http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Cheung, Foo,Trick, Martin,Drou, Nizar,Lim, Yong Pyo,Park, Jee-Young,Kwon, Soo-Jin,Kim, Jin-A,Scott, Rod,Pires, J Chris,Paterson, Andrew H,Town, Chris,Bancroft, Ian American Society of Plant Physiologists 2009 The Plant cell Vol.21 No.7
<P>Homoeologous regions of Brassica genomes were analyzed at the sequence level. These represent segments of the Brassica A genome as found in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus and the corresponding segments of the Brassica C genome as found in Brassica oleracea and B. napus. Analysis of synonymous base substitution rates within modeled genes revealed a relatively broad range of times (0.12 to 1.37 million years ago) since the divergence of orthologous genome segments as represented in B. napus and the diploid species. Similar, and consistent, ranges were also identified for single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion-deletion variation. Genes conserved across the Brassica genomes and the homoeologous segments of the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana showed almost perfect collinearity. Numerous examples of apparent transduplication of gene fragments, as previously reported in B. oleracea, were observed in B. rapa and B. napus, indicating that this phenomenon is widespread in Brassica species. In the majority of the regions studied, the C genome segments were expanded in size relative to their A genome counterparts. The considerable variation that we observed, even between the different versions of the same Brassica genome, for gene fragments and annotated putative genes suggest that the concept of the pan-genome might be particularly appropriate when considering Brassica genomes.</P>
The Relationship Between Efficacy and Burnout in Coaches
Sandra E. Short,Martin W. Short,Chris R. Haugen 한국코칭능력개발원 2015 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.9 No.1
This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and coaching burnout. Based on previous theory and research in these areas, it was hypothesized that coaches who were higher in coaching efficacy would experience less burnout during a competitive season compared to those lower in coaching efficacy. The sample was comprised of high school basketball head coaches. For the pre-season, 101 coaches participated, however only 68 of them followed through by completing the post-season measures. Coaching efficacy was measured with the Coaching Efficacy Scale (Feltz, Chase, Moritz, & Sullivan, 1999). Coaching burnout was assessed using a modified version of Raedeke’s (1997) athlete burnout measure. Descriptive results showed that coaches had lower coaching efficacy and higher coaching burnout scores at post-season compared to pre-season. Correlations between coaching efficacy and burnout were negative at both time periods. Differences in coaching burnout were examined using a 2 (high / low coaching efficacy group) by 2 (pre-post season) MANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. There were several significant main effects and interactions, and in general, as time passed the low efficacy coaches were more burned out compared to the high efficacy coaches. The results imply that a high sense in one’s coaching efficacy may have an insulating effect against the large number of stressors that have been associated with the coaching profession.
Lé,tourneau, Sven,van Leeuwen, Ester M. M.,Krieg, Carsten,Martin, Chris,Pantaleo, Giuseppe,Sprent, Jonathan,Surh, Charles D.,Boyman, Onur Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.107 No.5
<P>IL-2 is crucial to T cell homeostasis, especially of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T regulatory cells and memory CD8<SUP>+</SUP> cells, as evidenced by vigorous proliferation of these cells in vivo following injections of superagonist IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes. The mechanism of IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes is unknown owing to a lack of understanding of IL-2 homeostasis. We show that IL-2 receptor α (CD25) plays a crucial role in IL-2 homeostasis. Thus, prolongation of IL-2 half-life and blocking of CD25 using antibodies or CD25-deficient mice led in combination, but not alone, to vigorous IL-2-mediated T cell proliferation, similar to IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes. These data suggest an unpredicted role for CD25 in IL-2 homeostasis.</P>
Suppression of star formation in early-type galaxies by feedback from supermassive black holes
Schawinski, Kevin,Khochfar, Sadegh,Kaviraj, Sugata,Yi, Sukyoung K.,Boselli, Alessandro,Barlow, Tom,Conrow, Tim,Forster, Karl,Friedman, Peter G.,Martin, D. Chris,Morrissey, Patrick,Neff, Susan,Schimino Nature Publishing Group 2006 Nature Vol.442 No.7105
Detailed high-resolution observations of the innermost regions of nearby galaxies have revealed the presence of supermassive black holes. These black holes may interact with their host galaxies by means of ‘feedback’ in the form of energy and material jets; this feedback affects the evolution of the host and gives rise to observed relations between the black hole and the host. Here we report observations of the ultraviolet emissions of massive early-type galaxies. We derive an empirical relation for a critical black-hole mass (as a function of velocity dispersion) above which the outflows from these black holes suppress star formation in their hosts by heating and expelling all available cold gas. Supermassive black holes are negligible in mass compared to their hosts but nevertheless seem to play a critical role in the star formation history of galaxies.