Adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay-guided chemotherapy in unresectable colorectal liver metastasis

Hur, H,Kim, N K,Kim, H G,Min, B S,Lee, K Y,Shin, S J,Cheon, J H,Choi, S H Nature Publishing Group 2012 The British journal of cancer Vol.106 No.1

<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA)-guided neoadjuvant chemotherapy for increasing resectability in patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastasis.</P><P><B>Patients and methods:</B></P><P>Patients were randomised into two groups: Group A was treated by conventional chemotherapy regimen and Group B was treated by chemotherapy regimen according to the ATP-CRA. Three chemotherapeutic agents (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) were tested by ATP-CRA and more sensitive agents were selected. Either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI was administered. Between Group A and B, treatment response and resectability were compared.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Between November 2008 and October 2010, a total 63 patients were randomised to Group A (<I>N</I>=32) or Group B (<I>N</I>=31). FOLFOX was more preferred in Group A than in Group B (26 out of 32 (81.3%) <I>vs</I> 20 out of 31 (64.5%)). Group B showed better treatment response than Group A (48.4% <I>vs</I> 21.9%, <I>P</I>=0.027). The resectability of hepatic lesion was higher in Group B (35.5% <I>vs</I> 12.5%, <I>P</I>=0.032). Mean duration from chemotherapy onset to the time of liver resection was 11 cycles (range 4–12) in Group A and 8 cycles (range 8–16) in Group B.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>This study showed that tailored-chemotherapy based on ATP-CRA could improve the treatment response and resectability in initially unresectable colorectal liver metastasis.</P>

Intermediate-risk grouping of cervical cancer patients treated with radical hysterectomy: a Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Ryu, S Y,Kim, M H,Nam, B H,Lee, T S,Song, E S,Park, C Y,Kim, J W,Kim, Y B,Ryu, H S,Park, S Y,Kim, K T,Cho, C H,Lee, C,Kim, S M,Kim, B G,Bae, D S,Kim, Y T,Nam, J-H Nature Publishing Group 2014 The British journal of cancer Vol. No.

<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>In this study, we sought to identify a criterion for the intermediate-risk grouping of patients with cervical cancer who exhibit any intermediate-risk factor after radical hysterectomy.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>In total, 2158 patients with pathologically proven stage IB–IIA cervical cancer with any intermediate-risk factor after radical hysterectomy were randomly assigned to two groups, a development group and a validation group, at a ratio of 3 : 1 (1620 patients:538 patients). To predict recurrence, multivariate models were developed using the development group. The ability of the models to discriminate between groups was validated using the log-rank test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Four factors (histology, tumour size, deep stromal invasion (DSI), and lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI)) were significantly associated with disease recurrence and included in the models. Among the nine possible combinations of the four variables, models consisting of any two of the four intermediate-risk factors (tumour size ⩾3 cm, DSI of the outer third of the cervix, LVSI, and adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma histology) demonstrated the best performance for predicting recurrence.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>This study identified a ‘four-factor model' in which the presence of any two factors may be useful for predicting recurrence in patients with cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy.</P>

Tolerability and adequate therapeutic dosage of oral clomipramine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, parallel-grouped clinical study

Kim, Sae Woong,Choi, Jin Bong,Kim, Su Jin,Kim, Kyung Soo,Kim, Churl Min,Lee, Dong Hyeon,Choi, Whan Seok Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 International journal of impotence research Vol.30 No.2

<P>To evaluate the adequate therapeutic dosage of clomipramine 15 mg/day and clomipramine 30 mg/day in male patients with premature ejaculation (PE), this study enrolled men aged 20-65 years who met diagnostic criteria for PE including Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time (IELT) less than 2 min for at least 75% of their sexual intercourses. Subjects received placebo, clomipramine 15 mg, or clomipramine 30 mg prn (2 similar to 6 h before intercourse) for 4 weeks. Efficacy was assessed using fold change, percentile change, and mean change of IELT, as well as Drug Coitus Interval Time (DCIT). A total of 101 patients were randomized into the placebo group, clomipramine 15 mg group, and clomipramine 30 mg group. Analyses of fold changes of IELT in each group revealed that the IELT of both the clomipramine 15 mg group and clomipramine 30 mg group was significantly increased 4 weeks after administration than the placebo group. Adverse events were reported by 11.76, 32.35, and 57.57% of patients in the placebo group, clomipramine 15 mg group, and clomipramine 30 mg group, respectively. Most common adverse events in the clomipramine treatment groups were gastrointestinal disorders and psychiatric disorders of mild to moderate severity. On-demand regimen of clomipramine 15 mg resulted in a significant improvement in IELT and was superior to a regimen of clomipramine 30 mg in terms of risk-to-benefit ratio.</P>

Adjuvant role of macrophages in stem cell-induced cardiac repair in rats

Lim, Soo yeon,Cho, Dong Im,Jeong, Hye-yun,Kang, Hye-jin,Kim, Mi Ra,Cho, Meeyoung,Kim, Yong Sook,Ahn, Youngkeun Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.11

<▼1><P>Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are used extensively for cardiac repair and interact with immune cells in the damaged heart. Macrophages are known to be modulated by stem cells, and we hypothesized that priming macrophages with BMMSCs would enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without coculture with rat BMCs. In the LPS-stimulated BMDMs, induction of the inflammatory marker iNOS was attenuated, and the anti-inflammatory marker Arg1 was markedly upregulated by coculture with BMMSCs. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in rats. One group was injected with BMMSCs, and a second group was injected with MIX (a mixture of BMMSCs and BMDMs after coculture). The reduction in cardiac fibrosis was greater in the MIX group than in the BMC group. Cardiac function was improved in the BMMSC group and was substantially improved in the MIX group. Angiogenesis was better in the MIX group, and anti-inflammatory macrophages were more abundant in the MIX group than in the BMMSC group. In the BMMSCs, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) was exclusively induced by coculture with macrophages. IRF5 knockdown in BMMSCs failed to suppress inflammatory marker induction in the macrophages. In this study, we demonstrated the successful application of BMDMs primed with BMMSCs as an adjuvant to cell therapy for cardiac repair.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Heart attacks: mixed cell therapy for heart regeneration</B></P><P>A tailored technique involving stem cells and anti-inflammatory immune cells shows promise for repairing heart tissue damage. Immune cells called anti-inflammatory macrophages are vital for healing of the heart following a heart attack. Youngkeun Ahn, Yong Sook Kim and co-workers at Chonnam National University Hospital in Gwangju, South Korea trialed a novel stem cell therapy on rats to improve cardiac repair. They took bone marrow-derived macrophages and stem cells from each rat and incubated the two cell types together to create individualized treatments. Following induced heart attacks, they injected one group of rats with both cell types, and another group with stem cells only. While heart function improved in both groups, the group treated with both cell types showed significant improvements with a greater reduction in cardiac fibrosis and increased the reparative activity of macrophages.</P></▼2>

Oleuropein prevents the progression of steatohepatitis to hepatic fibrosis induced by a high-fat diet in mice

Kim, Sung Woo,Hur, Wonhee,Li, Tian Zhu,Lee, Young Ki,Choi, Jung Eun,Hong, Sung Woo,Lyoo, Kwang-Soo,You, Chan Ran,Jung, Eun Sun,Jung, Chan Kun,Park, Taesun,Um, Soo-Jong,Yoon, Seung Kew Nature Publishing Group 2014 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.46 No.4

<P>Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatocyte injury and inflammatory cell infiltration, which has been linked to peripheral insulin resistance and increased levels of triglycerides in the liver. The purposes of this study were to establish a mouse model of NASH by feeding mice a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) and to demonstrate the anti-fibrotic effects of oleuropein, which has been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in this HFD-induced mouse model of NASH. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: a regular diet group (Chow), a HFD group and an oleuropein-supplemented HFD group (OSD), which was fed a 0.05% OSD for 6 months. The effects of oleuropein in this model were evaluated using biochemical, histological and molecular markers. The expression levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)and collagen type I in the HFD and OSD groups were evaluated using real-time PCR and western blotting. The body weight, biochemical marker levels, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leptin levels observed in the HFD group at 9 and 12 months were higher than those observed in the Chow group. The HOMA-IR and leptin levels in the OSD group were decreased compared with the HFD group. In addition, α-SMA and collagen type I expression were decreased by oleuropein treatment. We established a NASH model induced by HFD and demonstrated that this model exhibits the histopathological features of NASH progressing to fibrosis. Our results suggest that oleuropein may be pharmacologically useful in preventing the progression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis and may be a promising agent for the treatment of NASH in humans.</P>

Cup-to-disc and arteriole-to-venule ratios in preterm birth

Kim, J,Choi, D Y,Park, K-A,Oh, S Y Nature Publishing Group 2015 Eye Vol.29 No.9

AimsTo investigate the influence of preterm birth on the optic disc and retinal vessels by measurements of cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio and arteriole-to-venule (A/V) ratio.MethodsEighty-three eyes of 42 preterm births were included. In the age- and sex-matched control group, 83 eyes of 42 full-term births were used. Fundus color photographs were taken. ImageJ software was used to calculate C/D and A/V ratios from the fundus images.ResultsFundus photographs were taken at 8.01±2.22 years of age for the preterm group and 8.01±2.13 years of age for the control group. The mean gestational age of the preterm group was 27<SUP>4</SUP>/<SUB>7</SUB> weeks (range, 24–34 weeks). The preterm group had significantly larger C/D ratio and smaller A/V ratio (mean±standard deviation: 0.46±0.12 and 0.59±0.08, respectively) than the control group (0.36±0.07 and 0.68±0.07, respectively) after spherical equivalent refractive error was adjusted.ConclusionsPreterm birth is significantly associated with larger C/D ratio and smaller A/V ratio. These findings show the effect of preterm birth on the development of optic disc and retinal vessel development.

Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein ameliorates chronic liver damage by promoting autophagy formation in mice

Wang, Sihyung,Lee, Chanbin,Kim, Jieun,Hyun, Jeongeun,Lim, Minso,Cha, Hyuk-Jin,Oh, Seh-Hoon,Choi, Yung Hyun,Jung, Youngmi Nature Publishing Group 2017 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.49 No.9

<P>Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6) has recently been shown to protect the liver from acute damage. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of TSG-6 on the liver remains unclear. Autophagy is a catabolic process that targets cell components to lysosomes for degradation, and its functions are reported to be dysregulated in liver diseases. Here we investigate whether TSG-6 promotes liver regeneration by inducing autophagic clearance in damaged livers. Mice fed a methionine choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0.1% ethionine (MCDE) for 2 weeks were injected with TSG-6 (the M+TSG-6 group) or saline (the M+V group) and fed with MCDE for 2 additional weeks. Histomorphological evidence of injury and increased levels of liver enzymes were evident in MCDE-treated mice, whereas these symptoms were ameliorated in the M+TSG-6 group. Livers from this group contained less active caspase-3 and more Ki67-positive hepatocytic cells than the M+V group. The autophagy markers ATG3, ATG7, LC3-II, LAMP2A and RAB7 were elevated in the M+TSG-6 group compared with those in the M+V group. Immunostaining for LC3 and RAB7 and electron microscopy analysis showed the accumulation of autophagy structures in the M+TSG-6 group. TSG-6 also blocked both tunicamycin- and palmitate-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes and increased their viability by inducing autophagy formation in these cells. An autophagy inhibitor suppressed TSG-6-mediated autophagy in the injured hepatocytes and livers of MCDE-treated mice. These results therefore demonstrate that TSG-6 protects hepatocytes from damage by enhancing autophagy influx and contributes to liver regeneration, suggesting that TSG-6 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of liver diseases.</P>

Reinvigorating natural product combinatorial biosynthesis with synthetic biology

Kim, Eunji,Moore, Bradley S,Yoon, Yeo Joon NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 2015 NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY Vol. No.

Natural products continue to play a pivotal role in drug-discovery efforts and in the understanding if human health. The ability to extend nature's chemistry through combinatorial biosynthesis—altering functional groups, regiochemistry and scaffold backbones through the manipulation of biosynthetic enzymes—offers unique opportunities to create natural product analogs. Incorporating emerging synthetic biology techniques has the potential to further accelerate the refinement of combinatorial biosynthesis as a robust platform for the diversification of natural chemical drug leads. Two decades after the field originated, we discuss the current limitations, the realities and the state of the art of combinatorial biosynthesis, including the engineering of substrate specificity of biosynthetic enzymes and the development of heterologous expression systems for biosynthetic pathways. We also propose a new perspective for the combinatorial biosynthesis of natural products that could reinvigorate drug discovery by using synthetic biology in combination with synthetic chemistry.

Role of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid in high-fat diet-induced hypertension via inhibition of HDAC1/angiotensin II axis

Choi, J,Park, S,Kwon, T K,Sohn, S I,Park, K M,Kim, J I Nature Publishing Group 2017 International Journal of Obesity Vol.41 No.11

Background:Obesity is known as an epidemic worldwide because of consumption of westernized high-fat diets and one of the major risk factors of hypertension. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) control gene expression by regulating histone/non-histone protein deacetylation. HDAC inhibitors exert anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects and play a protective role in cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we tested the effect of an FDA-approved pan-HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hypertension in mice. Furthermore, we examined the mechanism of VPA-induced prevention of hypertension.Methods:Nine-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD. When the HFD group reached a pre-hypertensive phase (130–140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure), VPA was administered for 6 days (300 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP> per day). Body weights and blood pressure (BP), expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components and HDAC1 were determined. The direct role of HDAC1 in the expression of RAS components was investigated using gene silencing.Results:HFD accelerated the increase in body weight from 22.4±1.3 to 31.9±3.0 compared to in the ND group from 22.7±0.9 to 26.0±1.7 (P=0.0134 ND vs HFD), systolic BP from 118.5±5.7 to 145.0±3.0 (P<0.001), and diastolic BP from 91.0±13.6 to 121.0±5.0 (P=0.006); BP was not altered in the ND group. HFD increased RAS components and HDAC1 in the kidneys as well as leptin in the plasma. VPA administration prevented the progression of hypertension and inhibited the increase in expression of HDAC1 and RAS components. VPA did not affect plasma leptin level. Knockdown of HDAC1 in MDCK cells decreased the expression of angiotensinogen and type 1 angiotensin II receptor.Conclusions:VPA prevented HFD-induced hypertension by downregulating angiotensin II and its receptor via inhibition of HDAC1, offering a novel therapeutic option for HFD-induced hypertension.

Acute exposure to silica nanoparticles aggravate airway inflammation: different effects according to surface characteristics

Park, Hye Jung,Sohn, Jung-Ho,Kim, Yoon-Ju,Park, Yoon Hee,Han, Heejae,Park, Kyung Hee,Lee, Kangtaek,Choi, Hoon,Um, Kiju,Choi, In-Hong,Park, Jung-Won,Lee, Jae-Hyun Nature Publishing Group 2015 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.47 No.7

<P>Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are widely used in many scientific and industrial fields despite the lack of proper evaluation of their potential toxicity. This study examined the effects of acute exposure to SNPs, either alone or in conjunction with ovalbumin (OVA), by studying the respiratory systems in exposed mouse models. Three types of SNPs were used: spherical SNPs (S-SNPs), mesoporous SNPs (M-SNPs), and PEGylated SNPs (P-SNPs). In the acute SNP exposure model performed, 6-week-old BALB/c female mice were intranasally inoculated with SNPs for 3 consecutive days. In the OVA/SNPs asthma model, the mice were sensitized two times via the peritoneal route with OVA. Additionally, the mice endured OVA with or without SNP challenges intranasally. Acute SNP exposure induced significant airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness, particularly in the S-SNP group. In OVA/SNPs asthma models, OVA with SNP-treated group showed significant airway inflammation, more than those treated with only OVA and without SNPs. In these models, the P-SNP group induced lower levels of inflammation on airways than both the S-SNP or M-SNP groups. Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-1β and interferon-γ levels correlated with airway inflammation in the tested models, without statistical significance. In the mouse models studied, increased airway inflammation was associated with acute SNPs exposure, whether exposed solely to SNPs or SNPs in conjunction with OVA. P-SNPs appear to be relatively safer for clinical use than S-SNPs and M-SNPs, as determined by lower observed toxicity and airway system inflammation.</P>