KSDeNTM 공정에서 C/P 비, SRT, 온도 및 질산염 농도가 인 제거에 미치는 영향

김병군,서인석,홍성택,김도군,천상욱 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.1

In this study, the effects of C/P ratio, SRT, temperature and nitrate concentration on the phosphorus removal efficiency of KSDeN™ process (KOWACO-Ssangyong DeNutrient process) was investigated with a pilot plant, which is fed with the grit chamber effluent of 'J' MWWTP (Municipal Wastewater Treatment Process). During the operating period, T-P removal efficiency was more than 80% at C/P ratio (TCOD_Cr/T-P ratio) of 35 or above, and it was higher at relatively low temperature and high C/P ratio. At SRT (Sludge Retention Time)'s of 3-28 days, phosphorus removal efficiency increased up to 90% until the SRT reached 20 days. The phosphorus removal efficiency decreased rapidly with more than 20 days of SRT, which showed that the optimal SRT is 20 days for the T-P removal of KSDeN™ process. Effluent T-P concentration increased with increasing temperature. It is considered that the competition on organic compounds between PAOs (Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms) and denitrifiers resulted in lowering T-P removal by activating nitrifiers at 15℃ or above. The release of phosphorus was influenced by nitrate concentration in anaerobic/anoxic tank. When the nitrate concentration was higher than 2 ㎎/L, the release of phosphorus was disturbed by denitrifiers. SCOD and PO^3-_4-P profile with each reactors of KSDeN™ process showed typical behavior of phosphorus release and luxury uptake by PAOs.

Ti-6Al-4Fe-0.5Si 합금에서 Ti-Si 석출과 베타상의 방위관계

최병학,김진우,정희원,현용택,김승언,이용태 대한금속재료학회 2004 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.42 No.1

This study examined the effect of Si addition in (α+β) Ti alloy on the phase stability about the Ti silicide precipitation from b matrix. The changes in the volume fraction and shape of precipitates with different Si contents were correlated with the tensile properties of the present alloys based on the detailed TEM micrographic observation. In Ti-6Al-4Fe-0.5Si alloy, the precipitates with rectangular or round shape were found at inter-grain of α/β interface and intra-grain of β phase. The precipitates were generally known as Ti5Si₃ with enough stabilizing thermo-mechanically. However, in this study, a new type silicide of Ti_(5)Si₄was mostly observed in the as-cast specimens, representing the metastable or unstable state phase thermo-mechanically compared to Ti_(5)Si₃. It was consistent with the phase transformation processes of TiSi₂TiSiTi_(5)Si₄Ti5Si₃ in the ternary alloy system of Ti-Al-Si. The improvement of mechanical properties including high temperature ones was to be induced by the fine precipitation of Ti silicides such as Ti5Si₄ and Ti5Si₃ in the ductile matrix of b phase. The precipitates of Ti_(5)Si₄ (P1) and Ti_(5)Si₃ (P2) have a coherent relationship with bcc β matrix of (200)_(β) //(220)_(P1) //(2111)_(P2) and (011)_(β) //(001)_(P1)//(0110)_(P2).

個人企業의 法人轉換 : 그 方法에 따른 租稅特例上의 問題

배병택 安東大學 1984 安東大學 論文集 Vol.6 No.1

Three general methods of converting a sole-proprietorship into a corporation (a legal person) are as follows: 1. consolidation of two or more small and medium enterprises. 2. contribution of property other than cash to a legal person. 3. transferring the business of sole-proprietorship to a legal person. Section 44 of the Laws inacted to Control the Reduction of and Exemption from Taxes provides that the taxes on the income from transfer under the consolidation of small enterprises are exempted and Section 45 of the Laws defines the exemption from taxation on the income from transfer under the contribution of property other than cash to a new corporation. Because both the sections require to adopt the procedures in the contribution of property other than cash, in practice, the application of them seems to be avoided due to much time and cost being consumed. Therefore, for many purposes, both of these sections should be modified and improved in order to prepare better taxation supporting system applicable in practice.

노후공동주택의 거주성능평가요소에 관한 연구

이병태,현택수,정의용 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.2

This study aims to propose the comprehensive evaluation of Performance multi-family housing. Most of the existing studies for the reproduction have evaluated the deterioration by the safety of structure. Therefore those pass over the functional factors which is important for the evaluation of residential qualities. This study represents that the reproduction renovation should not be secured the safety of structure but established the quality of life. And questionnaire asking expert's opinion also supplemented. As a result, the item for examination and the weight for evaluation are suggested in functional deterioration. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Existent redevelopment criteria are not appropriate to decide the environmental comfort, the vital function of housing and the residential management finance. 2. The future criteria have to evaluate the existing environmental comfort, be reconstructed to put first general deterioration. 3. Evaluation elements was extracted throughout the document research. evaluation elements analysis system was separated in residential area, suburb of dwellings, community, and housing complexity environmental assesment. 4. Each category of influence ratio was extracted to assess total deterioration throughout the expert question survey. 5. Each category analysed : ① 0~30%: function is good (unnecessary to improve) ② 31~40%: average (necessary of partial improvement) ③ 41~59%: bad (necessary of total improvement) ④ 60~100%: the worst (unable to improve throughout the repair)

식도암에서 외부방사선치료와 근접방사선치료의 병용요법

남택근,나병식,오윤경 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the role of brachytherapy following external radiotherapy by retrospective analysis in view of survival and prognostic factors in esophageal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: From Apr. 1999 to Dec. 2000, a total of 28 patients, who were diagnosed as esophageal carcinoma, were treated by curative external radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy with or without chemotherapy. Eligible primary tumors were located in the thoracic esophagus and lymphatic metastases were restricted to supraclavicular or mediastinal nodes. External radiotherapy was performed by 6 MV or 10 MV X-ray and the range of doses was 50.0 Gy - 59.4 Gy (median; 54.9) to primary tumors. One week later, the intraluminal brachtherapy (IB) was performed by high-dose rate remote controlled afterloader with radioisotope of ^192Ir. Fraction size of IB was 2~5 Gy, twice a week and delivered up to total doses of 3 Gy~ 20 Gy (median; 12). Twenty-one patients were treated by concurrent chemotherapy with the agents of cisplatin and 5-FU. Cisplatin, 75 ㎎/㎡, was given on the first day of weeks 1, 5, 8, 11 and 5-FU, 1,000 ㎎/㎡, was administered as a continuous infusion for the first 4 days of each course. Results: The estimated median survival time was 15 months and 1, 2, 3-year survival rates were 60.7%, 27.5%, 9.2%, respectively. The median survival time (MST) of the patients with stage II (n=9), III (n=17), IVA (n=2) were 20, 15, 5 months, respectively (p=0.68). The MST of the patients with complete response vs partial response were 21 vs 14 months, respectively (p=0.12). The MST of patients younger than 60 years vs older were 22 vs 12 months, respectively (p=0.07). The MST of patients with ECOG performance index 1 vs 2 were 16 vs 10 months, respectively (P=0.06) Tile Mn of patients treated by concurrent chemotherapy vs untreated were 20 vs 12 months, respectively (p=0.07). Four patients (14.3%) suffered massive hematemesis after brachytherapy and one patient with local recurrence salvaged by esophagectomy had mediastinal abscess. Of 21 patients treated by concurrent chemoradiothetapy, one patient had pancytopenia and other two patients had severe leukopenia. Conclusion: This study showed no better outcomes of brachytherapy boost after external radiotherapy than historical results of external radiotherapy alone. Concurrent chemotherapy might have more significant therapeutic role rather than brachytherapy boost and the employment of brachythelapy should be considered with great caution in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma.

美國文學에 나타난 科學思想 : 19世紀를 中心으로 Mainly Concerned with 19th Century

梁炳鐸 慶熙大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between literature and science, mainly concerned with 19th Century American literature. This paper is based on the fact that the American major writers were much interested in science and scientific thought and American literauture showed a persistent scientific curiosity for the new facts and the new theories of experimental science and reflected the influence of scientific movement and thought in various ways and also resisted to science to some extent. The colonial periods were the age of Bacon, Newton and many other scientists. And the intelligent colonists, busy as they were with their own concerns, were much interested in science in the creating of a new culture. Colonial literature showed a scientific curiosity for the investigation of nature. Benjamin Franklin remains the most famous early experimenter to study natural phenomena. Natural science advanced with remarkable rapidity in the nineteenth century, and its effect became more and more pervasive. The period abounded in new scientific associations. In New England, scientific activity in all of the fields kept pace with developments in the Old World. New England writers were aware of these scientific developments, and their writings reflect, in various ways and degrees, the influence of the new facts and the new theories of science. Emerson greeted the scientific movement with enthusiasm. But he was not interested in science for its own sake. Science was valuable to him for the moral and spiritual implications, Thoreau's relation to science was much more intimate than Emerson's. He was interested in nature. He was a natural philosopher, which means a scientific student of nature. In Walden, he shows a scientific attitude as a naturalist. But he spoke out loud against the mechanization of American life. Hawthorne discovered a danger in the new emphasis upon experimental science. He examined the scientist and discovered that the scientist had been dehumanized in his many stories. Poe was also interested in science and his best scientific rationalism is best illustrated in Eureka, where he attempted an analysis of the universe based upon Newtonian Principles. Melville had a profound interest in biology and displayed his biological knowlege in the field of 'cetelogy' in Moby Dick. America social and economic life changed radically and rapidly during the years between 1865 and 1914. And the march of science affected religious thought and the view of life. Geology established the antiquity of the earth. Evolution, as set forth in Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859. challenged the Christian belief. The scientific movement did not capture American literature immediately but the writers, especially the poets, began to resist science. Whitman accepted the evolutionary idea, but, as the scientific movement advanced in the post Civil War years, he accepted the Emersonian concept rather than the concept of Darwin. Dickinson was scarcely touched by the scientific movement. By the end of the century, American writers were feeling the full impact of the scientific movement. And the mechanistic philosophy was spread to writers. Mark Twain, late in life, became a convert to the mechanistic philosophy. Dreiser believed that men were creatures of force. With the turn of the century, the mechanistic philosophy began to appear in the naturalistic novel, which soon became its chief literary vehicle. American literature, especially in the 19th century, reflects the influence of scientitic movement and thought in various ways and degrees.

경피적 승모판 성형술 후 교감신경계 활성도의 변화

홍택종,안병재 대한순환기학회 2003 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.33 No.12

아미노글리코사이드 사용제한에 따른 병원성 균혈증 유발 그람음성간균의 내성변화 및 임상적 의의

오종택,김신우,손종원,도병훈,한승우,신병철,박지현,이종명,김능수 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.4

목적 : 항균제 오남용으로 인한 내성균의 출현, 약물부작용의 발생 및 약제 비용의 증가는 환자 개인뿐만 아니라 사회적으로 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 항생제의 오남용을 막기 위한 제도의 일환으로 시행한 아미노글리코사이드 사용 제한정책의 비용 효과적인 측면을 조사하고 그람음성간균에 의해 병원성 균혈증이 발생한 환자들을 대상으로 이 정책이 항생제 내성률과 환자 사망률에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 방법 : 930병상 규모의 3차 병원인 일개 대학병원에서 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한정책이 시행된 직후인 2002년 3월에서 9월 사이에 그람음성간균(Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia)에 의해 발생한 병원성 균혈증 환자 60명(실험군)과, 이 정책이 시행되기 전에 입원한 환자들 중 균주별로 같은 수만큼 선별한 병원성 균혈증 환자 60명(대조군)의 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한정책이 시행된 시기인 2002년 3월에서 9월 사이에 처방된 아미노글리코사이드 사용량 및 비용을 이 정책이 시행되기 전인 2001년 3월에서 9월 사이와 비교한 결과, 아미노글리코사이드의 사용량(antimicrobial utilization density)은 사용제한 후 225.2에서 130.3으로 42% 감소하였고 약제 비용은 44% 감소하였다. 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한 후 병원성 균혈증을 유발한 그람 음성간균의 이 항생제에 대한 내성률은 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았으며 균혈증과 직접 연관된 사망률도 환자의 나이, 성별, 기저질환 및 원발병소 등을 보정할 경우 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(40.4% vs. 24.1%, P=0.11). 결론 : 아미노글리코사이드를 5일을 초과한 사용 시 감염전문가의 사전 승인을 필요로 하는 사용제한정책은 아미노글리코사이드의 사용량과 비용을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한 이 정책 시행 후 그람음성간균에 의한 균혈증 환자에서 균혈증으로 인한 사망률과 아미노글리코사이드에 대한 내성률은 유의한 차이가 없었다. Objective : To evaluate the effects of an aminoglycoside restriction policy on expenditures for aminoglycosides, antimicrobial resistance rates and clinical outcome of nosocomial bacteremia caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Methods : Starting in February, 2002, a prior consultation with an infectious disease specialist for using aminoglycoside antibiotics over 5 days was required in a 930-bed university hospital. In retrospective analysis of medical records 7 months after initiation of the aminoglycoside restriction policy, sixty cases of clinically relevant nosocomial bacteremia caused by GNB were found. These bacteremic patients were compared with sixty, species-matched, control patients with nosocomial Gramnegative bacteremia before the policy for total expenditures for aminoglycosides, susceptibility to antibiotics and clinical outcomes of bacteremia. Results : During the same period of 7 months before and after the restriction policy, total expenditures for aminoglycosides decreased by 44% in cost (from 465,030,841 Won to 259,618,337 Won) and the antimicrobial utilization density of aminoglycosides decreased by 42% (from 225,2 to 130.3). On the other hand, the patterns of antibiotic susceptibility and bacteremia-related in-hospital mortality rates after the policy did not show a significant change, compared with those before the policy. Conclusion : Antibiotic restrictions are among the most popular methods to diminish the practice of antibiotic overuse in hospitals. In this study, requirement for prior approval of aminoglycoside use over 5 days led to a significant decrease in the amount and cost of total aminoglycosides without a significant change in susceptibility patterns and bacteremia-related mortality rates.

물체-검출기 동기회전 방식의 X-선 단층영상시스템 설계 및 성능개선에 관한 연구

강성택,조형석,노병옥 제어·자동화·시스템공학회 1999 제어·자동화·시스템공학논문지 Vol.5 No.-

This paper describes my experiences in delivering a 3-year of psychological service to the Korean National Archery Team(1996-1998). The process of developing psychological skills training programs(PSTP) over a 3-year period is outlined. The contents of PSTP are explained and the importance of full cooperation from coaches, sport organization, and the ethics of the coach is discussed as well.

HBsAg 양성자에 있어서의 HBe 항원 및 간기능검사에 대한 고찰

배기택,김병성,최원충 인제대학교 1990 仁濟醫學 Vol.11 No.2

건강관리과 신체 검사에서 발견된 473명의 HBsAg 양성자를 대상으로 HBeAg 및 transaminase치를 추적 조사하여 HBeAg 양성률이 45.1%, transaminase 상승률이 28.5%이고 HBsAg 보균자가 지속될 확률은 98% 이상임을 밝혀냈다. Among those who received regular health examination at health center, 473 HBsAg carriers were followed for 5 years with serial measurements of transaminase levels, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis Be Ag(HBeAg). Male to female ratio was 4.7:1 and the average age was 32 in male, 26 in female. Persistent HBsAg positive rate was 98.7% and HBsAg was seroconverted to negative in 6.4%. The HBeAg positivity rate among HBsAg carriers was 45.1%, and seroconversion late of HBeAg was 4.3%. Transaminase levels were elevated in 28.5% of the HBsAg carriers. The proportion of abnormal transaminase levels in HBeAg positive carriers (42.9%) were significantly higher than that of HBeAg negative carriers (20.2%)(P<0.005) and the Odds ratio was 2.96. The 24 clients out of 135 carriers (17.8%) who had elevatd transaminase levels were normalized and the average duration was 7.1±7.0 months.