商代부터 공자까지 ‘命’론의 발전사 및 커뮤니케이션의 구조 -운명론, 초기·후기 천명론의 구조와 구성요소를 중심으로-

연덕희 ( Yeon Duk-hee ) 한국철학사연구회 2023 한국 철학논집 Vol.- No.76

본 연구는 상대 갑골문에 보이는 명(令)을 기준으로 여기에서 발전된 다양한 명(命)의 커뮤니케이션 구조와 특징을 알아보았다. 인류의 ‘명’ 관념은 신이 ‘직접’ 세속의 복·화를 내린다는 ‘① 신→ 명(세속의 복·화)→ 인’의 원형구조가 시발점이다. 이 원형구조에서 ‘② 신→ 명(順:세속의 복, 逆:세속의 화)→ 인(행실)’이라는 원시 종교적 구조가 발현한다. 상대 말에는 명이 불변하는 ‘③ 신→ 명(세속의 복·화:불변)→ 인(행실: 무관)’의 심화된 운명론과 명이 가변하는 ‘④ 신→ 명(세속의 복·화:가변)→ 인(행실:상관)’의 초기 천명론의 씨앗이 상호 논쟁을 만들었다. 주대에는 인간의 관념이 ‘신’에서 ‘인’으로 전이가 가속되면서 ‘명’의 의미도 내재하는 도덕적 명과 외재하는 세속의 명(복·화)으로 양분되었고‘⑤ 신→ 도덕적 명(불변:내재)→ 세속적 명(복·화의 가변:외재)→ 인(행실:상관)’의 명·복 일치, 즉 초기 천명론으로 발전한다. 마지막으로 공자에 이르러 ‘⑥ 신→ 도덕적 명(불변:내재)→ 인(도덕적 명의 실현을 추구)’이라는 명·복 불일치의 후기 천명론이 확립된다. ⑥에서 ‘신’은 인간에게 내재된 도덕성의 원천 혹은 뿌리로 제한되고 세속의 복·화와 분리(제거)되어 올바른 방향(가르침)만을 제시할 뿐이다. 사마천은 백이와 숙제의 삶을 통해 ‘하늘의 도는 선인에게 복을 악인에게 벌을 내린다.’라는 ‘복선화음’의 법칙, 요컨대 ②·④·⑤에 대한 강한 의심을 제기하였는데 공자의 ‘⑥ 명·복 불일치’를 통해 이를 설명할 수 있었다. 또한 젖과 꿀이 흐르는 복된 세상은 신의 권능이 아니라 인간의 손으로 직접 만드는 것임을 알 수 있었다. This study investigated the communication structure and characteristics of various 命derived and developed based on the 令presented on oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. Regarding humanity’s idea of “Ming,” the original structure of “(1) 神→ 命(secular fortune and misfortune) → 人” in which God “directly” bestows mundane blessing and misfortune is the starting point. In such a structure, the primitive religious structure of “(2) 神→ 命(順: mundane blessing, 逆: mundane misfortune) → 人(deed)” emerges. At the end of the Shang Dynasty (商代), 命of “(3) 神→ 命(worldly blessing and misery: unchanging) → 人(deed: related)” created a seed for mutual argument for unchanging (不變) intensified fatalism. Moreover, 命of “(4) 神→ 命(mundane blessing and misfortune: variable) → 人(deed: related)” created a seed for mutual argument for changeable (可變) early Mandate of Heaven (天命論). In the Zhou Dynasty, as the human conception accelerated the transition (轉移) from “神” to “人”, the meaning of “命” was divided into two parts including intrinsic (內在) moral 命and extrinsic (外在) mundane blessing and misfortune. fortune (命·福) of “(5) 神→ moral 命(immutable: immanent) → mundane 命(mutability of blessing and misfortune: extrinsic) → 人(deed: related)” coincided, that is, developed into an early Mandate of Heaven. Lastly, with Confucius, the late Mandate of Heaven of Ming fortune inconsistency that states “(6) 神→ Moral 命(immutable: immanent) → 人(seeking the realization of moral 命)” was established. As Samacheon(司馬遷) mentioned the deaths of Baek-i(伯夷) and Seok-suk(叔齊), he raised the rule of “福善禍淫,” which states that “The Way of Heaven blesses the good and punishes the wicked.” In short, Samacheon raised strong doubts about (2), (4), and (5). This could be explained through Confucius’ (6) discordance between Ming and blessing. In addition, the blessed world flowing with milk and honey was made by human hands, not by the power of God.

정신훈련 프로그램의 실시에 따른 체육수업 참여유형 비교연구

김원배,김정수,정청희,노희덕,홍준희 師範大學 體育硏究所 1998 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify the student participation styles in elementary school physical education classes. To identify the student participation styles, the factors such as subject, teacher, parents, the level of family economy and classroom environments were investigated. To achieve the purpose of this study was observed during 3 months in 1997. Educational ethnography was used in order to collect qualitative date. The subjects were 40 students on grade 4 in Chang Soe elementary school. Student participation styles were categorized six domains based on classroom teacher's observation and evaluation about them for 4 months. This styles included 'enthusiastic students', 'officious helpers', 'modifiers', 'ball girl-ball boys', 'timid paragons', and 'halfway students' Enthusiastic student was characterised by learning ability and attitude in his classroom, Officious helper by interference in other students in classes, Modifiers by the his tendency of exchange and execuse about the teacher-assigned-task, Ball girls-ball boys by yield their opportunity to participation in games and took peripherial position as by-hnaders, Timid paragons by work his task only when the teacher let him ordered and listen to teacher's explanation attentively, Halfway students by very bad learning attitude and made distribute the learning circumstances by their mischief. The result of this study were as follows;

四物湯의 抗癌劑 副作用 抑制에 關한 實驗的 硏究

안희덕 대한동의병리학회 1995 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.9 No.2

연구배경: 서의의 치료법인 抗癌劑 및 放射線療法이 癌細胞 뿐만 아니라 正堂細胞에까지 毒性을 나타내어 腫瘍細胞를 殺減하는 同時에 骨髓의 造血機能을 抑制하고 消化器官 및 全身에 反應하여 副作用을 일으키며, 人體의 免疫機能을 低下시키기 때문에 抗癌治療의 副作用을 減少시키면서도 癌細胞에 대해 特異的 作用을 나타내는 治療法의 開發이 要求되고 있어 最近 韓醫學界에서도 港癌劑의 副作用 減少에 대한 韓方療法의 硏究가 활발히 進行됨에 따라 저자도 化學療法劑에 의한 肝과 骨髓의 副作用을 抑制하기 위한 方法의 일환으로 四物湯의 效果에 대하여 硏究 檢討하고자 하였다. 방법 : 正堂白鼠에 化學療法劑의 하나인 cyclophosphamide를 注射하여 副作用을 誘發한 후 四物湯을 投與하고 GOT·GPT活性度와 BUN 및 creatininc 含量을 測定하고, 骨髓 副作用에 미치는 效果를 檢査하기 위하여 白血球數 赤血球數 血小板數를 測定하였으며, 다시 腹腔癌을 誘發시킨 雄性 생쥐에 cyclophosphamide를 多量 投與하여 副作用을 誘發하고 四物湯을 投與하여 혈액검사를 함실시함 결론 : GOT活性度는 有意性 있는 減少를 보였고, GOT活性度는 減少하는 傾向이 있었으나 有意性은 없었으며. BUN 및 creatinine 含量은 正堂群과 큰 差異를 보이지 않았다. 白血球·赤血球·血小板數를 測定한 結果 癌을 誘發하지 않은 白鼠의 경우에는 四物湯投與群에서 對照群에 北하여 各各 有意性있는 增加를 보였으나, 擔癌생쥐에 있어서는 모두 對照群과 별다른 差異가 없었다. 결과 : 四物湯은 cyclophsophamide에 의한 肝臟 賢臟 骨髓에 대한 副作用을 抑制하는 效果가 있을 것으로 推定할 수 있으며, 앞으로의 硏究를 通하여 癌治療에 應用될 수 있을 것으로 期待된다. In order to investigate the effects of Siwutang on reducing side-effects of anti-cancer agent to the rats, and mice which have abdominal tumor after Sarcoma-180 cells were transplanted, cyclophosphamide, the anti-cancer agent, was injected in onder to induce the side-effects, and the extract of siwutang was administrated through mouth from 5 days bfore the injection, and observe GOT, GPT, BUN, creatinine, number of leukocyte, erythrocyte and thrombocyte. The results are summarized as follows : 1. In the effects of the inhibition of the side-effect on the liver function, the GOT activity was proved to be reduced by the Siwutang, but GPT activity was not changed. 2. In the effect of the inhibitory effect on the side-effect on the kidney function, the BUN and creatinine remained unchanged in all groups. 3. In the number of leukocyte, erythrocyte and thrombocyte, in the study on the no cancer-carrier rats, sample group showed increase compared with the control group. While, there was no significant increase in the study on the cancer-carrier mice. As the result of above experiment, Siwutang has proven to have inhibitory effect on side-effects of anti-cancer agents. We can conclude that Siwutang will be useful for cure of the cancer.

항혈청으로 처치된 질트리코모나스(Trichomonas vaginalis) 미세구조의 변화

민득영,류재숙,안명희,박승정,조휘율 한양대학교 의과대학 1994 한양의대 학술지 Vol.14 No.2

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic flagellate found in the urogenital tract of humans. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of antiserum from rat and rabbit on fine structure of T. vaginalis. Trophozoites were subcultured in TPS-1 medium(Diamond, 1968) at 37℃, CO₂incubator. T. vaginalis were inoculated in mixed medium containing of antiserum for 10 and 30 minutes, then observed with transmission and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. T. vaginalis was ellipsoidal or ovoidal in shape with 4 flagella, an undulating membrane and an axostyle. The plasma membrane of body surface was smooth and furrowed. Pseudopodia(filopods) were often observed by SEM. Ultrastructure of trophozoites consisted of an elliptical shaped nucleus, RERs and Golgi complex around the nucleus, hydrogenosomes, glycogen granules, polysomes and vacuoles in cytoplasm. As the organelles for supporting and movement, an axostyle, kinetosomes, flagella, undulating membrane, costa and parabasal filaments were observed. 2. T. vaginalis treated with antiserum, its surface appeared destruction of plasma membrane, alteration and/or disappearance of axostyle, flagella and undulating membrane under the SEM and showed fine structural changes such as the nucleus surrounded by many vacuoles, decreased ribosomes, which attached to nuclear membrane and RER, vesiculated RER and Golgi complex. The area of filamentous cell coat and a number of coated vesicles were increased on plasma membrane with partial damage. According to going by the incubation time, the progressive destructions of cytoplasmic organelles, nuclear membrane, hydrogenosomal membrane, kinetosome and rootlet fiber were noted. With above results, it is presumed that specific antiserum induced the disturbance of protein systhesis and the damage of cytoplasm resulting lysis of T. vaginalis.

Multimedia 및 database 연산용 산술 unit의 VLSI 설계

柳在熙,鄭德基 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1997 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.-

본 논문에서는 데이터 베이스를 보다 효율적으로 사용하기 위한 RDBMS연산이 가능한 ALU를 제안하였다. RDBMS를 위한 추가 명령어의 구현방안이 연구되었고, 이 명령어를 분석하여 추가 명령어에 대한 하드웨어 설계를 위하여 가장 최적화 된 하드웨어 구현 방안과 이에 따른 설계변경 방안 등이 연구되었다. 제안된 ALU는 덧셈과 뺄셈의 일반적인 산술연산과 AND, OR, XOR의 논리연산뿐만 아니라 RDBMS를 위한 null문자의 감지로 두 문장을 효율적으로 비교하는 연산 및 8, 16비트형식의 멀티미디어 데이터 연산을 효율적으로 지원하도록 설계하였다. 설계된 ALU는 HDL로 코드화하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, RISC에서 요구되는 빠른 속도와 면적의 최소화를 이룰 수 있는 VLSI설게를 위하여, switch level timing simulator인 irsim을 바탕으로 최적화가 수행되었으며, 이 결과가 소개되었다.

색채분석에서의 감성공학 적용

이덕상,조정희 昌原大學校 人文科學硏究所 1995 人文論叢 Vol.2 No.-

체육의 개념변천 과정에 관한 연구

노희덕 師範大學 體育硏究所 1991 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.12 No.1

It can be said that ‘physical education’began with the history of mankind. Different countries and different ages have taken different steps in the development of ‘physical education’ as an academic discipline. The purpose of this study is to investigate what a concept of ‘physical education’was in each age or country and how it changed. This study is divided into two parts on the basis of the time when the concept of ‘physical education’ was established. In the first part, this study investigates how the facts and ideas about ‘physical education’had changed in different ages and regions before the concept was established. In the second part, this study investigates how the concept of ‘physical education’ was defined by leading scholars after the concept was established. The results are as follows: (1) In the Primitive ages, the aims of ‘physical education’were to develop and intensify physical abilities and to enhance group consciousness and cooperative spirit so that individuals or groups could survive. (2) In the Age of Ancient States, The need for the systematized ‘physical education’was recognized. ‘Physical education’was performed differently depending in the regional circumstances and institutions and the military or religious purposes. (3) In the Ancient Greece, the most advanced concept of ‘physical’was established. ‘physical education’was recognized as a means to ensure the harmonious development of mind and body, and became a major subject of education. In the Age of Homer, ‘physical education’ was recognized as the means to bring up outstanding people: in Sparta, as the means to train soldiers on the basis of militarism: in Athens, as an important subject to ensure individual’s and training and to bring up harmonious persons. The Ancient Olympiad can be interpreted as a physical fact that symbolized the ideas of people in that age. (4) In the Age of Rome, the essential qualities of ‘physical education’disappeared because of the political purpose. (5) In the Medieval Age, the indifference to ‘physical education’ was prevalent because of the ideas that ignored body. From the Age of Renaissance to the early Modern Age, however, humanists and realists emphasized the need of ‘physical education’. Accordingly, undifferentiated type of sport began to develop inn cities and college communities. (6) In the Modern Age, naturalists and school of philanthropists saw ‘physical education’in the aspect of physical training, performed physical activities centering around gymnastics, and systematized ‘physical education’as a regular school subject. In England, in the meantime, undifferentiated sport was upgraded to the means of personality development largely by nobles. These two aspects were developed to a symbolic picture called the Revival of Olympiad. ‘Physical education’came to be recognized as an independent field of culture. (7) In the Present Age, ‘physical education’implies ‘Sport for All’. Until the 1960s, when the world was separated in bi-polar systems based on ideology, democratic countries used ‘physical education’as a means personality development, and communist countries used it as a means to establish socialist countries. In the next of period all countries maintain sport type of ‘physical education’. In the future, there will be a contrast between ‘Technosport’as an advanced sport and ‘Ecosport’as a popularized sport. In conclusion, in spite of the conceptual differences of ‘physical education’ among ages and regions, its essential meaning such as physical training , pleasure, self-discovery, etc, through physical activities was the same. The conceptual differences of ‘physical education’came to develop according to what they wanted to get through physical activities, in other words, whether ‘physical education’was used as a means or a purpose.

아동 학대와 방임 : 실태, 법적근거 및 대책방안

곽덕영,양승희 경원전문대학 1999 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

Since the experience of abuse and neglect in childhood cause not only physically and mentally negative results but also give them chance to learn the violence, it has been realized that the child abuse and neglect are no longer individual matter but social issues. In this research, we established the concepts of child abuse and neglect and in the view of understanding how much they are exposed to our culture, examined some proverbs and films related to them. In addition, the consideration of our current situations and the legal base were made, and we suggested the counterplan of the decline and the prevention as well as the direction of further research in the future.

옷의 W&W성을 높이는 봉제에 대한 소고

鄭德姬 서울 敎育大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

남당(南塘) 한원진(韓元震)의 인간형성론 : 도덕적 형성의 가능성을 중심으로

정덕희 교육철학회 2002 교육사 교육철학 Vol.28 No.-

Namdang Han Won-Jin(南唐 韓元震, 1682-1751) was one of the prominent philosophers of the late of Chosun dynasty in the history of Neo-Confucianism. This article is to understand Namdang's theory of human being formation and to seek for the implications for modern education. The major understandings of this article are followings. Firstly, Namdang tries to ask the various meanings of Li(理)and Ch'I(氣) which are not being thing-itself but revealing from human's consciousness. From this, his thinking method is appealing the ontological epistemology and raising the study subject being related to the intellectual subjectivity in educational discourse. Secondly, Namdang tries to understand the multi-strata of human nature from his original "Theory of Hsing San Tseng"(性三層說). He explains human nature from Ch'ao Hsing Ch'I(超形氣), Yin Li Chin(因氣質) and Tsa Li Chih(雜氣質). In other words, he reveals the universal idea of human nature from Ch'ao Hsing Chi's perspective, the inherent distinction of human nature from Yin Li Chih's perspective and the individual distinction of human nature from Tsa Li Chih's perspective. From this, his "Theory of Hsing San Tseng" is raising the study subject being related to the educational ideology that is embracing the various perspectives of human nature. Thirdly, Namdang tires to pursuit the possibility of human being formation through "Theory of Tnng His Lu"(東西路說) and Ch'ing T'ung Chih I(情統志意). He does treat the good as not the transcendental thing but the immanent one in human mind. And he asserts that the revealing of the good is concomitant with the function of I(意) that is considering and comparing, and with the function of Chih(志) that is keeping up the good. From this, Namdang's theory of human being formation is raising the study subject being related to the moral education for autonomous character.