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통고처분제도의 합리적 정비를 위한 검토사항 : 즉결심판절차와의 관계를 중심으로
김다혜 이화여자대학교 법학전문대학원 2020 Ewha Law Review Vol.10 No.-
주차 혹은 정차가 금지된 구역에 불법으로 주ㆍ정차한 운전자를 형사소송절차에 의하여 벌한다면 국민 중 다수를 전과자로 양산하게 된다. 이러한 경미 위법행위에 대하여 형벌에 갈음하여 법률상 권한을 부여받은 행정청이 범칙금을 부과하는 것이 통고처분제도이다. 그러나 경미 위법행위에 대한 처벌을 강화하자는 요지로 개정하는 경우 통고처분제도에서 이탈시켜 기존 형벌절차로 편입시킬 것인지, 아니면 간이한 절차를 유지하되 금액을 상향할 것인지를 선택하게 된다. 수범자의 방어권을 침해하지 않으면서도 처벌을 강화하는 방안을 모색하여야 하는 것이다. 이 논문은 기존 국회에 제출된 개정안들을 중심으로 그 방안의 도출과정에 있어 고려하여야 할 사항을 공유하고자 한다. 통고처분의 불이행에 따라 즉결심판으로 회부되는 경우 기존의 발의안들은 즉결심판의 대상성을 유지하면서 그 금액을 상향하는 방향을 택하였다. 금액의 상향으로 수범자에게 해당 행위의 억지효과를 꾀한다면 즉결심판 절차와의 절연을 고려하여야 할 것이다. 그리고 통고처분 자체에 대한 이의절차를 신설하는 내용의 개정안도 있어 기존의 입법례와 함께 비교하여 살펴본다. 통고처분에 대하여 행정소송으로 다툴 수 없다는 것이 판례의 일관된 판시이다. 이의제기 절차를 신설한다면 검찰에의 송치를 일정기간 정지시킬 것인지를함께 고민하여야한다. Society doesn’t want to create an ex-convict who has committed minor misconduct. From that point of view, notification disposition is very useful. However, social feelings about whether the crime is light or heavy always changes. The act that you thought was light can be a prelude to an important human accident. In such cases, it is necessary to severely punish the offenses subject to notification disposition. However, it is not simple to raise the sentence for the offense. This is because there is a problem of a summary trial, which judges in a simple procedure when there is a failure to comply with the notification disposition. We will examine attempts to raise the level of punishment for illegal acts while sufficiently guaranteeing citizens’ right to defend themselves. In addition, considering that the disposition of notification will lead to criminal proceedings later, we will try to see if there is a need to prepare a procedure so that an objection to the disposition of notification may be raised. These attempts will be of little help when there is an amendment regarding notification disposition.
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Feature Article : Wound Dressings for Wound Healing and Drug Delivery
( Gyeong Hae Kim ),( Yun Mi Kang ),( Kkot Nim Kang ),( Da Yeon Kim ),( Hyun Jung Kim ),( Byung Hyun Min ),( Jae Ho Kim ),( Moon Suk Kim ) 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2011 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.8 No.1
Since skin is what protects our body from the external environment, skin wounds cause inconveniences in life and lead to post-trauma sequela and stress. When the skin is wounded, it is healed through a series of pro-cesses, such as via the haemostasis/inflammation phase, migration phase, proliferation phase, and maturation phase, during which time exudate containing various growth factors is released at the wound. Wound dressings we reemployed by dry dressing in the past, and this process heals the wound by drying it and creating crust, but, recently, wet dressings have been used in locations where appropriate temperature and humidity are maintained. Also, besides wet dressings, drug delivery systems and tissue engineering have been used recently for wound treatment, both of which utilize wound dressing products, such as hydrocolloid, alginate, hydrogel, foam, and biological dressings. And now, reaching beyond the existing role of just protecting the wound, wound dressings for drug delivery systems con-taining drugs and growth factors are being researched so that they can be used for difficult wound treatments, suchas chronic wounds or burns. This article reviews the developments of various wound dressings that have been madeto date.
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Nitrogen Stress가 적양배추(Brassica oleracea)의 callus분화 및 Anthocyanin 함량변화와 항산화 활성에 미치는 효과
예다인,김혜림,김효정,최문정,김초록,김영지,이지현,구민성,정 강현,이인순,문혜연 대구대학교 산업기술연구소 2012 産業技術硏究 Vol.23 No.1
In order to study on the effects of antioxidant activity, changing concentration of anthocyanin and callus formation of Brassica oleracea by nitrogen stress experimented callus culture in MS medium with 0.1 ㎎/ℓ IAA, 0.2 ㎎/ℓ kinetin and 0∼5 mM KNO3. As medium showed differentiation of callus and the pigmental deposit like red color inside callus tissue. We extracted functional material from natural leaf and callus tissue of Brassica oleracea to use 70% ethanol as solvent and those extract used to determine antioxidant activity as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrozyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging effect and nitric oxide radical scavenging effect as well as the concentration of total phenol and flavonoid. Additionally, we measured the concentration of anthocyanin and catalase activity from natural and callus tissue. In result, M1 had over 35% anthocyanin concentration, 1.7 times catalase activity and 20% DPPH activity compared with control. MC, M2 and M3 also showed 50% DPPH activity compared with positive control, BHT. However, more natural tissue than callus tissue cultured with nitrogen source had high effect on nitric oxide radical scavenging and the concentration of phenol compound, flavonoid and vitamin C. As a result, nitrogen source brought hypersensitivity in callus tissue of Brassica oleracea, so this reaction only induced to change color of callus tissue, pigment deposit for culture and also increase anthocyanin concentration, DPPH activity. Therefore, natural tissue of Brassica oleracea is good food for anticancer and detoxification and it has high concentration of functional compound.
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Microporous organic network nanoparticles for dual chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy
Kim, Dong Wook,Kim, Da Hye,Jang, June Young,Ko, Yoon-Joo,Lee, Sang Moon,Kim, Hae Jin,Na, Kun,Son, Seung Uk The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Journal of Materials Chemistry B Vol.7 No.26
<P>This work shows that microporous organic network (MON) chemistry can be applied to the dual photodynamic and chemical therapy of cancer cells. Water-compatible and Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPhT) loaded MON nanoparticles were engineered through size-controlled synthesis using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a surfactant, followed by postsynthetic sulfonation of materials. The ZnPhT was successfully loaded on the sulfonated MON nanoparticles (N-SMONs) <I>via</I> coulombic interaction between anionic sulfonate and cationic ZnPhT. Because of their microporosity and high surface area, DOX was loaded efficiently on the ZnPhT/N-SMON nanoparticles. The resultant DOX/ZnPhT/N-SMON showed synergistic performance in the dual photodynamic and chemotherapy of cancer cells and tumors in <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> tests.</P>
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Kim, Woo-Kyoung,Kim, Ji-Hae,Jeong, Da-Hee,Chun, Young-Hee,Kim, Sun-Hee,Cho, Kang-Jin,Chang, Moon-Jeong The Korean Nutrition Society 2011 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol. No.
In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of $ErbB_2$ were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of pAkt was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL ERL (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Bax were increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 100 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Raphanus sativus, L. inhibits cell proliferation via the ErbB-Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Kim Sung Ran,Kang Hyeon Jeong,Jeong Hye Rin,Jang Su Yeon,Lee Jae Eun,Kim Da Eun,Lee Hae Ry,Cho Min Hee,Noh Ji Yun,Cheong Hee Jin,Kim Woo Joo,Song Joon Young 대한의학회 2022 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.37 No.35
The omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to have high infectivity and is more likely to evade vaccine immunity. However, booster vaccination is expected to strengthen cross-reactive immunity, thereby increasing the vaccine effectiveness (VE). This study aimed to evaluate the relative VE of the 3-dose (booster) vaccination compared with the 2-dose primary series vaccination in healthcare workers during omicron variant-dominant periods. During the omicron-dominant period from February 1, 2022 to February 28, 2022, a 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Healthcare workers with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results were classified as positive cases, whereas those with negative results served as controls. Compared with the 2-dose primary series vaccination, booster vaccination with mRNA vaccine showed moderate VE (53.1%). However, in multivariate analysis including the time elapsed after vaccination, the significant VE disappeared, reflecting the impact of recent vaccination rather than the third dose itself.
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Hae-Ryun Choi,Kukhyeon Kim,Hyung-Rae Kim,Sang-Yeoup Kim,Tae-Hee Yoo,Hyun-Kyung Yoon,Da-Som Kim,Bong-Kyu Byun 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10
This study was carried out to clarify the taxonomic status position between two species, Archips audax and A. asiaticus of the family Tortricidae, which have been confused due in their very similar character in appearance. For the reason, A. asiaticus has been treated as junior of A. audax in Korea until now (Park and Byun, 1989). Also, it has been known as synonym of A. audax too in Japan (Suzuki and Komai, 1984). However, in China A. asiaticus has been listed as a valid species (Park et al,. 2014). The aim of this study is to clarify the taxonomic differences between the two species with DNA barcoding. We conducted the tree with the result of DNA barcoding by using MAGA 6. A. audax and A. asiaticus build in different clade and distance was 0.02. In this study, we extracted COI gene for DNA barcode and analyzed the sequences using MEGA 6. Also, genitalic dissection and observation of morphology were conducted. As the result, we have to treated A. asiaticus is valid species.
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Park, Hae Eun,Lee, Seok-Young,Hyun, Sun-Hee,Kim, Da Yeon,Marriott, Philip J,Choi, Hyung-Kyoon Oxford University Press 2013 Journal of AOAC International Vol.96 No.6
<B>Abstract</B><P>Ginseng roots are an important herbal resource worldwide, and the adulteration of ginseng with age is recognized as a serious problem. It is therefore crucial to develop objective criteria or standard protocols for differentiating ginseng root samples according to their cultivation age. The reported study used GC/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis with variable selection to obtain metabolic profiling and an optimal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model for the differentiation of ginseng according to cultivation age. Relative levels of various metabolites, such as amino acids, alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, and sugars, were measured for various ginseng cultivation ages. Increasing cultivation age resulted in the production of higher levels of panaxynol and panaxydol, which are active polyacetylene compounds in ginseng. In addition, optimized PLS-DA models for the prediction of ginseng age were obtained by selecting variables based on a variable importance in the projection cut-off value of 1.3. Proline, glucaric acid, mannose, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, myoinositol, panaxydol, and panaxynol are suggested as key and relevant compounds with which to differentiate the age of ginseng samples. The findings of this study suggest that GC/MS-based metabolic profiling can be used to differentiate ginseng samples according to cultivation age.</P>
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