조선후기 친족결합 양상 : 충청도 지역 족계를 중심으로 Focusing on a local kinship fraternity in Chungcheong-do

成鳳鉉 한국고문서학회 2002 古文書硏究 Vol.21 No.-

조선사회에 있어서 친족은 중요한 사회수단이며, 사회구성 요소의 하나이었다. 그런데 친족은 세대가 지나면서 자연히 확대될 수밖에 없고, 그렇게 되면 친족의 결속은 자연 소원하게 되었다. 이러한 친족을 결속하기 위하여 조선후기 유행하기 시작한 것이 族契이다. 조선후기 친족의 결속을 이해하기 위하여 충청도 지역에서 조사된 족계 자료에 나타난 몇 가지 양상과 족계유행의 배경을 살펴 보았다. 족계는 대종계와 소종계로 나뉘는데, 소종계는 봉사대상의 현손들이 入契한 경우이고, 대종계는 遠祖를 제사하기 위한 것이었다. 족계에는 친손, 외손, 서자, 서손 까지도 참여하였다. 그러나 17세기 이후부터는 외손의 참여가 점차 배제되었으나, 그럼에도 소수이기는 하나 조선후기까지 외손이 친족으로 참여하였다. 그리고 족계의 참여는 성인이며 호주이었으나, 미성년의 자손이 참여 하였고, 父子가 함께 참여하기도 하였다. 족계의 정기회는 일년에 봄과 가을에 하였고, 정기회 때에 묘제를 지내고, 講信會라 하여 '立議'를 익히게 하였다. 정기회에 불참자와 입의를 준수하지 않는 족계원에 대해서는 강력하게 처벌하는 조목을 두어 친족의 결속을 강화 하였다. 조선후기에 족계가 유행하게 된 배경은 첫번째로는 종법질서의 정착에 따른 제사의 일반화이고, 둘째로는 조선후기에 이르러 증가된 친족의 파별의 결속을 위한 것이었으며, 마지막으로는 조선후기에 戰亂, 仕宦, 婚娶 등으로 친족들이 여러 곳으로 분산 거주하게 되자 이를 결속하기 위하여 실시한 것이다. In Joseon, consanguinity was an important social unit and one of components of society. Therefore, a person was considered social individual simply and one of the clans he belonged to at the same time. At this point, we call clan consanguinity, who closely related to him in a family tree and lived with him in the same area, not referring to whole clan group to which he belonged. However, small consanguinity groups became larger and brought the decline of family bond as generations went by. The weakened bond of consanguinity needed a systematic tool to strengthen the solidarity in the Joseon society where consanguinity functioned as a social unit. The solidification of Sung Confucianist order in late Joseon also wanted consanguinity which centered on the agnate. From the reason of this necessity in late Joseon society, a kinship fraternity began to be popular. The following are the several aspects of consanguinity formation in late Joseaon through the documents on the kinship fraternity in Chungcheong-do after the seventeenth century. The kinship fraternity is divided into Daejong fraternity for distant ancestors and small-scale Sojong fraternity branching off from Daejong; the first is for holding a ceremony for the repose of ancestors before the great-great- grandparent, and great-great-grandsons organized the second. In the kinship fraternity, grandsons, grandsons of daughters, even sons by a concubine, and grandsons by a concubine participated. Although few grandsons of daughters participated in the fraternity with the society turning to agnate-centered after the seventeenth century, some of them joined in the kinship fraternity as a consanguinity even in late Joseon. In general, the person should be an adult and householder for joining the kinship fraternity. However, sons under age or father and son sometimes joined it. The regular meeting of the kinship fraternity was held twice in spring and fall a year, an ancestral rite was held before the grave in the meeting. After the rite, people read and acquired 'Ipui' (regulations of the fraternity) in a Gangsinhoi meeting to strengthen the bond of kinship. There was a provision to punish a member of the fraternity severely for not participating in regular meetings and not observing the regulations. This kind of punishment regulation of the fraternity suggests that the kinship fraternity was a tool to unite consanguinity in late Joseon. One of the reasons which the kinship fraternity became popular in late Josean resulted from the generalization of a memorial serve with the settlement of Jongbeop order in which they thought much of agnate kinship order. That is, the eldest son was supposed to hold a ceremony for the repose of his ancestors and therefore, people formed the kinship fraternity to hold the ceremony together. Second, they organized the kinship fraternity to prevent themselves from be estranged from relatives, since the split branches of clan increased naturally in late Joseon. Finally, kinship families spread over many different areas and their social movement was activated because of wars, government service, or marriage. The kinship fraternity served as a measure to bind the kinship families together.

허혈성 심질환에 있어서 아데노신 급속 정맥투여후 관동맥압의 변화에 관한 연구

봉종대,오종용,배성한,신원용,김철현,이광희,최태명,현민수,김성구,권영주 순천향의학연구소 1998 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.4 No.2

Background: Adenosine interacts with A1 receptors present on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells, activating K+channels in a fashion. It produces coronary vasodilatation and AV nodal block. The half-time is one to six second and has ultra-short action. In ischemic heart disease, fractional flow reserve(FFR) can be achieved safely with intravenous adenosine infusions at a rate of 150㎍/kg/min which cause maximal coronary hyperemia. Purpose: We investigated the patients who have had ischemic heart disease(n=8). After adenosine intravenous administration(150㎍/kg/min), the effect cause maximal hyperemia of coronary artery. During peak maximal hyperemia, we reported clinical findings, coronary hemodynamics and electrocardiogram findings. Methods: After diagnostic coronary angiography and left ventriculography, catheter was advanced into the ostium of coronary artery. We investigated coronary hemodynamics such as systolic coronary artery pressure, diastolic coronary artery pressure, mean coronary artery pressure and heart rate. To assess the use of adenosine for determination of fractional flow reserve, hemodynamics and electrocardiogram were measured at basal state and during peak maximal hyperemia. Results: Symptoms developed 1.5-2 minute after adenosine intravenous administration and each symptom disappeared 2-2.5 minute after adenosine administration. Two patients represented asymptomatic appearance and six patients complained of flushing, chest pain, palpitation and headache. In eight patients with ischemic heart disease, 1.5 minute after venous administration of 150㎍/kg/min of adenosine, coronary artery pressure decreased and heart rate increased significantly. Conduction abnormalities after administration of 150㎍/kg/min of adenosine were transient 2nd degree AV block 2 cases(25%). Conclusions: Adenosine is a potent ultra short-acting vasodilator. Although coronary artery pressure decreased and heart rate increased and mild cardiovascular symptoms occurred after continuous infusion of 150㎍/kg/min of adenosine, it is useful as an agent for determination of fractional flow reserve.

혼파초지에서 질소시비수준과 방목율이 목초 및 육우생산에 미치는 영향

현봉수,김문철,김영호,송성언,이승협 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1986 畜産論叢 Vol.1 No.1

Effects of N fertilizer levels and stocking rates on beef production in a mixed pastiire of orchard-grass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, red clover and alsike clover were studied using 3 levels of N fertilizer (50, 100 and 200 kg/ha) and 3 stocking rates (3,4 and 5 head /ha). The summarized results are the following; 1. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer on the mixed pasture increased dry matter yield and protein content(P<0.05) of the pasture species. The stocking rate did not influence either dry matter yield or protein content. 2. The percentage of pasture species increased and that of weeds decreased with increasing N fer-tilizer levels. lncreasing stocking rate from 3 to 5 heads/ha significantly influenced that of the other pastures and weeds. 3. Herhage intake per animal increased at the lower stocking rate, but total herbage intake per ha increased at the higher stocking rate, Increasing nitrogen fertilizer decreased herbage intake per animal , but slightly higher intake per animal was obserbed at 5 head stocking rate. 4. No significant difference in weight gain/ha was found among N levels and stocking rates ussd. Live weight gain per animal was greater at the higher N level and also at the louer stocking rate.

암치료에 있어서 체질과 항암효과에 관한 한의학적 연구

성현제,신현규,박갑주,강봉주,은영아,김은해,정세영 한국한의학연구원 1997 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.3 No.1

As one of the chemical and experimental study on cancer treatment in Korea oriental medical hospital. Furthermore, we carried out the cytotoxicity test of extracts of herbal medicine. The results are as follows : About Clinical Aspects of the Oriental Medical Cancer Treatment - (1) Clinical experience is that 420 Oriental medical hospital were surveyed. Number of cancer patient treated by one oriental medical doctor was under 10(about 60%) or from 10 to 20(about 30%). (2) Diagnostic Procedure is that more than 80% of cancer patients were diagnosed by medical doctor of western hospital. (3) Therapeutic Method is that combination of oriental and western medical treatment was used in oriental medical hospital. (4) Relationship between cancer and constitutions is that to the relationship between cancer and constitutions, about 75% responded and most were considered to be Um. About Experimental Study - to evaluate the direct cytotoxicity of hot water and methanol extracts of 34 oriental medical presciptions on stomach cancer cell, SRB assay was carried out. (1) The IC50 value of water extract of Samsoum was 19㎍/㎖ and that of methanol extract was 15㎍/㎖, so that we confirmed Samsoum has a strong direct cytotoxicity. (2) The IC50 values of water extract of Coptidis Rhizoma, methanol extract of Caesalpiniae Lignum and Draba Semen were 10㎍/㎖, 19㎍/㎖ and 12.5㎍/㎖ respectively, so that we confirmed Coptidis Rhizoma, Caesalpiniae Lignum and Draba Semen have a strong direct cytototoxicity. (3) The IC50 value of combinatory prescription of Rhei Rhizoma, Forsythie Fructus and Caesalpiniae Lignum was about 40㎍/㎖.

교통사고요소를 포함한 도로투자 우선순위 결정 : 대전광역시를 중심으로

성현영,장현봉 목원대학교 건축도시연구센터 2004 建築·都市環境硏究 Vol.12 No.-

There are several methods for deciding the priorities among many highway investments in Korea. But these methods have some weakness in procedure of evaluation and evaluation criteria. Moreover, priorities are much influenced by other factors, such as the will of decision-maker, the budget constraints and the tendency of political atmosphere. In the thesis, we make equal ranges for each evaluation items in order to minimize the errors caused by different ranges for each evaluation items. Also the traffic accident data were added to existing evaluation items. As a result, more reasonable procedure for deciding the priorities of highway investment are possible, using the existing traffic accident data.

초경합금 소재 LCU_CL 코어의 초정밀 연삭 특성에 관한 연구

정상화,차경래,김현욱,이봉주 한국공작기계학회 2005 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.-

As the various manufacturing technology of optical glass is developed, the aspherical lenses are applied to many fields. However, It is still very difficult to manufacture glass lens because of the high cost and the short life of core. In recent years, the demands of the aspherical glass lenses increase since it is difficult to obtain the desirable performance in the plastic lens. In the glass mold lens, it has merits of high productivity and reproductivity since lens is manufactured by the only forming with high precision mold. The fabricating conditions for glass mold lens are glass surface that does not cause fusion, viscosity of 108-1013 poise for the 0.2㎛ accuracy, and viscoelasticity for the roughness less than 100 angstrom. In this thesis, ultra-precision grinding characteristics of tungsten carbide for forming the aspherical glass lens core were studied and the result of it is applied to manufacture the tungsten carbide-base core of the glass lens used to the laser scanning unit and the camera phone.

자동교시기능을 갖는 로봇의 3차원 오프라인 시뮬레이터 개발

신행봉,정동연,한성현 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

We propose a unmaned integrating control system based-on Windows XP version Off-Line Programming System which can simulate a Robot model in 3D Graphics space in this paper. The industrial robot with 4 and 6 axes modeled SM5 and AMI respectively were adopted as an objective model. Forward kinematics, inverse kinematics and robot dynamics modeling were included in the developed off-line program. The interface between users and the off-line programming system in the Windows XP's graphic user interface environment was also studied. The developing language is Microsoft Visual C++. Graphic libraries, OpenGL, by silicon Graphics, Inc. were utilized for 3D Graphics.

극초정밀 다축 스테이지의 광소자 정렬에 관한 연구

정상화,차경래,김현욱,최석봉,김광호,박준호 한국공작기계학회 2005 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.-

In recent years, as the demands of VBNS and VDSL increase, the development of kernel parts of optical communication such as PLC(Planar Light Circuit), Coupler, and WDM elements increases. The alignment and the attachment technology are very important in the fabrication of optical elements. In this paper, the optical alignment characteristics of multi-axis ultra precision stage were studied. The alignment algorithms were studied for applying to the ultra precision multi-axis stage. The alignment algorithm is comprised of field search and peak search algorithms. The contour of optical power signals can be obtained by field search and the precise coordinate can be found out by peak search. Two kinds of alignments, such as 1ch. input vs. 1ch. output optical stack, and 1ch. input vs. 8ch. output PLC stacks were performed for investigating the alignment characteristics.

PWM을 利用한 空壓Cylinder의 位置制御에 關한 硏究

朴鍾奉,盧尙鉉 慶一大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.6 No.1

A pneumatic position control system must have the velocity and acceleration feedback devices to improve the performance of the system, but theses devices cause not only to complicate the structure of a system but also to raise the cost of one. In this paper, the pneumatic position control system consisting of a microcomputer, a solenoid valve, a sing-rod cylinder, a PWM circuit, and an encoder which used as a position sensor is developed. The step input response of the developed system is measured experimentally.

실리콘의 TMAH 식각을 사용한 Suspended-type 마이크로 가스센서의 제조

김현호,이상문,임준우,강봉휘,정완영,이덕동 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1998 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.9 No.1

In recent years, different types of microfabricated 'suspended-type' structure have been used as freestanding membranes for a variety of micro gas sensors. We examined the silicon etching characteristics of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(TMAH). A suspended type micro gas sensor with platinum heater, sensing electrode and temperature sensor using TMAH etching of silicon was fabricated on silicon nitride(1,500Å)/ silicon dioxide (3,000Å)/ silicon nitride(1,500Å) dielectric membrane. It has low thermal conductivity and balanced stress with silicon substrate for the purpose of improving the thermal isolation between heater and silicon substrate. To avoid any chemical or physical damages to gas sensing material during the photolithography or shadow mask process, the tin dioxide film was deposited onto whole surface of device by using maskless electron beam(e-beam) evaporation technology. The power consumption of the fabricated device was about 40mW at the operating temperature of 250°C. In case of adding Pt(2wt.%) or Pd(2wt.%) catalyst, the sensitivity to CO was higher and the sensitivity to C_(4)H_(10) was higher than those to other gases, respectively.