Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

구조개질 Apatite 의 항균효과

강전택,정기호 한국환경과학회 2001 한국환경과학회지 Vol.10 No.6

The hydroxyapatite(HAp) as a carrier the for ion exchange agent of Ag^+ions was prepared in semiconductor fabrication, The Ca/P molar ratio of the HAp was 1.65. The HAp is molded in shape of the antimcrobial ball and then sintered at 1000℃. Ag-containing HAp(HAp-Ag) was prepared by incorporating Ag^+ions in HAp crystals through an ion-exchange reaction in solutions containing 0.01M AgNO_3. The antimicrobial effect of HAp-Ag for bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has been investigated. The concentrations of silver in the antimicrobial ball was determined by inductively coupled plasma and the amount of Ag^+ion was 9.0㎍/g. The HAp-Ag exhibited excellent antimicrobial effect for bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus. The bactericidal activity was considered to be caused by direct contact of bacteria with Ag^+ions in the HAp crystals. The HAp would likely to be possible as a carrier of antimicrobial metal ions such as Ag, Cu, and Zn by recycling of waste sludge in the semiconductor fabrication process.

악성 섬유성 조직구종의 기원에 관한 면역조직화학적 및 초미세형태학적 연구

전호종,임성철,강종식,김일,황호원 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1991 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.15 No.1

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH) was first terminologically introduced in 1963 to refer to a group malignant soft tissue tumors characterized by a stonform growth pattern and these tumors are a oup of sarcomas composed of cells morphologically resembling fibroblast and histiocvte. The histogeisis of MFH is still controversial, but a more complete appreciation of it's morphogenesis has been ovided by tissue culture and ultrastructural studies. In the present study, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of seven cases of MFH disclosee maturation and development of principal types of cells constituting MFH and immunohistochemical actions to investigate the histogenesis of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The results obtained were as follows. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma composed of different portions of fibroblast-like cells, histiocyte-like cells, cells intermediate between histiocyte-and fibroblast-like cells, multinucleated giant cells, undif ferentiated cells, xanthomatous cells and myofibroblast. The principal cell types of malignant fibrous histiocytoma were fibroblast-like, histiocyte-like, intermediate (fibrohistiocytoid) and undifferentiated cell. There were cells bearing variable stages of differentiation along the fibroblastic and histiocytic lines from undifferentiated cells. 2. There was no difference in cellular composition ultrastructurally between storiform-pleomorphic, myxoid and inflammatory subtypes. 3. Junctional complexes were shown in fibroblast-like, histiocyte-like cells, intermediate cell and myofibroblasts. Long desmosomes were observed in histiocyte-like cells, intermediated cells and myofibroblasts, Paired subplasmalemmal densities were also shown in fibroblast-like cells and. intermediate forms. 4. Immunohistochemical reactions revealed strong staining reactions for α1-antitrymotrypsin in histiocyte=like cells and multmucleated giant cells. Vimentin was reactive for fibroblast-like cells, histsiocyte-like cells and multinucleated giant cells. However, no evidence of staining reactions for α1-antitrypsin, a1-antichymotrypsin, vimentin, lysozyme in the cells of early stage of differentiation along the fibroblast and histiocyte-like cells from the undifferentiated cells. 5. In conclusion it is suggested that malignant fibrous histiocytoma may be considered a primitive mesenchymal tumors originating from undifferentiated cells.

반도체 제조공정의 폐수슬러지로 합성된 Hydroxyapatite를 이용한 인산이온의 흡착

강전택,정기호,신학기 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The hydroxyapatite(HAp) for the present study was prepared with the wastewater sludge from semiconductor fabrication process and it was crystallized in an electric furnace for 30 min at 900℃. The adsorption characteristics of HAp for phosphate ion in aqueous solution has been investigated. The adsorbed ratio of phosphate ion for HAp were investigated according to the reaction time, amount of HAp, concentration of standard solution, pH of solution, and influence of concemitant ions. The amount of adsorbed phosphate ion decreased with the increase of pH due to the mutual electrostatic repulsion between adsorbed phosphate ions and competitive absorption between phosphate ion and OH- ion in aqueous solution. The maxium amount of the adsorption equilibrium for phosphate ion was about 24 ㎎/g of HAp. The HAp would likely to be a possible absorbent for the removal of phosphate ion in the waste water.

Apatite를 이용한 중금속 제거

강전택,정기호 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The hydroxyapatite (HAp) for the present study was prepared by precipitation method in semiconductor fabrication and the crystallized at ambient to950℃ for 30min in electric furnace. The ion-exchange characteristics of HAp for various heavy metal ions such as Cd^2+, Cu^2+, Mn^2+, Zn^2+, Fe^3+, Pb^2+, Al^3+, and Cr^6+ in aqueous solution has been investigated. The removal ratio of various metal ions for HAp were investigated with regard to reaction time, concentration of standard solution, amount of HAp and pH of solution. The order of the ions exchanged amount was as follows: Pb^2+, Fe^3+>Cu^2+>Zn^2+>Al^3+>Cd^2+>Mn^2+>Cr^6+. The Pb^2+ ion was readily removed by the HAp, even in the strongly acidic region. The maximum amount of the ion-exchange equilibrium for Pb^2+ ion was about 45 ㎎/gram of HAp. The HAp would seem to be possible agent for the removal of heavy metal ions in waste water by recycling of waste sludge in semiconductor fabrication.

Pd(0)를 이용한 고리 카보네이트의 친핵성 치환 반응 연구

강석구,박동철,전제호,노호식 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1993 論文集 Vol.44 No.2

촉매량의 Pd(0)존재하의 chiral allylic 그리고 dienylic 고리 카보네이트와 여러 가지 친핵성 치환체들의 치환 반응을 연구하였는데 이 치환 반응은 친핵체에 따라서 α-, γ-, 또는 ε-위치에 치환된 높은 위치 및 diastereoselection이 있는 반응임을 알았고 또한 이의 입체화학을 결정하였다. We studied the reactions of chiral allylic and dienylic cyclic carbonates with various nucleophiles in the presence of Pd(0)catalyst and found that substitution occurred at α-, γ-, ε-position with high regio-and diasteroselectirity depending on nucleophiles used.

Clozapine이 백서의 억제된 자발적 교대 행동에 미치는 영향

천강훈,이기철,이정호,최영민,전성일,정홍경,류정환,최미 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

연구목적 : 강박장애의 생물학적 원인론중 세로토닌-도파민 상호작용 가설에 적합한 5-HT₂ 수용체와 도파민 D₂수용체를 동시에 차단하는 약물의 일종인 cloazpine과 세라토닌 재흡수 차단약물인 clomipramine, 그리고 도파민 D₂수용체 차단 약물인 haloperidol을 실험백서의 강박장애 동물모형에 투여하여 자발적 교대 행동에 미치는 영향을 비교, 측정하였다. 그 결과로서 1) 세라토닌 수용체와 도파민 수용체를 동시에 차단하는 약물의 효과를 확인하고, 2) 세라토닌과 도파민 수용체 동시차단 약물의 효과가 확인되면 임상적으로 기존의 세라토닌 재흡수 차단약물에 반응을 보이지 않는 강박장애 환자 치료에 세라토닌 수용체와 도파민 수용체를 동시에 차단하는 비전형적인 항정신병 약물들이 강박장애의 치료에 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 실험재료 및 연구방법 : 실험동물은 동일한 배에서 출생한 수컷 Spraque-Dawley 백서를 사용하였다. 자발적 교대 행동(spontaneous alternation behaviour : 이하 SAB)을 시험하기 위해 SAB의 기준치를 구하고 난 후, SAB을 차단하기 위한 방법으로 비선택적 세라토닌 순응제인 5-MeODMT(5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltrytamine)를 투여하였다. 실험백서들을 clomipramine(5㎎/㎏), clozapine(10㎎/㎏), clozapine(20㎎/㎏), haloperidol(0.1㎎/㎏), 그리고 saline(0.2cc) 투여군으로 나누고 21일에 걸쳐서 복강내 주사하였다. 실험약물 투여가 끝난 다음날인 22일째에 5-MeODMT(5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine : 1.25㎎/㎏/IP)를 각각의 실험동물군에게 투여하고 실험약물의 만성투여가 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB을 얼마나 호전시키는 지를 측정하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS for window 7.5으로 통계처리 하였다. SAB의 기준치 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB의 효과, 실험약물의 만성투여에 따른 SAB의 변화는 일원분산분석을 사용하였으며, 사후검증은 Scheffe 검증을 적용하였다. 각 군내에서 기준치와 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB의 변화, 그리고 실험약물의 만성투여에 따른 SAB의 변화는 다중변량분석을 시행하였다. 결과 및 결론 : 역구결과 실험동물은 T-형 미로의 SAB에서 평균 1.33±0.36회의 훈련 기준치를 보였다. 5-MeODMT 주사후 , 실험동물의 SAB치는 3.12±0.63회를 보여 강박행동이 유발하였다. 21일간의 실험약물 투여후, 22일째에 5-MeODMT 주사에 대한 SAB의 반응은 clozapine 투여군과 clomipramine 투여군이 halo-peridol 투여군과 saline 투여군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보여 5-MeODMT투여로 억제된 SAB을 호전시키는 소견을 나타냈다. 각 실험동물군 내에서 각각의 SAB 훈련 기준치와 실험약물 투여 전후에 5-MeODMT 투여로 인한 SAB을 비교한 바, clomipramine 투여군은 약물투여 전에 5-MeODMT로 억제된 SAB이 약물투여후 의미있게 호전되었다. 한편, clozapine 투여군도 약물 투여전에 5-MeODMT로 억제된 SAB가 약물투여후 의미있게 호전되었으며, 이런 SAB의 호전은 clomipramine 투여군보다 우수하였다. 이상의 연구결과로 보아, 강박장애의 생물학적 병리론을 이해하는데 있어 세라토닌-도파민 상호작용 가설이 의미가 있음을 추정할 수 있었다. 향후, 강박장애의 임상치료에서 전형적인 SSRIs 치료에 반응치 않는 환자들에게 세라토닌-도파민 동시차단제인 비전형적인 약물의 단독투여를 시행하는 후속연구를 기대해 본다. Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the role of the 5-HT₂and dopamine D₂antagonist on spontaneous alteration behaviour which is an animal modal of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rat. On the basis of serotonin-dopamine interaction hypothesis, the effect of clozapine was evaluated by applying the suppressed spontaneous alternation behaviour model. Methods : The apparatus for spontaneous alternation behaviour was a black plexiglas T-maze with distinctive black and white goal boxes. Black guillotine doors separated the start box and the goal boxes from the main body of the T-maze. Small cups of chocolate milk were placed in the corners of both goal boxes. At 24 hours prior to experiment, rats(Spraque-Dawley) food-deprived. The food-deprived rats were put into T-maze, in which both goal boxes were baited with small amounts of chocolate milk. Each rat was given 2 set of 7 trials during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose one of the goal boxes for each time. The mean number of choices until the occurrence of spontaneous alternation behaviour were checked. After baseline of the number of choices of spontaneous alternation behaviour was stabilized, the spontaneous alternation was disrupted by nonselective 5-HT agonist, 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/Kg/IP), The experimental animals were stratified into 5 groups :clomipramine(5mg/Kg/IP), clozapine(10mg/Kg/IP), clozapine(20mg/Kg/IP), haloperidol(0.1mg/Kg /IP), and saline(0.2cc/IP) control groups. They all went through 21 days fo treatment(intraperitoneal). The protective effects against the 5-MeODMT-induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behaviour were evaluated on the next day of drug treatment in each group. Results : 1) SAB was suppressed by 5-MeODMT injection. 2) After 21 days of the drug treatment, the clozapine and the clomipramine groups showed significant difference from the haloperidol and the saline control groups in the reversal of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. 3) The clozapine (20mg/kg/IP) group was superior to the clomipramine group in the protective effect of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. Conclusion : In clinical situation, the we think that atypical antipsychotic drugs those acting as serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist with no extrapyramidal side effect can be beneficial to improve the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

MgO 버퍼층을 이용한 PZT 박막의 형성 및 특성 평가

김지미,전호승,강재경,최형봉,김철주 서울시립대학교정보기술연구소 2001 정보기술연구소 논문집 Vol.3 No.-

In this paper, we fabricated the MgO layer by sol-gel method and estimated possibility as a buffer layer for ferroelectric such as PZT. MgO(Magnesium Oxide) proposed as buffer layer of ferroelectric is already for much used as buffer layer in optic technology. There are many formation methods of MgO layer, but in this study, we selected the sol-gel method which is easy to control the content of material and possible for fabrication of uniform layer, then we formed thin layer through the composition of MgO and PZT solution, spin coating and annealing. To estimate the possibility as buffer layer about ferroelectric layer, we analyzed the physical and electrical characteristics about PZT on MgO layer.By SEM, AFM and XRD analysis, we could know facts that the surface condition of PZT on MgO was relatively smooth and the crystal orientation of PZT was enhanced by MgO layer. Due to the measurements of P-V, C-V and I-V characteristics of PZT/MgO capacitor structure, the polarization, fatigue and breakdown properties of PZT on MgO were much improved than those of PZT without MgO layer. Also, in MFIS structure, the PZT on MgO showed the stable memory property. These results could be compared to those of MgO buffer layer formed by sputtering, so, if studies about the composition of MgO solution and the formation of MgO layer are executed continuously, the fabrication process of MgO layer by sol-gel method can be applied as the process for buffer layer of ferroelectric.

2004년 3월 5일에 발생한 충청지방 폭설의 예측 능력

윤자영,김맹기,강전호 公州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2004 自然科學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

2004년 3월 5일 충청 지방에 폭설이 발생하였다. 이 때의 수치모델(MM5) 적분 시작 시간별 사례를 이용하여 예측된 강설 발생 시점과 그 양을 관측과 비교하였다. 수치모델의 각 사례별 예측에서 지상의 온도 패턴과 강수의 분포는 비교적 관측과 유사하게 예측하였다. 그러나 실제 폭설이 내렸던 시기에 모델은 지역별로 관측보다 온도를 더 낮게 혹은 높게 예측하였다. 정확한 예보를 위해서는 적분 시작 기간에 따른 예측 지침이 요구된다. A heavy snowfall event occurred over the district of Chung-cheong on March 5, 2004. By using various simulation data for each starting time, we compared snowfall timing and amounts in observation with those in numerical model (MM5). Surface temperature and rainfall patterns of numerical model at each running start time are similar to observed patterns. But snowfall start timings of the model are not similar to observed start timings, indicating that the accurate prediction of the temperature in the lower atmosphere is very important in predicting snowfall depending on the phase change from rain to snow.

ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma) 처리에 따른 n-type SiGe/Metal contact의 SBH(Schottky Barrier Height) 연구

김이곤,장호원,전창민,송영주,강진영,심규환,제정호,이종람 대한금속재료학회 2005 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.43 No.2

The effect of surface treatment of n-type SiGe using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was studied by current-voltage and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The ICP treatment produced surface oxides and point defects at the surface of SiGe. The x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements showed that atomic ratio of Ge/Si was increased after the etching treatment. These results provide the evidence that Si vacancies were produced at the etched surface. Si vacancies acting as donor for electrons resulted in shift of Fermi level to near the conduction band. As a result, Fermi level could be pinned at such Si vacancies, leading to the remarkable reduction of Schottky barrier height and the reduced dependence of Schottky barrier height on metal work function. (Received September 7, 2004)