural perspectives as ELF speakers. Methods Based on a survey conducted among 136 English learners who attend K university, correlation and cau-sation between global citizenship and ELF awareness in learning English were analyzed. Results The result showed general global citizenship and ELF awareness in learning English were significantly correlated(r=.454, p<.001), indicating that the higher global citizenship they develop, the higher ELF awareness they perceive, or the other way around. In addition, two subcategories of global citizenship, social participation(β= .302, p<.01) and multicultural awareness(β=.224, p<.01), yielded a meaningful regression coefficient for ELF awareness, implying that exposure to various global issues and muticultural experiences cause the students to re-alize ELF awareness and build intercultural competence. Conclusions From these findings, it is expected that the integration of global citizenship education and ELF-aware teaching and learning may play a positive role in leading English learners to develop global competence, such as communication skills, multicultural awareness and social participation.

직업성 극저주파 자기장 노출평가와 노출 기준에 대한 쟁점 고찰

박동욱,이승희,조경이 한국산업보건학회 2022 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Objectives: Objective of this study is to review briefly exposure characteristics, monitoring instruments and threshold limit values for extremely low frequency-magnetic field (ELF-MF) methods. This study was undertaken through brief literature review. We performed a literature search in PubMed to identify ELF-MF studies conducted in workplaces. Initial search keywords such as ‘extremely low frequency-magnetic field (ELF-MF)’ and ‘electromagnetic fields (EMF)’ combined or singly. We limited our review to occupational rather than general nonworkplace environmental exposures. Methods: The contents we reviewed: key industry and occupations generating ELF-MF, several directreading instruments monitoring ELF-MF and threshold limit values (TLV) preventing health effects may be caused by the exposure to ELF-MF. Results: The industries related to the generation and supply of electricity, electrolytic installations, welding, and induction heating and more were regarded as high ELF-MF exposure industries. All jobs handling or employed performed in power cable lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment are found to be exposed to ELF-MF. Threshold or ceiling limit, 1,000 μT, is established to prevent acute effects of exposure to low-frequency EMFs on the nervous system: the direct stimulation of nerve and muscle tissues and the induction of retinal phosphenes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified ELF-MF as possibly carcinogenic to humans chiefly based on epidemiological studies on childhood leukemia. However, a causal relationship between magnetic fields and several types of cancer including childhood leukemia has not been established nor has any other long-term effects. Risk management using precautionary measures, has been initiated by the US and EU to prevent chronic health efects related to ELF-MF exposure in workplaces. Conclusion: This study recommends the implementation of various measures such as theestablishment of occupational exposure limit values for ELF-MF and precautionary principle to prevent potential chronic occupational health effects may be caused by ELF-MF in Korea.

한국 대학생들의 ELF(English as a Lingua Franca) 사용 실태와 인식에 관한 연구

신효정 한국교양교육학회 2021 교양교육연구 Vol.15 No.5

Based on a survey conducted among 77 Korean university students, this article examined their usage and awareness of ELF (English as a Lingua Franca), and observed if problems which previous researches have claimed appeared among them. By analyzing data gathered via 2 simple questions and 4 descriptive questions, this study found that the respondents appreciated English as a basic medium for global communication. The respondents also reported various domestic and foreign situations in which they used English to communicate with different interlocutors who spoke different native languages. However, critical issues, such as ownership of English, idealized attitudes toward Standard English, and bias against the varieties of English spoken, all of which have been reported in several empirical researches, were also detected. As globalization extends throughout all areas of our life, and as L2 speakers excel L1 speakers in number as a result, this article calls for more effort to discuss ELF issues in general English education for university students. It also calls for the development of new pedagogical practices. The findings of this study could provide for a meaningful start in that it looked into the real life situations of the students. 본 논문은 77명의 대학생들의 설문을 통해 ELF(English as a Lingua Franca)의 사용 실태와 인식을조사하고 ELF와 관련하여 기존 연구에서 제기된 문제들이 한국의 대학생들에게도 발견되는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 2개의 단답형 질문과 4개의 서술형 질문의 응답을 분석해 본 결과, 대상 학생들은 영어를상호문화 간 소통 즉 ELF로서 널리 인식하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그들은 또한 현재 국내외 다양한맥락에서 다양한 모국어를 사용하는 화자들과의 소통을 위해 영어를 사용하고 있음을 보고하였다. 그러나 선행연구에서 관찰된 영어 소유권, 표준영어에 대한 이상주의, 영미권 이외 다양한 영어에대한 편견과 태도의 문제가 본 연구에서도 감지되었다. 세계화의 흐름이 일상의 모든 영역에서 가속화되고 영어 L2 화자가 L1 화자를 수적으로 능가하고 있는 가운데, 본 논문은 대학의 교양영어 교육 현장에서ELF의 문제를 적극적으로 논의하고 영어 교육의 방향과 목표를 제정비하여 이를 교육적 체계로 구체화시킬 것을 촉구하며 이러한 전환점에서 본 연구는 ELF에 대한 학생들의 실제 상황을 진단해 보았다는점에서 작은 의의가 있다고 할 것이다.

비영어권 교환학생 사례를 통해 살펴본 ELF 소통의 실제

신효정 한국언어과학회 2021 언어과학 Vol.28 No.3

Aspects of ELF Communication Experienced by Participants in Study Abroad Programs in non-English Speaking Countries. This article is a case study of two university students who participated in a Study Abroad Program in Japan and Poland, respectively. The goal of the study was to examine phenomena of ELF(English as a Lingua Franca) communication the students experienced in the non-English speaking host countries. As a method of qualitative inquiry, content analysis was made of the data drawn from interviews with two the participants. The findings implied that various physical and psychological environments led the students to experience ELF communication with different speakers from different backgrounds, realize the power of ELF in intercultural communication, and change their prejudice and attitude. However, internal conflicts, such as hierarchy regarding English ability mingled with racial bias, were also detected. From the findings, this study inferred an important role ELF awareness plays for a competent English speaker in a global context.

일일 생활 활동에 따른 일부 학생집단의 극저주파 자기장(ELF-MF) 노출량에 관한 연구

정준식(Joon-Sig Jung),전형진(Hyung-Jin Jeon),최성호(Sung-Ho Choi),송혜숙(Hyea-Suk Song),김윤신(Yoon-Shin Kim),홍승철(Seung-Cheol Hong) 한국생활환경학회 2015 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.22 No.2

The objectives of this study was that investigated ELF-MF exposures among the student class(elementary, middle and high school) for 24-hour activity pattern and find out ELF-MF related factors for the exposures. As a result of the evaluations for ELF-MF exposures about the experimental subjects of 87 students, an TWAAM was 1.03mG(TWAGM: 0.59mG). Results for 24-hour ELF-MF exposures according to gender are as follows: female showed that TWAAM and TWAGM were higher than male in 1.49 and 1.14 times respectively. But, there were not statistically significances in individual ELF-MF exposures according to power lines, city types, age, transportation, residential type, residential size and annual incomes. A result of overall ELF-MF exposure levels for the students in all activities was that 93% of the students was exposed bellow 2mG, and 3.45% was exposed to above 4mG. They spent the longest time in sleep at home: This is 465.05 minutes(GM: 450.98 minute). The ELF-MF exposure level was 0.84±2.92mG(GM: 0.30mG). Thus, these results can be used for data of students ELF-MF level and prevent ELF-MF exposure from the living environment sources.

무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 효율적인 데이타 전달 프로토콜

이승희(Seung Hee Yi),이성렬(Sung Ryoul Lee),김종권(Chong-Kwon Kim) 한국정보과학회 2006 정보과학회논문지 : 정보통신 Vol.33 No.2

매우 제한된 연산능력과 메모리 그리고 소용량 배터리를 가진 센서 노드로 구성된 센서 네트워크에서 플러딩이나 기존에 제안된 애드혹 라우팅 프로토콜을 적용하여 데이타를 전달하는 것은 현실적인 방안이 되지 못한다. 본 논문에서 우리는 ELF(Energy-efficient Localized Flooding)라고 하는 에너지 효율적인 데이타 전달 프로토콜을 제안하고자 한다. ELF 프로토콜은 소스 센서 노드와 이동성을 갖는 싱크 노드 간의 데이타 전달에 있어서 tracking zone이전 까지는 유니캐스트를 통해서 데이타 메시지가 포워딩되며, tracking zone내에서는 지역적인 플러딩을 통해서 데이타가 전달되도록 하여 유니캐스트와 플러딩의 장점을 적절하게 결합하고 있다. 시뮬레이션을 결과에 따르면, ELF는 매우 높은 data delivery ratio를 유지하면서도 average energy consumption 및 average delay는 낮은 특성을 보임으로써 센서 네트워크의 데이타 전달 방법으로써 매우 효과적임을 확인할 수 있다. Data dissemination using either flooding or legacy ad-hoc routing protocol is not realistic approach in the wireless sensor networks, which are composed of sensor nodes with very weak computing power, small memory and limited battery. In this paper, we propose the ELF(Energy-efficient Localized Flooding) protocol. The ELF is energy-efficient data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. In the ELF protocol, there are two data delivery phases between fixed source and mobile sink node. The first phase, before the tracking zone, sensing data are forwarded by unicasting. After that, within the tracking zone, sensing data are delivered by localized flooding. Namely, the ELF properly combines advantages from both unicasting and flooding. According to evaluation results by simulation, the proposed ELF protocol maintains very high data delivery ratio with using a little energy. Also, the property of average delay is better than others. From our research results, the ELF is very effective data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks.

어린이 생활환경 공간의 ELF-MF 노출량에 관한 연구

정준식,홍승철,이재원,권명희,김부욱,김윤신 한국냄새환경학회 2016 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The objective of this study was to investigate ELF-MF exposure levels in infant living environmental spaces atdaycare centers. To achieve the objective of the study, we surveyed ELF-MF levels using EMDEX II at daycarecenters from October 2013 to October 2014. The ELF-MF level of 53 daycare centers in terms of arithmetic mean(AM) and geometric mean (GM) were 0.59 ± 0.76 mG and 0.33 mG, respectively. And the ELF-MF level of 260daycare center classrooms was 0.50 ± 0.71 mG (GM: 0.28 mG). The exposure levels of ELF-MF for all daycarecenters were far below the recommended standards cited in guidelines in Korea (833 mG) and internationalreference levels proposed by WHO or ICNIRP (2,000 mG). Furthermore, we discovered out that as distanceincreased, ELF-MF emission levels decreased significantly in all electrical instruments. Below the 2 mG ELF-MFlevels when an electrical instrument moved away stage 1 (Grade). Thus, these results will provide useful data forthe determination of ELF-MF management and reduction methods at infant daycare centers.

ELS와 DLS 및 ELF 파생결합증권상품 간 상호 영향에 관한 실증적 연구

임병진(Byung-Jin Yim),최원근(Won-Gun Choi) 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.4

This empirical study on the mutual influence among ELS(equity-linked security), DLS(derivatives-linked security, DLS) and ELF(equity-linked fund, ELF) in the derivatives-linked security market used monthly data over the period from January 2010 to June 2014 covering 41 trading months in the research. In this paper, the data were differentiated by taking natural logarithms. Data were analysed using VAR(Vector Autoregressive), impulse response, variance decomposition and Granger causality. The main findings of the study were as follows. First, the correlation between ELS and DLS was found to be strong at (+)0.702410, while the correlation between ELS and ELF was (-)0.020266 and the correlation between DLS and ELF was (+)0.182662. Second, the level variables of the monthly sales for ELS and DLS were found to be non-stationary, but their first difference of Log provided a stationary time series. The monthly sales variables of ELF were, however, shown to be non-stationary both before and after their first difference. Third, there was at least one cointegration relationship between ELS, DLS and ELF. Finally, DLS and ELF Granger caused ELS.

Korean Adult English Learners’ Perceptions of the Common Grammatical Features of English as a Lingua Franca

임인재,황종배 아시아테플 2019 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.16 No.3

The present study ex amines Korean adult English learners perceptions about English as a lingua franca (ELF) and the common grammatical features of ELF . 276 university students participated in this study through an online survey portal. The survey consists of two parts : part one asks participants' attitudes and perceptions about ELF statements, and part two is an accepta bility judgement task for common grammatical features of ELF. Overall, t he participants showed moderately positive attitude toward most ELF statements despite they manifested stronger preference for native speaker oriented English learning on a few aspects . The results from the acceptability judgement task for 19 grammatical items consistently remained between neutral and slightly positive ranges. These results indicate that the participants already possess the concept of ELF, at least beyond a non negative stance, and admit the features of ELF as acceptable forms of English for global communication. P Participants‘ major, study abroad experiences, and experiences of communicating with foreign people did not cause consistent and significant difference in their attitude toward ELF, nor in their acceptability judgements. For timely and effective incorporation of ELF into English classrooms in Korea, further research need to be conducted with various learner groups regarding the perception about ELF, the development of teaching activities and materials, and the empirical data from on-site applications.

Interaction between the Late Elongated hypocotyl (LHY) and Early flowering 3 (ELF3) genes in the Arabidopsis circadian clock

Hae-Ryong Song 한국유전학회 2012 Genes & Genomics Vol.34 No.3

The circadian clock governs rhythms with 24 hours that allow organisms to anticipate daily changing environmental time cues. In Arabidopsis, the circadian clock is conceptually composed of three parts; input pathways for light and temperature signals,oscillators and output pathways for physiological processes including leaf movement, gene expression rhythms and flowering time. Oscillators consist of three interlocking loops, named morning, central and evening loops. Components of the central oscillator contain LHY, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1(CCA1) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION (TOC1). The oscillator can be reset by light signals through input pathways. Genetic studies have revealed the components involved in light input pathways. The elf3 (early flowering 3) mutant was isolated by insensitivity to photoperiod showing long hypocotyls, elongated petioles and pale leaves characteristic of plants defective in light perception. Therefore the ELF3 has been proposed to act on light input pathways. The aim of this study is to test whether LHY and ELF3 encode interacting components of a circadian light input pathway. To address this possibility, lhy-1elf3-1 (LHY overexpressing-mutant X ELF3 loss of function-mutant) and lhy-11 elf3-1 (LHY loss of function-mutant X ELF3 loss of function-mutant) double mutants were constructed. Their visual phenotypes and CAB (Chlorophyll a/b binding protein)expression patterns demonstrate that LHY may function downstream of ELF3 and that this interaction is disrupted when LHY expression is placed under the control of the 35S promoter. In addition, ELF3 is required for vigorous rhythms of LHY gene expression and LHY protein levels.