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An On-Demand Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks
Yan, Huai-Zhi,Ajith P.K,Park, Dong-Won,Joo, Gi-Ho 배재대학교 공학연구소 2005 공학논문집 Vol.7 No.1
An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without the centralized administration. Due to the limited transmission range of wireless work interface, multiple networks “hops” maybe needed for one node to exchange data with adjacent node. In recent years, a variety of new routing protocol about ad hoc network was developed. This paper presents a new routing protocol based on the Dynamic Source Routing which is not suitable for the high mobility ad hoc network. The Enhanced DSR adapts quickly to routing changes when node movement is frequent. When a trunk route is broken, this protocol will utilize the alternative route saved in the route to discovery quickly the new route. It improves the performance of the existing DSR algorithm, so that the negative impacts from weakness of DSR are reduced.
자외선 (UVB) 노출 증가에 대한 피부암 위해도 예측 모델의 적용
신동천,이종태,정용,강나경,양지연 한국환경독성학회 1996 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.11 No.1
A decrease in stratospheric ozone probably caused by chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) emissions, has been observed large parts of the globe. It is generally accepted that if ozone levels in the stratosphere are depleted, greater amounts of shortwave ultraviolet radiation-B (UVB) will reach the earth's surface, resulting in increased incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. In this study, we evaluated several mathematical models, such as a power and an exponential model, and a geometric model considering the surface area of a human body part and ages for the prediction of skin cancer incidence caused by exposure to the UVB radiation. These models basically estimated the risk of skin cancer based on those measurements of the local ozone in stratosphere and UVB. Both were measured at a part of Seoul with a Dobson ozone spectrometer and Robertson-Berger UV Biometer for 1995. As a result, we calculated the point estimation applying a biological amplification factor (BAF), UVB radiation and other factors. We used a Monte-Carlo simulation technique with assumption on the distribution of each considered factor. The sensitivity analysis of model by there components conducted using Gaussian sensitivity method. The annual integral of UVB radiation was 2275 MED (minimal erythema dose)/yr. Also, an estimate of the annual amount of UVB reaching the earth's surface at a korea's latitude and altitude was 3328 MED/yr. The values of the radiation amplification factor (RAF) were ranged from 0.9 to 1.5 in Seoul. To give the effective factors required to model the prediction of skin cancer incidence caused by exposure to the UVB radiation in Korea, we studied the pros and cons of above mentioned models with the application of those parameters measured in Seoul, Korea.
롤러스케이트 선수의 운동상해발생과 예방에 대한 조사 연구
김동희,김도수,채양석,이하얀,김선호,조성채 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.1
The study was intended to research the fact of roller skate players injury. For the study, kinds and parts of injuries, skills to be hurted, facility, injured time, cause, remedy, mental response and protecting were investigated through 182 roller skate players. The results were as follows : 1. The injury body part was showed that leg was the highest and followed by knee and ankle. 2. In the cause of injury was showed as follows: skills on corner work, bank track with concrete, 200m distance. 3. In the general cause of injury was showed: chronic fatigue by over training. 4. In the treatment and participation period after injury outbreak were showed: treatment period was toward the inside 1 week and participation to play during the treatment. 5. To the injury prevention players responded warm up, and cool down and mental-concentration were needed. Supervisor, coach and players responded knee protector wearing was needed in elementary school players and helmet-chin protector wearing in general players. The game rule revision was not necessary and the agree and disagree for ground unity to resemble. Almost players to be like concrete ground.
( Yi Dong Yan ),( Jun Ho Sung ),( Dong Won Lee ),( Jung Su Kim ),( Eun Mi Jeon ),( Dae Duk Kim ),( Dong Wuk Kim ),( Jong Oh Kim ),( Ming Guan Piao ),( Dong Xun Li ),( Chul Soon Yong ),( Han Gon Choi ) 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2012 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.22 No.0
Various amide prodrugs of salicylic acid were synthesised, and their physicochemical propertiesincluding lipophilicity, chemical stability and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. In vivo skinpermeation and accumulation profiles were also evaluated using a combination of common permeationenhancing techniques such as the use of a supersaturated solution of permeants in an enhancer vehicle, a lipophilic receptor solution, removal of the stratum corneum and delipidisation of skin. Their capacity factor values were proportional to the degree of carbon-carbon saturation in the side chain. All these amides were highly stable in acetonitrile and glycerine. Amide prodrugs were converted tosalicylic acid both in hairless mouse liver and skin homogenates. N-dodecyl salicylamide (C12SM) showed the lowest permeation of salicylic acid in skin compared to the other prodrugs, probably due to its low aqueous solubility. It had a high affinity for the stratum corneum and its accumulation was restricted to only the uppermost layer of skin. Thus, this amide prodrug could be a safer topicalsunscreen agent with minimum potential for systemic absorption.ⓒ2011 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
Dong-Dong Zhang,Jing-Lan Liu,Tie-Min Jiang,Lu Li,Guo-Zhen Fang,Yan-Pin Liu,Li-Jun Chen 한국식품과학회 2017 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.26 No.3
With increasing application of yeast in fermented milk, in order to study the effect of yeast on milk protein during the fermentation process, the effects of the presence of Kluyveromyces marxianus in milk fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were investigated. After fermentation, the amino acid, protein, and peptide contents were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. After the addition of K. marxianus for fermentation, 25 protein spots changed significantly. These were mostly caseins and bovine serum proteins, and the content of total free amino acids increased by 16.30%; ten types of bioactive peptides were identified. Furthermore, the number of peptide types in milk fermented by K. marxianus increased significantly compared with milk fermented by Lactobacillus. K. marxianus is considered to promote proteometabolism in milk when added with Lactobacillus, generate flavor compounds, and improve the digestion and absorption character of milk.
Preparation and Evaluation of Taste-Masked Donepezil Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets
Yan, Yi-Dong,Woo, Jong Soo,Kang, Joon Heok,Yong, Chul Soon,Choi, Han-Gon Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2010 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.33 No.8
<P>The purpose of this research was to prepare and evaluate a non-bitter donepezil hydrochloride (DH) orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) for enhanced patient compliance. Taste masking was done by preparing microspheres with different ratios of drug and Eudragit<SUP>®</SUP> EPO using spray drying method. The entrapment of the drug into microspheres was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that microspheres with a drug–polymer ratio of 1 : 2 could mask the taste obviously by inhibiting the release of DH in simulated salivary fluid. Microspheres-loaded tablets containing Polyplasdone NF and Low substituted Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (L-HPC) both at a 10% level showed rapid disintegration, <I>in vitro</I> (15.5 s) and <I>in vivo</I> (19.8 s), which were faster than that of marketed tablets (36.7, 41.3 s, respectively). Results from taste evaluation in human volunteers revealed that the ODTs with taste-masked microspheres had significantly enhanced palatability. Dissolution <I>in vitro</I> and pharmacokinetics in rats were evaluated for the tested ODTs compared to the donepezil hydrochloride commercial product (ARICEPT<SUP>®</SUP>). Both tablets showed comparable dissolution patterns <I>in vitro</I> and similar area under curve from 0 to 24 h (<I>AUC</I><SUB>0—24</SUB>), <I>C</I><SUB>max</SUB> and <I>T</I><SUB>max</SUB> of DH <I>in vivo</I> to each other, suggesting that the tested ODTs might give the similar drug efficacy in rats compared to that of ARICEPT<SUP>®</SUP>. Thus, it was concluded that DH ODTs with masked taste were obtained by Eudragit<SUP>®</SUP> EPO-based microspheres, drug loaded microspheres neither decreased the bioavailability nor delayed the release of DH.</P>
Dong Dong Zhang,Yang Fang Wu,Wei Xia Chen,Yao Xu,Si Yan Liu,Huang Huang Luo,Guang Mei Jiang,Yue Wu,Peng Hu 생화학분자생물학회 2019 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.51 No.-
Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) occurs as early as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2 and seems ubiquitous in almost all pediatric patients with CKD stage 5. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, a bone-derived endocrine regulator of phosphate homeostasis, is overexpressed in CKD and disturbs osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. In contrast, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts as a potent positive regulator of bone growth. In the present study, we infused CNP into uremic rats and observed whether CNP could attenuate ROD through the inhibition of FGF-23 cascades. In uremic rats, CNP administration significantly alleviated renal dysfunction, calcium phosphate metabolic disorders, hypovitaminosis D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, the decrease in bone turnover markers and retarded bone pathological progression. More importantly, within FGF-23/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, Klotho and alternative (STAT-1/phospho-STAT-1) elements were upregulated by CNP, whereas FGF-23, RAF-1/phospho-RAF-1, and downstream (ERK/phospho-ERK and P38/phospho-P38) elements were paradoxically underexpressed in bone tissue. Therefore, CNP exerts a therapeutic effect on ROD through inhibition of FGF-23/MAPK signaling at the RAF-1 level.
Roles of Immunohistochemical Staining in Diagnosing Pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Yan, Yue,Zhang, Ya-Xiong,Fang, Wen-Feng,Kang, Shi-Yang,Zhan, Jian-Hua,Chen, Nan,Hong, Shao-Dong,Liang, Wen-Hua,Tang, Yan-Na,He, Da-Cheng,Wu, Xuan,Zhang, Li Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.2
Background: Differentiating morphologic features based on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining is the most common method to classify pathological subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its accuracy and inter-observer reproducibility in pathological diagnosis of poorly differentiated NSCLC remained to be improved. Materials and Methods: We attempted to explore the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in diagnosing pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) with poorly differentiated features by HE staining or with elevated serum adenocarcinoma-specific tumor markers (AD-TMs). We also compared the difference of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation rate between patients with confirmed SQCC and those with revised pathological subtype. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between different factors and diagnostic accuracy. Results: A total of 132 patients who met the eligible criteria and had adequate specimens for IHC confirmation were included. Pathological revised cases in poor differentiated subgroup, biopsy samples and high-level AD-TMs cases were more than those with high/moderate differentiation, surgical specimens and normal-level AD-TMs. Moreover, biopsy sample was a significant factor decreasing diagnostic accuracy of pathological subtype (OR, 4.037; 95% CI 1.446-11.267, p=0.008). Additionally, EGFR mutation rate was higher in patients with pathological diagnostic changes than those with confirmed SQCC (16.7% vs 4.4%, p=0.157). Conclusions: Diagnosis based on HE staining only might cause pathological misinterpretation in NSCLC patients with poor differentiation or high-level AD-TMs, especially those with biopsy samples. HE staining and IHC should be combined as pathological diagnostic standard. The occurrence of EGFR mutations in pulmonary SQCC might be overestimated.