「메논」의 교육학적 함의

신현빈(Hyeon-Bin Shin) 한국도덕교육학회 2019 道德敎育硏究 Vol.31 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 「메논」을 교육학적 관점에서 해석하는 데에 있다. 교육학적 관점에서 보면, 「메논」에 제시된 소크라테스와 메논의 대화는 교육상황의 이상적 표준에 해당한다. 대화과정에서 포착되는 소크라테스와 메논의 교섭은 플라톤이 전하고자 했던 덕, 지식, 교육의 의미를 구체적으로 구현하고 있으며, 이에 주목하는 것은 플라톤의 이데아의 의미를 밝히는 데에 기여한다. 「메논」은 대화를 통해 자신의 덕을 드러내고 있는 소크라테스와 그와의 대화를 통해 점점 변화하고 있는 메논의 모습을 구체적으로 드러내고 있다. 소크라테스는 대화의 초입부터 막바지까지 시종일관 지식의 기준으로서의 덕을 드러내고 있으며, 그것을 대화를 통해 설명하고 있다. 「메논」은 소크라테스라는 교사와 메논이라는 학생의 구체적인 교섭을 보여주고 있는 극작품이며, 플라톤의 대화편을 어떤 식으로 이해해야할 지를 모범적으로 보여주는 지침서와 같은 역할을 한다. The purpose of present study is to interpret Meno from the perspective of educational theory. In view of education, the dialogue between Meno and Socrates in Meno represents the ideal situation of education. The reciprocal relationship of Socrates and Meno which embodied in Meno explains the meaning of virtue, knowledge, and education that Plato wished to communicate. Focusing on this relationship helps clarifying the meaning of Plato’s ‘Idea’. Meno shows us Socrates who disclosing the virtue, and Meno whose attitude is being altered consistently. Socrates shows and explains us “What is the virtue” as the incarnation of it. Plato’s Meno is a drama that shows us the reciprocal relationship of teacher and learner, Socrates and Meno, implicitly. Meno is the dialogue, which suggests the way to understand all of Plato’s masterpieces; The only thing we have to focus is the reciprocal relation between Socrates and other characters of drama, Education.

Transgenic pig breeding and effect of hDAF & US11 genes in immune response

Hyeon Yeong Shin,Tao Lin,Jae Eun Lee,Joo Bin Lee,Jung won Kang,Dong Il Jin 한국수정란이식학회 2018 한국수정란이식학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.11

Until now, problems related to shortage of organ for transplantation have been continuing. Pigs are the most suitable animal for xenotransplantation. Although primates are most similar to humans, they are not suitable because they have low productivity. Pigs are more productive than primates, and their organ size and physiological characteristics are similar to humans, with the exception of primates. In this study, we breeding the transgenic minipigs using natural mating to produce transgenic pigs. And, transgenic pigs has transmission rate that follow mendel’s rule. There are 20% hDAF gene, 20% US11 gene and 50% both hDAF and US11 gene in transgenic offsprings. Furthermore, transgenic pigs followed normal litter size, and piglets also has normal sex ratio. To suppress the immune function, experiments were performed using porcine ear fibroblast that transfected with hDAF and US11gene. In Cytotoxicity experiment against human complement, hDAF gene and double transgenic cell with both hDAF and US11 gene showed effect to reduce cytotoxicity rate in all of human complement condition. US11 gene and double transgenic cell were significantly reduce the cytotoxicity ratio in human NK cell. Besides, hDAF gene transgenic cell also reduce immune response in 10:1 concentration of human NK cell. In conclusion, natural mating was efficient method for breeding transgenic pigs. And, hDAF and US11 genes has effect for reduce cytotoxicity against human NK cell and human complement conditions.

Effect of US11 and hDAF Gene for Cytotoxicity Regulate and Transgenic Pigs Breeding

Hyeon Yeong Shin,Tao Lin,Reza K. Oqani,Jae Eun Lee,Jung won Kang,Joo Bin Lee,Dong Il Jin 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

This study aims to find effect of natural mating and cytotoxicity regulate from US11 and hDAF gene transgenic pig. Piglets that has US11, hDAF or US11&hDAF genes were born from natural mating of female US11 gene transgenic pig and male hDAF gene transgenic pig. Among 10 piglets were born, there are 2 piglets with US11 gene only, 2 piglets with hDAF gene only, 5 piglets with both US11 and hDAF gene, and 1piglets without transgenes. Sex ratio of piglets was 1:1, and transfection rate from natural breeding showed result that only US11 gene was 20%, only hDAF gene was 20%, and both US11 gene and hDAF gene was 50%. In cytotoxicity effect, US11 gene was showed a tendency of reduce human NK cell cytotoxicity in 10:1 ratio. In complement assay, hDAF gene was reduce human complement cytotoxicity in both 1:1 and 10:1 ratio of human complement. hDAF gene was also effected in reduce human NK cell cytotoxicity that showed similar result with US11 gene. Double transgenic piglets fibroblast that has both US11 and hDAF resulted that decrease both human NK cell and complement cytotoxicity compared with wild type cells. In conclusion, Natural mating was effected for US11 and hDAF gene transmitted into offsping piglets, and US11 and hDAF gene were expected to regulate xenograft rejections in transgenic tissues.

급성 인간면역부전바이러스 감염증이 원인이었던 불명열 1예

신동현,김의석,박상원,김홍빈,김진욱,오명돈,최강원 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.4

저자들은 불명열로 입원한 환자에서 급성 HIV 감염을 진단하였다. 우리나라에서 HIV 감염 환자가 계속 증가하고 있으므로 급성 레트로바이러스 증후군을 보이는 환자가 불명열고 진단될 가능성도 높다. 그러므로, 불명열 환자를 진료할 경우에는 반드시 급성 레트로바이러스 증후군을 감별해야 하겠다. We report a case of acute retroviral syndrome presenting as a fever of unknown origin. A 22-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of fever. He had been well until 20 days earlier when he experienced fever and headache. Three days before damission diarrhea, vomiting sore throat and myalgia developed. Physical examination revealed skin rash, and multiple lymphadenopathy. Acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was confirmed by seroconversion. As the number of patients with HIV infection is increasing in Korea, acute retroviral syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin.

Quality Properties of Sponge Cake with Dangyuja (Citrus gradis ) Peel Powder

Hyeon-Bin O,Ka-Young Song,Ki-Youeng Joung,So-Yeon Shin,Young-Soon Kim 한국식품영양학회 2017 한국식품영양학회 학술대회논문집(학술심포지움) Vol.2017 No.06

Sex-Based Outcomes of P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy After Three Months of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Shin Eun-Seok,Her Ae-Young,Kim Bitna,Hahn Joo-Yong,Song Young Bin,Lee Joo Myung,Park Taek Kyu,Yang Jeong Hoon,Choi Jin-Ho,Choi Seung-Hyuk,Lee Sang Hoon,Gwon Hyeon-Cheol 대한의학회 2023 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.38 No.45

Background: In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the SMART-CHOICE trial, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy after three months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) achieved clinical outcomes comparable to those of 12 months of DAPT. Nonetheless, the effects of sex on these outcomes remain unknown. Methods: This open-label, non-inferiority, randomized study, conducted in 33 hospitals in South Korea, included 2,993 patients undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stents. Patients were randomly assigned to receive DAPT (aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor) for three months then P2Y12 inhibitor alone for nine months, or DAPT for the entire 12 months. The primary endpoints were major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) 12 months after the index procedure. The bleeding endpoints were Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) bleeding types 2 to 5. Results: Of the patients, 795 (26.6%) were women, who were older and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia than men. The sexes exhibited comparable primary endpoints (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–1.55; P = 0.770) and bleeding endpoints (adjusted HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.63–1.81; P = 0.811). P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy vs DAPT was associated with lower risk of BARC type 2 to 5 bleeding in women (adjusted HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.16–0.98; P = 0.045) but the difference was not statistically significant when using the Bonferroni correction. The primary endpoints were similar between treatment groups in both sexes. Conclusion: In both sexes undergoing PCI, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy after three months of DAPT achieved similar risks of the primary endpoints and the bleeding events compared with prolonged DAPT. Therefore, the benefits of early aspirin withdrawal with ongoing P2Y12 inhibitors may be comparable in women and men.

Silencing of Atp2b1 increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction

Shin, Young-Bin,Lim, Ji Eun,Ji, Su-Min,Lee, Hyeon-Ju,Park, So-Yon,Hong, Kyung-Won,Lim, Mihwa,McCarthy, Mark I.,Lee, Young-Ho,Oh, Bermseok Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams Wilkin 2013 Journal of Hypertension Vol.31 No.8

BACKGROUND:: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified 30 genetic loci that regulate blood pressure, increasing our understanding of the cause of hypertension. However, it has been difficult to define the causative genes at these loci due to a lack of functional analyses. METHOD:: In this study, we aimed to validate the candidate gene ATP2B1 in 12q21, variants near which have the strongest association with blood pressure in Asians and Europeans. ATP2B1 functions as a calcium pump to fine-tune calcium concentrations – necessary for repolarization following muscular contractions. We silenced Atp2b1 using an siRNA complex, injected into mouse tail veins. RESULTS:: In treated mice, blood pressure rose and the mesenteric arteries increased in wall : lumen ratio. Moreover, the arteries showed enhanced myogenic responses to pressure, and contractile responses to phenylephrine increased compared with the control, suggesting that blood pressure is regulated by ATP2B1 through the contraction and dilation of the vessel, likely by controlling calcium concentrations in the resting state. CONCLUSION:: These results support that ATP2B1 is the causative gene in the blood pressure-associated 12q21 locus and demonstrate that ATP2B1 expression in the vessel influences blood pressure.

골수이식 후 감염의 분석 : 1993~1996년 4년간 가톨릭 조혈모세포 이식센터의 경험 Experience of Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center from 1993 to 1996

신완식,최정현,유진홍,김희제,민창기,엄현석,조빈,김동욱,이종욱,한치화,한경자,홍영선,민우성,최일봉,한훈,김학기,김춘추,김원일,김동집 대한조혈모세포이식학회 1998 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.3 No.1

연구배경 : 1993년부터 1996년 사이 가톨릭 조혈모 세포 이식센터에서 급·만성 백혈병, 재생불량성 빈혈, 골수이형성 증후군 등으로 동종, 자가 및 타인간 골수 이식을 시행한 환자를 대상으로 골수 이식 후 감염 합병증의 빈도, 유형, 경향, 예후 등을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 264명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 의무기록를 검토하였으며 대상 환자는 급성 골수성 벽혈병 96명(36%), 중증 재생불량성 빈혈 68명(26%), 만성 골수성 백혈병 59명(22%), 급성 림프구성 백혈병 29명(11%), 기타 질환 12명(5%)이었다. 골수이식의 형태는 동종 골수이식이 216명(82%), 자가 골수이식이 34명(13%), 타인간 골수이식은 14명(5%)였다. 결과 : 1) 이식 후 생착시까지 264명의 환자 중 1차례 이상의 발열로 항균제를 투여받은 환자는 135명(51%)이었다. 발열 형태는 미생물학적 확인감염이 16%, 임상적 확인감염이 27%, 설명불가열이 57%였으며 미생물학적 확인감염의 경우 임상검체에서 분리된 34개의 균주중 24개가 그람음성균으로 여전히 그람음성균이 높은 감염률을 보였다. 감염소로는 호흡기감염, 균혈증, 피부 및 연부조직 감염의 순으로 빈도가 높았다. 2)자가 골수이식을 제외한 동종 골수이식, 타인간 골수이식을 시행받은 230명의 환자 중 114명(50 %)의 환자에서 급성 이식편대 숙주반응이 발생하였다. 동종 골수이식 216명 중 105명에서, 타인간 골수이식 14명 중 9명에서 발생하여 타인간 골수이식에서 유의하게 높았다, (p<0.001). 3) 264명의 환자 중 20명(7.6%)의 환자가 이식 초기에 사망하였으며 동종골수이식 환자 중 12명, 타인간 골수이식 환자 중 8명이 사망하여 타인간 골수이식이 이식후 조기 사망이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 사망의 원인으로 감염이 직접사인 된 경우는 전부 6예로 폐렴에 의한 사망이 5예, Klebsiella pneumoniae 패혈증으로 인한 사망이 1에였다. 14명의 환자에서는 중증 급성 이식편대 숙주반응, 정맥폐쇄성 질환 생착부전, 혈전성 혈소판 감소성 자반증, 뇌출혈, 그리고 독성간염 등 감염이외의 이식과 관련되 합병증이 선행된 후, 질환자체에 의해서 혹은 폐렴, 패혈증 등 이차 감염으로 인한 다장기 기능부전이 합병하여 사망하였다. 4) 생존한 예에서 골수이식 후 생착이 확인되어 퇴원시까지의 평균 기간은 1993년 38일(18-164일), 1994년 45일(25-113일), 1995년 33일(17-110일), 1996년 29일(14-114일)로 통계학적으로 유의한 감소경향을 보였다. (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.01). 5) 이식 후 생존한 244명의 환자 중 자가 골수이식을 시행받은 환자 34명을 제외한 210명의 환자 중 만성 이식편대 숙주반응이 발생한 예는 60예로 29%의 빈도를 보였다. 6) 이식 후 생착이 확인되어 퇴원 후 외래에서 결과 관찰을 하던 중 1회이상의 감염성 합병증을 경험한 환자는 모두 125명으로 51%(125명/244명)가 후기 감염성 합병증으로 경험하였고 125명의 환자가 총 237건의 감염성 합병증을 보여 1인당 1.9회의 빈도를 나타냈다. 만성 이식편대 숙주반응은 후기 감염성 합병증 발생과 관계가 있어 만성 이식편대 숙주반응이 있었던 환자가 만성 이식편대 숙주반응이 없었던 환자보다 4배의 감염성 합병증 위험도를 나타내었다(OR=4.0, 95% CI 1.97<OR<8.21). 장기별로 호흡기계의 감염의 전체 237건 중 100건을 차지하여 42%를 나타내었으며, 감염의 원인으로서는 herpes감염이 37%로 가장 많았다. 7) EBV에 의한 이식 후 림프증식증에 의한 림프종1예와 골수이형성 증후군으로 동종골수이식을 시행한 남자 환자에서 이식 후 1년뒤 협점막(buccal mucosa)에 발생한 편평상피세포암(squamous cell cancer) 1예등 2예를 경험하였다. 8) 이식 후 생착이 확인되어 퇴원한 환자 244명 중 1997년 12월 현재 50명이 사망하였다. 44명의 환자가 감염으로 사망하였으나 감염이 직접 사망원인이 된 경우는 6예이고, 21명의 환자가 기저 질환의 재발에 동반된 감염으로, 12명의 환자는 만성 이식편대 숙주반응에 동반된 감염으로, 그리고 5명의 환자가 생착편 거부반응(rejection)과 관련된 감염으로 사망하였다. 기타TTP에 의한 사망 3명, 뇌출혈에 의한 사망2예, 만성 간염의 악화로 인한 사망 1예가 있었다. 9) 1993년에서 1996년 사이 가톨릭 조혈모세포 이식센터에서 동종, 자가, 그리고 타인간 골수이식을 시행받은 264명의 환자 중 1997년 12월 현대 194명의 환자가 생존하여 73%의 생존율을 보이고 있다. 결론 : 이상의 결과를 토대로 현재 가톨릭 조혈모세포 이식센터에서 골수이식을 시행하는 경우 감염이 직접적 사망원인이 되는 경우는 이식초기에 2.3%, 환자의 전 생존기간 동안에는 4.5%로 낮은 빈도를 보였다. 다만 급/만성 이식편대 숙주반응, 재발 등의 합병증에 동반된 감염에 의한 사망률이 여전히 높아 추후 효과적인 숙주반응 예방 및 치료법, 재발을 줄일 수 있는 전처치약제 등에 대한 발전이 있어야 하며 대상포진과 같이 발생률이 높은 감염성 질환에 대해서는 예방접종을 통한 적극적 대처방안을 강구하여야 할 것이다. Background : The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, type, patterns and outcome of infections after bone marrow transplantaion (BMT). Methods : We retrospectively analyzed infections complications of 264 bone marrow transplanted patients at Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center from 1993 to 1996. Underlying diseases of these patients were 96 acute myelogenous leukemias, and 12 other diseases. Results : 135 of 264 recipients(51%) experienced febrile episode before engraftment. The microbioligically defined infection was 15%, clinically defined infection was 27%, and remained febrile episodes(57%) was unexplained. The site of infections were respiratory tract, blood, skin and soft tissue in frequency. During the period of engraftment, 20 patients were succumbed due to infections(6/20) or immunologic events with 29% and they had four fold risk of infection than without chronic GVHD. Post-engraftment infections complication took place in 51% of survived patients. Also, the respiratory tract was most frequent site of infection and herpesvirus was the most frequent pathogen encountered. 50 of 244 recipients were succumbed during post-engraftment period. Among 50 dead patients, direct cause of death was infection in only 6 cases, and remaining. 44 patients were died due to preceding relapse or chronic GVHD and superimposed infections. As of December 1997, overall survival rate of these patients was 73%. Conclusion : From this study, we found the mortality due to sole infection after BMT is very low and we must focus on the development of new effective prophylactic and therapeutic regimens for acute and chronic GVHD, and new conditioning regimens with lower relapse. Also, active immunization for infections prevalent after BMT is considered.

지역시회 성인의 전비공에서 분리된 황색포도구균의 메티실린 내성율

신동현,박경운,김홍빈,오명돈,김의종,최강원 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.6

배 경 : 우리나라의 경우 병원에서 분리되는 황색포도구균은 메티실린 내성률이 80%에 이를 정도로 내성 문제가 심각하다. 이 연구는 지역사회에 메티실린내성 황색포도구균이 얼마나 만연하여 있는지를 아는데 그 목적이 있다. 방 법 : 지역사회에 거주하는 사람들 중에서 메티실린내성 황색포도구균을 획득할 위험인자가 없는 건강한 성인을 대상으로 전비공에서 검체를 채취하였다. 선별배지에서 검체를 배양하여 황색포도구균을 분리하고, E test와 원판확산법을 이용하여 메티실린에 대한 감수성을 검사하였다. 메티실린에 내성인 황색포도구균은 중합호소연쇄반응법으로 mecA 유전자를 확인하였다. 결 과 : 총 689명이 연구에 포함되었으며, 이중 227명 (33%)에서 황색포도구균이 분리되었다. 분리된 황색포도구균 균주 중 메티실린 내성선별배지에서 증식한 균주는 7.0% (16/227)였다. 이들 중 oxacillin의 최소억제농도 검사와 mecA유전저 검사에서 MRSA로 확인된 균구는 2.2%(5/227)였다. 결 론 : 우리나라 지역사회 성인의 전비공에서 분리된 황색포도구균의 메티실린 내성률은 5% 미만 (95% 신뢰구간 1~5%)이다. Background : About 80% of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus isolates demonstrate methicillin resistance in Korea. To assess the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the community, we screened the nasal S. aureus isolates from healthy adults. Methods : Nasal cultures were collected from healthy adults without known risk factors for acquisition of MRSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates against oxacillin were determined using the E-test and the disk diffusion method. Methicilin resistant isolates were tested for the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction. Results : Total 689 subjects were studied. The point prevalence of S. aureus was 33% (227/689). Sixteen isolates of S. aures grew on the MRSA screening plates, of which 5 (2.2%) were resistant to oxacillin and positive for the mecA gene. Conclusion : Less than 5% (95% CI; 1~5%) of the nasal S. aureus isolates in the community were methicillin-resistant.

Comparing Two-Stent Strategies for Bifurcation Coronary Lesions: Which Vessel Should be Stented First, the Main Vessel or the Side Branch?

Shin, Dong-Ho,Park, Kyung Woo,Koo, Bon-Kwon,Oh, Il-Young,Seo, Jae-Bin,Gwon, Hyeon-Cheol,Jeong, Myung-Ho,Seong, In-Whan,Rha, Seung Woon,Yang, Ju-Young,Park, Seung-Jung,Yoon, Jung Han,Han, Kyoo-Rok,Park The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2011 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.26 No.8

<P>This study compared two-stent strategies for treatment of bifurcation lesions by stenting order, 'main across side first (A-family)' vs 'side branch first (S-family). The study population was patients from 16 centers in Korea who underwent drug eluting stent implantation with two-stent strategy (A-family:109, S-family:140 patients). The endpoints were cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) during 3 years. During 440.8 person-years (median 20.2 months), there was 1 cardiac death, 4 MIs (including 2 STs), and 12 TLRs. Cumulative incidence of cardiac death, MI and ST was lower in A-family (0% in A-family vs 4.9% in S-family, <I>P</I> = 0.045). However, TLR rates were not different between the two groups (7.1% vs 6.2%, <I>P</I> = 0.682). Final kissing inflation (FKI) was a predictor of the hard-endpoint (hazard ratio 0.061; 95% CI 0.007-0.547, <I>P</I> = 0.013), but was not a predictor of TLR. The incidence of hard-endpoint of S-family with FKI was comparable to A-family, whereas S-family without FKI showed the poorest prognosis (1.1% vs 15.9%, retrospectively; <I>P</I> = 0.011). In conclusion, 'A-family' seems preferable to 'S-family' if both approaches are feasible. When two-stent strategy is used, every effort should be made to perform FKI, especially in 'S-family'.</P>