집단적 치유와 제의로서 북한 영화 : <자강도 사람들>을 중심으로

전영선 ( Young Sun Jeon ),권정기 ( Jeon Kee Kwon ) 북한연구학회 2013 北韓硏究學會報 Vol.17 No.1

?집단적 치유와 제의로서 북한영화 읽기?는 영화 <자강도 사람들>이 집단적 치유와 국가적 의례로서 제작 되었음을 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. <자강도 사람들>은 2000년 조선예술영화촬영소에서 제작되어, 2001년에 개봉되었다. 2001년 5월에는 조선중앙TV를 통해 방영되었다. <자강도 사람들>은 1990년대중반 이른바 ``고난의 행군`` 자강도의 발전소 건설 과정을 다룬 영화이다. 이 영화에서 주목되는 것은 ``고난의 행군``을정면으로 다루었다는 것이다. 북한 문학 예술에서 ``고난의 행군``을 다룬 작품은 많지 않다. 1990년대 중반의 위기 상황은 북한 전체가 겪어야 했던 집단적 위기 상황이었다. 식량난, 자원난, 외화난으로 인해 수만에서 수십만의 죽음이 있었다. 영화에서도 고난의 행군 시기 자강도 사람들이 겪었던 문제를 정면으로 드러낸다. 먹을 것을 찾아 눈 덮인 벌판을 헤매다 죽은 정만호는 <자강도 사람들>을 상징한다. 북한 영화에서 죽음은 수령이나 체제를 위한 헌신적인 희생으로 그려졌다. 북한 영화에서 먹을 것이 없어 눈밭을 헤매다 죽는 장면은 거의 없다. 눈보라 치는 험한 환경도 극복해야 할 대상으로 상징되기 때문이다. 그 만큼 고난의 행군 시기 북한이 겪어야 했던 고난이 어려웠음을 보여준다. 정만호 뿐만 아니라 병실에서 암으로 죽어가면서도 약이 없어 치료받지 못하는 발전소 건설단의 여단장인 강호성의 아내 리선희, 발전소 건설을 위해 굴착작업에 나선 노동자들에게 옥수수 알갱이 40알을 확인하고 주어야 하는 처녀대원들의 모습은 고난의 행군에 대한 사실적인 고백이다. 예술이 국가의 절대적인 영향과 통제 안에서 이루어지는 북한에서 이런 영화를 만들고 방영한 이유는 무엇일까. 이 글에서는 집단적 치유를 명분으로 한 북한 체제의 자기 서사의 회복을 위한 과정으로 분석한다. 고난의 행군은 북한 당국의 이름으로 명명된 것이었기에 고난의 행군이 끝났음을 의미하는 집단적 문화의식이 필요하였다. 2000년 들어 북한 당국이 강조한 강성대국 건설이라는 목표는 고난의 행군에 대한 출구 없이는 설득력을 갖기 어려웠다. 고난의 행군이 완전하게 종결되었음을 선언하는 문화적 행위가 필요하였다. ``고난의 행군``이라는 집단적 트라우마로부터 벗어났음을 확인하는 집단적 치유 과정이 필요하였다. 고난의 행군의 원인을 제시하고 결과로서 승리하는 과정을 보여줌으로써 고난의 행군 트라우마에서 공식적으로 벗어 났음을 선언하는 것이다. 이 과정은 비판적 기억의 재구성 과정이 아니었다. 북한체제의 개입으로 진행된 집단적 기억의 재구성 과정이었다. 영화를 통해 고난의 행군에 대한 ``집단적 기억의 재구성``이 이루어진 것이었다. 드러내기는 불편하지만 반드시 지나갔음을 선언해야만 하는 ``고난의 행군``에 대한 문화적이고 의례적인 종식 선언이 바로 <자강도 사람들>이었던 것이다. The purpose of ?Reading North Korean Film as Collective Treatment and Suggestion?is to illuminate that the film <People of Jagang-do> was produced for collective treatment and as a national occasion. <People of Jagang-do> was produced by Joseon Arts Movie Studio in 2000, and released in 2001. In May of 2001, it was broadcasted through the Joseon Central TV. <People of Jagang-do> is a movie that pictures the construction process of a power plant in Jagang-do during the period of the ``Arduous March`` during the mid-1990s. The significance of this movie is that it directly issued the theme of the ``Arduous March``. Among North Korean art and literature, there are not many works handling the theme of the ``Arduous March``. The crisis during the mid-1990s was a collective experience that influenced all of North Korea. Food crisis, resource crisis, and foreign currency crisis resulted in tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of death. Likewise, in the movie, the problems that the people of Jagang-do had to face during the period of the ``Arudous March`` are explicitly revealed. Chung Man-ho, who died while wandering around snow-covered fields to find food, is a symbolic representation of the <People of Jagang-do>. In North Korean movies, death is commonly portrayed as devoted sacrifice for their leader or the social system. In North Korean films, there are hardly any scenes with people dying in snow-covered fields in the process of searching for food. Hazardous environment such as a snow storm would be perceived as a symbolic hardship that needs to be overcome. This implies that the adversity North Korea had to go through during the ``Arduous March`` was tormenting. Not only Chung Man-ho but also the features of Lee Sun-hee, the wife of the power plant construction brigade commander Kang Ho-seong, who had to die of cancer with the lack of medication; and young female workers, who had to make sure the workers of the power plant excavation construction each received 40 seeds of corn, are a realistic confession of the ``Arduous March``. What could be the motives of North Korea to produce and broadcast this film, considering that art activity is usually allowed only under the absolute influence and control of the government. In this paper, it is analyzed as a process for restoration of the self-narrative epic of North Korean social system under the pretext of collective treatment. As the ``Arduous March`` was named by the North Korean authorities, there was a need to form a collective cultural consciousness signify- ing the end of the ``Arduous March``. The goal of building a strong and prosperous nation, increasingly emphasized since 2000, could not be persuasive without finding the exit to the ``Arduous March``. Thus, there was a need for a cultural act to announce the complete end of the ``Arduous March``. A collective treatment process to confirm the escape from collective trauma of the ``Arduous March`` was necessary. By suggesting the causes of the ``Arduous March`` and showing the process of winning as the result, it is to announce that they have officially overcome the collective trauma of the ``Arudous March``. This process was not a critical reconstruction process of memory. It was a reconstruction process of collective memory influenced under the intervention of the North Korean social system. The ``reconstruction of collective memory`` regarding the ``Arduous March`` was achieved through the movie. Although it was disturbing to reveal, the passing of the ``Arduous March`` had to be proclaimed, and the cultural and ritual announcement to mark the end of the ``Arduous March`` happened to be precisely the <People of Jagang-do>.

젊은 성인에서 흡연에 의한 상완동맥 내피기능의 부전에 관한 연구

이상철,권영주,방덕원,이선해,이보영,김지욱,김영훈,온영근,현민수,김성구 순천향의학연구소 2002 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.8 No.1

Background and Objectives : Cigarette smoking is a major factor and the most modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherosclerosis, before the structural change of the systemic arteries. We hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction might be present in the systemic arteries of young adult smokers and that this might be dose-dependent phenomenon. Therefore, we try to certify that smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy young adults without other risk factor of atherosclerosis. Subjects and Methods : we studied noninvasively 29 subjects aged 3 to 4 decades without other risk factor of atherosclerosis, they were composed of the two groups, current smokers(n=15) and nonsmokers(n=14). Smoking history varied from 3 to 20 pack years. Using high-resolution ultrasound, vessel diameter and mean flow rate were measured at rest, during reactive hyperemia(with flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation), and after sublingual nitroglycerin(NG-induced endothelium-independent vasodilation). Result : Flow mediated endothelium dependent dilation was observed in the control subjects (9.4±3.44%) but was impaired in the smokers(5.8±2.51%)(p=0.004). NG-induced endothelium independent dilation is no difference in all subjects. Conclusion : Cigarette smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy young adults.

인삼엽의 엽록체발달과 CO2 고정양상에 관한 연구

이순희,조영동,홍영남,권영명 ( Sun Hi Lee,Young Dong Cho,Young Nam Hong,Young Myung Kwon ) 생화학분자생물학회 1982 BMB Reports Vol.15 No.2

Development of chloroplast, ability of CO₂-fixation, photosynthetic early intermediates and activities of catalase and glycolate oxidase were observed during greening process. Such results were discussed with the formation of CP-complex. The phenomenon of chloroplast development was similar to other plants, but the rate of process was relatively slow, and ability of CO₂-fixation was slow accordingly. The increase in chlorophyll was observed after more than 12 hours illumination. Such results were paralleled with the formation of CP-complex in thylakoid membrane. Considering the low ability of CO₂-fixation compared with that of other sun-plants, different photosynthetic intermediates at early period, and activities of both glycolate oxidase and catalase, ginseng is more likely to be C₃-plant.

Breeding of a New Standard Chrysanthemum ‘Golden Sun’ with Yellow Color and Pompon Type Flower

Kyeong Jin Jeong,Hyun Gun Park,Hye Bin An,Jae Ki Song,Sun Young Kim,Oh Keun Kwon,Young Don Chin,Young Gwang Kim 한국화훼학회 2023 한국화훼학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 자료집 Vol.31 No.1

진행성 비소세포폐암의 이차항암화학요법으로서 Docetaxel 단독요법의 성적

강현모,이정은,장필순,이연선,권선중,안진영,정성수,김주옥,김선영 충남대학교 암공동연구소 2006 암공동연구소 업적집 Vol.5 No.

Background : The survival benefit associated with first-line chemotherapy in lung cancer has led to the need for second -line chemotherapy, for which Docetaxel (Taxotere^(?)) has proven efficacy in both settings. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who had failed first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods : Thirty one patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, who had failed first line platinum-based chemotherapy, between March 1999 and August 2003, were enrolled in this study. Patients received intravenous docetaxel, either 75 mg/㎡ or 100 mg/㎡, with routine premedication every three weeks. Results : Fourteen patients (45.2%) had a partial response. The median survival and progression- free survival times were 12.5 months (95% CI 7.3-17.6) and 3.0 months (95% CI 1.6-4.5), respectively. This study showed 2 factors gave different survival benefits; the age (< 60 years: 20.1 months vs. > 60 years: 6.6 months, p=0.0105) and the histological type (adenocarcinoma: 25.6 months vs. others: 7.9 months, p=0.0055). The predominant toxicity was neutropenia, which occurred as WHO grade 3 or 4 in 38.7 % of patients. One treatment related death was also reported. Non-hematological toxicity was minor and easily controlled. There were no significant statistical differences in the survival benefit and toxicity between the two doses. Conclusion : Docetaxel, as second-line monotherapy, was well tolerated and effective in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who failed first line platinum -based chemotherapy. (Tuberc Respir DiS 2005: 58: 465-472) 연구배경 : 일차항암화학요법 후에 생존의 이득을 얻었음에도 불구하고 비소세포폐암 환자들의 대다수가 결국은 재발하거나 진행성 병변을 보인다. 이에 저자들은 기존의 여러 연구에서 보고 된 구제요법으로서 docetaxel의 항암효과와 비교적 적은 독성의 결과를 바탕으로,platinum을 근거로 한 항암화학요법을 시행 밖았으나 개발되거나 진행된 비소세포폐암 환자들을 대상으로 docetaxel 단독요법의 치료효과와 부작용에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 조직학적으로 비소세포폐암으로 진단을 받고 platinum을 근거로 한 항암화학요법을 받았으나 재발 또는 진행성 병변을 보인 31명의 환자들을 대상으로 docetaxel 75 mg/m² 또는 100 mg/m²을 3주마다 정주하였다. 임상기록을 통한 후향적인 방법으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 재발 또는 진행성 병변을 보인 31명중 남녀 비는 24:7이고 중앙연령은 60세였다. 2) 반응평가로 완전 관해는 없었고 부분관해는 14명(45.2%), 불변이 10명(32.3%), 진행이 7명(22.6%)으로 전체적인 반응율은 45.2%이었다. 3)중앙생존기간은 12.5개월(95% 신뢰구간: 7.3개월 17.6개월) 이었고, 1년 생존율은 52%였다. 무진행생존기간의 중앙값은 3.0개월(95%신뢰구간: 1.6개월 -4.5개월)이며, 반응군에서의 중앙반응지속피간은 3.7개월(95% 신뢰구간: 3.0개월 - 4.4개월)이었다. 4) 60세 미만인 경우(20.1 months vs 6.6 months. p=0,0105), 조직학적 아형이 선암일 경우(25.6 months vs 7.9 months, 0=0.0055) 통계적으로 유의한 생존기간의 증가가 있었다. 5) 부작용으로 3도 이상의 백혈구 감소증은 12명(38.7%),호중구 감소증에 동반된 발열은 6명(19.3%),감염이 동반된 호중구 감소증은 4명(12.9%)에서 발생했다. 치료와 관련되어 1명이 사망하였다. 6) Docetaxel 용량에 따른 생존기간의 차이나 독성의 차이는 없었다. 결론 : Platinum을 근거로 하는 항암화학요법으로 치료받은 후 재발 또는 진행성 병변을 보이는 비소세포폐암환자들에게 docetaxel을 투여하는 것은 비교적 안전하고 효과적인 항암치료법으로 사료된다.

인삼엽(人蔘葉)의 엽록체발달(葉綠體發達)과 $CO_2$ 고정양상(固定樣相)에 관한 연구(硏究)

이순희,조영동,홍영남,권영명,Lee, Sun-Hi,Cho, Young-Dong,Hong, Young-Nam,Kwon, Young-Myung 생화학분자생물학회 1982 한국생화학회지 Vol.15 No.2

인삼엽의 greening과정중 엽록체발달(葉綠體發達), $CO_2$ 고정능(固定能), 초기(初期) 광합성(光合成) 중간대사산물(中間代謝産物), catalase와 glycolate oxidase 활성등을 조사(調査)하였고, 이러한 결과(結果)들은 CP-complex의 생성(生成)과 연관시켜 논의(論議)하였다. 엽록체발달양상(葉綠體發達樣相)은 타식물(他植物)과 같았으나 그 과정(過程)이 비교적 느렸고, 따라서 $CO_2$고정능(固定能)도 느렸다. 12시간 이상(以上) 빛을 조사(照射)하여야 엽록소양(量)이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과(結果)는 엽록체발달(葉綠體發達)에 따라 thylakoid막(膜)에서 CP-cmplex의 생성(生成)의 증가와 일치하였다. $CO_2$고정능(固定能)은 다른 양지식물(陽地植物)에 비하여 훨씬 낮았으며, 초기(初期) 광합성(光合成) 중간대사산물(中間代謝産物)의 변이(變異)와 glycolate oxidase 및 catalase 등의 활성(活性)으로 보아 인삼은 $C_3$-plant임을 추정할 수 있었다. Development of chloroplast, ability of $CO_2$-fixation, photosynthetic early intermediates and activities of catalase and glycolate oxidase were observed during greening process. Such results were discussed with the formation of CP-complex. The phenomenon of chloroplast development was similar to other plants, but the rate of process was relatively slow, and ability of $CO_2$-fixation was slow accordingly. The increase in chlorophyll was observed after more than 12 hours illumination. Such results were paralleled with the formation of CP-complex in thylakoid membrane. Considering the low ability of $CO_2$-fixation compared with that of other sun-plants, different photosynthetic intermediates at early period, and activities of both glycolate oxidase and catalase, ginseng is more likely to be $C_3$-plant.

소규모 하수처리를 위한 파일럿 규모 이중슬러지 KNR^® (Kwon's nutrient removal) 시스템의 영얌염류 제거성능 평가

안진영,권중천,김윤학,정유훈,김두언,유선호,김병우,An, Jin-Young,Kwon, Joong-Chun,Kim, Yun-Hak,Jeng, Yoo-Hoon,Kim, Doo-Eon,Ryu, Sun-Ho,Kim, Byung-Woo 한국청정기술학회 2006 청정기술 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구에서 소규모 하수고도처리를 위한 이중슬러지(Dual sludge) $KNR^{(R)}$ (Kwon's nutrient removal) 시스템이 개발되었다. $KNR^{(R)}$ 시스템은 부유성장식 탈질미생물과 부착성장식 질산화미생물을 분리시킨 이중슬러지 공정으로 최초침전조, 혐기조, 무산소조, 농축조의 복합기능을 수행하는 UMBR (Upflow multi-layer bioreactor)과 펠렛형 담체가 충진된 호기성 담체조로 구성되어 있다. 소규모 하수처리시 본 개발공정의 안정성과 처리성능을 평가하기 위해 처리용량 $50m^3/d$ 규모의 파일럿 플랜트를 고도처리 공정으로 개선공사 중인 처리용량 $50m^3/d$ 규모의 실제 소규모 마을하수처리장에 적용하였다. UMBR과 담체조의 체류시간은 각각 4.7 h와 7.2h이었으며, 반응조 수온은 $18.1{\sim}28.1^{\circ}C$이었다. 유입 하수량과 유입수의 BOD/N의 변동폭이 컸음에도 불구하고 파일럿 플랜트는 안정된 처리성능을 보였다. 전체 실험기간 중 처리수의 $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP의 평균 농도는 11.0 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 4.2 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 9.8 mg/L, 0.87/0.17 mg/L (poly aluminium chloride(PAC) 투입/미투입)이었으며, 제거율을 각각 95.3%, 87.6%, 96.3%, 96.5%, 68.2%, 55.4/90.3% 이었다. 잉여슬러지 발생량은 $A_2O$와 Bardenpho 등과 같은 단일슬러지를 이용하는 고도처리공정과 비교시 약 1.9~3.8배 낮은 $0.026kg-DS/m^3$ and 0.220 kg-DS/kg-BOD로 나타났다. A simple dual sludge process, called as $KNR^{(R)}$ (Kwon's Nutrient Removal) system, was developed for small sewage treatment. It is a hybrid system that consists of an UMBR (Upflow multi-layer bioreactor) as anaerobic and anoxic reactor with suspended denitrifier and a post aerobic biofilm reactor, filled with pellet-like media, with attached nitrifier. To evaluate the stability and performance of this system for small sewage treatment, the pilot-scale $KNR^{(R)}$ plant with a treatment capacity of $50m^3/d$ was practically applied to the actual sewage treatment plant, which was under retrofit construction during pilot plant operation, with a capacity of $50m^3/d$ in a small rural community. The HRTs of a UMBR and a post aerobic biofilm reactor were about 4.7 h and 7.2 h, respectively. The temperature in the reactor varied from $18.1^{\circ}C$ to $28.1^{\circ}C$. The pilot plant showed stable performance even though the pilot plant had been the severe fluctuation of influent flow rate and BOD/N ratio. During a whole period of this study, average concentrations of $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, TN, and TP in the final effluent obtained from this system were 11.0 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 4.2 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 9.8 mg/L, and 0.87/0.17 mg/L (with/without poly aluminium chloride(PAC)), which corresponded to a removal efficiency of 95.3%, 87.6%, 96.3%, 96.5%, 68.2%, and 55.4/90.3%, respectively. Excess sludge production rates were $0.026kg-DS/m^3$-sewage and 0.220 kg-DS/kg-BOD lower 1.9 to 3.8 times than those in activated sludge based system such as $A_2O$ and Bardenpho.

장간막 림프절염으로 발현된 Kikuchi-Fujimoto병 1예

최원섭,이승순,권진우,이영석,김선영,전선영,김민정,정두련 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.5

Kikuchi-Fujimoto 병은 주로 경부 림프절을 침범하는 질환이지만, 드물게 회맹부 장간막 림프절을 침범하여, 발열을 동반한 우하복부 통증과 반발압통을 나타내는 장간막 림프절염을 일으킬 수 있다. 급성 충수돌기염과 유사한 양상의 급성 복증을 호소하는 젊은 성인의 경우, 장간막 림프절염 여부를 확인하여야하며, 그럴 경우 Kikuchi-Fujimoto 병을 감별 진단에 포함시켜야 한다. 저자 등이 경험한 장간막 림프절염으로 발현된 성인의 KikuchiFujimoto 병 1예는 국내에서는 최초로 발견된 것이기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is a benign, rare, self limitimg disease presenting with mainly cervical lymphadenopathy and fever unresponsive to antibiotics or medical treatment. A 28-year old man presented with fever and right lower quadrant abdominal pain. Physical examination showed abdominal tenderness and rebound tenderness mimicking acute appendicitis. Imaging studies showed normal appendix and other abdominal organs except enlarged multiple mesenteric lymph nodes. Symptoms persisted despite antimicrobial therapy. Multiple tender lymph nodes were palpable on bilateral cervical area at the 7th hospital day. The biopsy of the neck node showed large areas of patchy, irregular necrosis with prominent nuclear debris surrounded by T lymphocytes, histiocytes without neutrophils and granuloma, so he was diagnosed as Kikuchi- Fujimoto disease. With conservative management, clinical improvement was observed. We suggest that Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease with mesenteric lymphadenitis should be added to the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen mimicking acute appendicitis in young adults.

진행성 비소세포폐암의 이차항암화학요법으로서 Docetaxel 단독요법의 성적

강현모,이정은,장필순,이연선,권선중,안진영,정성수,김주옥,김선영 충남대학교 암연구소 2006 암연구소 업적집 Vol.5 No.-

Background : The survival benefit associated with first-line chemotherapy in lung cancer has led to the need for second -line chemotherapy, for which Docetaxel (Taxotere^(?)) has proven efficacy in both settings. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who had failed first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods : Thirty one patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, who had failed first line platinum-based chemotherapy, between March 1999 and August 2003, were enrolled in this study. Patients received intravenous docetaxel, either 75 mg/㎡ or 100 mg/㎡, with routine premedication every three weeks. Results : Fourteen patients (45.2%) had a partial response. The median survival and progression- free survival times were 12.5 months (95% CI 7.3-17.6) and 3.0 months (95% CI 1.6-4.5), respectively. This study showed 2 factors gave different survival benefits; the age (< 60 years: 20.1 months vs. > 60 years: 6.6 months, p=0.0105) and the histological type (adenocarcinoma: 25.6 months vs. others: 7.9 months, p=0.0055). The predominant toxicity was neutropenia, which occurred as WHO grade 3 or 4 in 38.7 % of patients. One treatment related death was also reported. Non-hematological toxicity was minor and easily controlled. There were no significant statistical differences in the survival benefit and toxicity between the two doses. Conclusion : Docetaxel, as second-line monotherapy, was well tolerated and effective in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who failed first line platinum -based chemotherapy. (Tuberc Respir DiS 2005: 58: 465-472)

일과성 전기억상실증에서의 발작 중 신경심리소견 : 증례보고 A Case Report

권재철,안선영,김성희,진주희,나덕렬 대한치매학회 2004 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.3 No.2

Cases of transient global amnesia (TGA) in which neuropsychological tests were performed during attack are rarely reported. We report a 62-year-old man with TGA who was evaluated with a series of neuropsychological tests during and after attack. During ictus, he showed severe anterograde amnesia for both verbal and visual materials which was accompanied by mild impairment at confrontation naming and counterclockwise rotation of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure on delayed recall. At follow-up neuropsychological evalauation 4 days after ictus, he showed complete recovery of the cognitive abnormalities including amnesia.