흡연자와 비흡연자의 소변 중 다환방향족탄화수소(PAHs) 대사체 농도 비교

고영림,이은희,Kho, Young-Lim,Lee, Eun-Hee 한국환경보건학회 2011 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.37 No.6

This study investigated urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urine of smokers and non-smokers by liquid chromatography triple quordrupole tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). Compounds analyzed for urinary biomarkers of PAHs were five mono-hydroxylated PAHs metabolites; 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP), 3-phenanthrol, 2-fluorenol. Urine samples were pretreated by enzymatic hydrolysis and solid phase extraction method. Smokers were composed of 17 men and five women; non-smokers 17 men and 16 women. Smoking increased urinary concentrations of five PAHs metabolites significantly higher than those of nonsmokers. Statistically significant correlations among the five PAHs metabolites were shown. The results suggest that LC/MS/MS technology should be useful in the environmental health discipline.

LC/MS/MS를 이용한 어린이 소변 중 프탈레이트 대사산물 분석

고영림,정지연,최경호,김판기,Kho, Young-Lim,Jeong, Jee-Yeon,Choi, Kyung-Ho,Kim, Pan-Gyi 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.4

Dialkylated phthalates have been commonly used as plasticizers and a variety of applications. Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is very difficult to exactly estimate the dose of dialkylated phthalates taken up by the general population because of environmental contamination. Urinary metabolites of phthalates enabled to estimate internal exposure. The objective of this study was quantitative determination of phthalate metabolites by LC/MS/MS with on-line cleanup method to analyze phthalate metabolites in Korean children's urine. We employed LC/MS/MS with on-line enrichment and column-switching techniques for this biological monitoring. Metabolites determined were 4 primary metabolites; MEHP, MnBP, MiBP, MEP and 2 secondary metabolites of DEHP; 5-OH-MEHP), 5-oxo-MEHP. We analyzed children's urine from 30 boys and 30 girls. The method detection limit of phthalate metabolites were 0.03 ng/mL for MEP, 1.05 ng/mL for MBP, 0.22 ng/mL for MEHP, 0.15 ng/mL for 5-OHMEHP and 0.16 ng/mL for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Switching Column LC/MS/MS was proven to be a useful tool to determine metabolites of phthalate diesters in human urine. The correlation among phthalate metabolites was very high and statistically significant, except MEP. The children's age (months) was negatively correlated to the concentration of phthalate metabolites. The geometric mean concentration of phthalate metabolites (mg/g creatinine) in children's urine were 25.5 for MEP, 130.3 for MnBP, 56.8 for MiBP, 19.5 for MEHP, 85.6 for 5-OH-MEHP and 83.1 for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Levels of estimated daily intake of parent phthalate compounds (${\mu}g$/kg bw/day) were 0.8 for DEP, 5.0 for DnBP, 1.9 for DiBP and $8.9{\sim}14.2$ for DEHP, respectively. Estimated daily intake for DEP and DiBP were lower than those of other studies but the value for DEHP was higher than that of other study.

소규모 염색공장 폐수의 특성 및 펜톤 산화를 이용한 처리 가능성 연구

고영림(Young Lim Kho),조준호(Jun Ho Cho),박석환(Seok Hwan Park),정문식(Moon Shik Zong) 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Dyehouse wastewater has many environmental problems with their high pollutant concentration and color. Wastewater of Small dyehouses in Seoul were sampled and analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and investigated the influence of various experimental parameters of Fenton oxidation, such as pH, feeding rate of H₂O₂ and FeSO₄, reaction time and temperature and measured the COD removal efficiency by Fenton oxidation. In the analysis of raw dyehouse wastewater, high correlationship was shown between the APHA apparent color and visible wavelength peak absorbance and between COD cone. and UV peak absorbance. Hydrogen peroxide was very important in the Fenton oxidation and feasible amount of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ~ 0.3 ml/l to the wastewater of low COD cone. and 0.3 ~ 0.5 ml/I to the high COD cone. Efficiency of COD removal by Fenton oxidation was highest in pH 3.5. The efficiency was not low in pH 7 and the possibility of oxidation in neutral pH was shown. At the high COD wastewater, the feasible amount of oxidants were determined to 0.5~1 ml/I H₂O₂, 1200 ml/l FeSO₄·7H₂O, and at the low COD wastewater 0.5 ml/l H₂O₂, 800 ml/l FeSO₄·7H₂O. As the remained COD cone. was high after Fenton Oxidation of the wastewater with high raw COD, additional treatment should be considered to emit treated water.

LC/MS/MS를 이용한 산화성 스트레스 지표로써 소변 중 8-iso-PGF2α 분석

고영림(Young Lim Kho),이은희(Eun Hee Lee),채홍재(Hong Jae Chae),최경호(Kyungho Choi),백도명(Domyung Paik) 한국환경보건학회 2010 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.36 No.1

This study aimed to develop analytical method for 8-isoprostanes as biomarkers for oxidative stress with LC/MS/MS technique and to apply the method for human urine samples. Analyzed compounds for urinary oxidative stress markers were 7 stereo-isomers of prostaglandins and the internal standard (iso-PGF2α-d4) was used to adjust the recovery rate. The method for determining urinary iso-PGF2α consisted of solid phase extraction and LC/MS/MS detection. Separation of isomers of prostaglandins completed by porous graphitic carbon column and buffer solution. Detection limits for urinary markers of oxidative stress, iso-PGF2α with LC/MS/MS were 0.01 ng/ml by S/N ratio 3 and 0.028 ng/ml by calculated as to FDA method. The recovery (92.8~101.9%) and precision (8.8~20.7%) of analysis were feasible for detecting iso-PGF2α in real human urine samples. We detected 4 isomers of prostaglandins in human urine samples. Mean (standard deviation) of urinary iso-PGF2α concentration were 0.231 (0.117) ng/mg creatinine for smoking group and 0.154 (0.082) ng/mg creatinine for non-smoking group.

온라인 고체상추출과 LC-MS/MS 기술을 이용한 소변 중 파라벤류 분석

김정환,고영림,김판기,정지연,이은희,이승열,남혜선,이규식,Kim, Jung Hoan,Kho, Young Lim,Kim, Pan Gyi,Jeong, Jee Yeon,Lee, Eun Hee,Lee, Seung-Youl,Nam, Hye-Seon,Rhee, Gyu-Seek 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Objectives: Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as well as by the food industry. Parabens have been reported to show weak estrogenic activity and be related to health effects such as allergic reactions and skin and breast cancer. We evaluated an online solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with LC-MS/MS technique using free and conjugated parent parabens in human urine for assessing human exposure to parabens. Methods: We employed LC/MS/MS through online solid phase extraction and column-switching techniques and analyzed free and conjugated parabens as biomarkers of human exposure. Four major parabens, methyl-paraben (MP), ethyl-paraben (EP), propyl-paraben (PP) and butyl-paraben (BP), were analyzed. Method validation was performed by sensitivity, accuracy, precision and comparison of the results of online SPE with offline SPE. Results: The limits of detection (LOD) were in the range of 0.2-2 ng/mL, and actual limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.7-6 ng/mL urine, depending upon the compound. Accuracy was in the range of 98.3-106.4%, and precision was in the range of 1.3-8.7% (CV) depending upon the compound. We found a good correlation between the results of analysis by online SPE method and that by off-line SPE method. Conclusions: The online SPE method showed proper LOD and validated accuracy, precision and good correlation with the offline method for analyzing parabens in urine.

서울시 하수처리장 방류수 및 한강 내 PFOA와 PFOS의 과불화화합물 모니터링 연구

신미연,임종권,고영림,최경식,조경덕,Shin, Mi-Yeon,Im, Jong-Kwon,Kho, Young-Lim,Choi, Kyoung-Sik,Zoh, Kyung-Duk 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have a wide range of domestic and industrial applications, but they are persistent in the environment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are among the metabolites of PFCs and occur at high concentration in the environment. Korea is the largest importer of PFC compounds in the world, therefore, the accumulation of these compounds is possible. In this study, the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were determined in water samples taken from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the Han River in Seoul, Korea. After extraction with a HLB cartridge, PFCs in the samples were analyzed by HPLC with an ion trap mass spectrometry in electrospray negative mode. Limits of detection was between 1 and 1.6 ng/l. The result showed that the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in effluent and influent of the four STPs in Seoul were 60~570 ng/l, and not detected (nd)~254 ng/l, respectively. The levels of PFOS and PFOA were higher in the effluents which passed through the treatment process than in influent water samples which was against expectation. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS in the Han River was 60~570 ng/l and nd~254 ng/l, respectively. PFOA was detected in every sample, but PFOS was only detected in the downstreams of the Han River. This result indicates that there is comprehensive contamination of PFCs in the aquatic environment in Korea.

수불사업 실시여부에 따른 유아의 일회 소변과 손톱의 불소농도 비교

김희경 ( Hee Kyoung Kim ),고영림 ( Young Lim Kho ),배수명 ( Soo Myoung Bae ),정세환 ( Se Hwan Jung ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 2009 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.33 No.4

Object: The purpose of this study was to examine fluoride concentration of spot urine and fingernails of preschool children in a fluoridated and non-fluoridated community and to assess the association between the two fluoride concentrations. Method: Eighty five children (45 boys, 40 girls) in preschool participated in this study. For this study, we compared forty five children in a fluoridated community to forty children in a non-fluoridated community. While fluoride concentration of spot urine was directly analyzed by a fluoride ion specific electrode, on fingernails was analyzed on the same matching after pre-processing by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) diffusion method. Data were analyzed by Student`s t-test and Pearson correlation analysis. Result: The fluoride concentration of spot urine was 1.06±0.49 ㎍/g in a fluoridated community and 0.51±0.41 ㎍/g in the non-fluoridated community (p<.001). The fluoride concentration of fingernails was 6.43±3.98 ㎍/g in a fluoridated community and 4.06±2.74 ㎍/g in non-fluoridated community (p<.001). The correlation coefficeint between the 2 fluoride concentrations was 0.257 (p<.05). Conclusion: We found the possibility of a fluoride concentration monitoring system by using spot urine and the fingernails of preschool children in fluoridated community.

혈중 납이 비흡연자들의 혈압에 미치는 영향

박윤숙,박상신,김태훈,이상윤,고영림,이은희,Pak, Yun-Suk,Park, Sang-Sin,Kim, Tae-Hun,Lee, Sang-Yoon,Kho, Young-Lim,Lee, Eun-Hee 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.4

Objective: The effect of lead on blood pressure remains controversial in spite of the numerous studies which have been conducted in the recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to lead on blood pressure among non-smokers. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 1416 male and female non-smokers were enrolled, aged 20 years or older, from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008. Blood pressure, blood lead levels (BLLs), height, weight, and cotinine level were measured for all subjects. Results: Geometric mean BLLs of the participants was 2.20 ${\mu}g$/dl. BLLs were higher in the older, male, and lower education groups than the younger, female and higher education groups. After adjusting for age, sex, education and BMI through multiple regression analysis, a significant positive association between systolic blood pressure (p = 0.0357), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0111) and BLLs. Also, among the normal BMI group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ < BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$), we also found a significant positive association between diastolic blood pressure and BLLs (p = 0.0370). Conclusion: The present study showed that blood lead serves as a good predictor of blood pressure changes and that there was a statistically significant association between blood lead and blood pressure, especially diastolic blood pressure.

BPA와 BPS에 의한 zebrafish 성체의 갑상선 호르몬 교란 영향

이상우(Sangwoo Lee),이정은(Jungeun Lee),신혜수(Hyesoo Shin),고영림(Young Lim Kho),최경호(Kyungho Choi) 환경독성보건학회 2016 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2016 No.10

세척제를 사용한 과일 및 채소의 세척단계별 계면활성제 잔류량

이소정(So Jeong Lee),박나연(Na-Youn Park),고영림(Young Lim Kho),김정환(Jung Hoan Kim) 한국식품과학회 2021 한국식품과학회지 Vol.53 No.6

과일 및 채소의 세척방법에 대한 실태와 세척제를 야채과일의 세척에 사용하는 경우 계면활성제 6종(LAS, SLES, AOS, SLS, CAPB, LDAO)의 잔류 정도를 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 조사하였다. 설문조사 결과, 과일 및 채소 세척 시 세척제를 사용하는 경우는 4-16%이며, 이중 세척제의 표시사용 농도를 인지하고 이를 실제로 사용하는 경우는 14%에 불과하였다. 표시 사용량인 0.2%로 세척제를 희석하여 야채와 과일을 담근 경우 평균 2.61%의 계면활성제 잔류율을 보였으며, 표시사용농도의 5배와 25배로 희석한 1와 5% 세척액의 경우 평균 4.68-5.50%의 계면활성제 잔류율을 보였다. 헹굼과정에서 방울토마토는 0.2% 세척액으로 세척 후 30초간 1회 헹굼을 하면 계면활성제가 잔류하지 않았으며 1%와 5% 세척액은 2회 반복 시 잔류하지 않았다. 상추의 경우 0.2%와 1% 세척액으로 세척 후 30초간 2회 헹굼을 하면 계면활성제가 잔류하지 않았으며 5% 세척액은 3회 반복 시 잔류하지 않았다. 따라서 1종 세척제를 사용하여 과채류를 세척할 경우 제품에 표기되어 있는 표시사용량을 준수하고, 깨끗한 물로 30초씩 3회 이상 헹구는 것이 계면활성제의 잔류량을 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 보였다. This study was conducted to determine the washing conditions in which surfactants were not detected after washing fruits and vegetables with detergent. Residual surfactants were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The analyzed surfactants were LAS, SLES, AOS, SLS, CAPB, and LDAO. The survey found that 14% of the respondents used detergent correctly according to the directions indicated. After soaking the samples with 0.2% detergent, the average residual surfactant content was 2.61%. Soaking under 1% and 5% of the detergent, 4.68-5.50% of surfactant remained in the sample. In cherry tomatoes, the surfactants were below the LOD after rinsing twice. However, lettuce was rinsed three times. These results suggest that when using detergent for washing fruits and vegetables, following the labelled usage and rinsing at least three times in 30 seconds could minimize residual surfactants.