Recent advances in epigenetic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric gastrointestinal allergic disorders

Ryoo Eell 대한소아청소년과학회 2023 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.66 No.6

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Adolescent nutrition: what do pediatricians do?

Eell Ryoo 대한소아청소년과학회 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.7

Multiple psychosocial problems and many chronic diseases of adulthood can be influenced by adolescent nutritional problems. In Korea, adolescent obesity and obesity related health risks have been increased and insufficient intakes of nutrients, such as calcium, iron and potassium, and distorted thinking about obesity are also common. However there are no comprehensive countermeasure because of the excessive burden of studies and the lack of community interest. And the nutrition guidelines that is suitable for Korean adolescent leaves something to be desired, and the pediatrician’s concern is lacking yet. In the Korean dietary reference intakes 2010 that was revised according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Chart and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the range for adolescents is changed to the age 12-18 and dietary reference intakes of some nutrients mainly with vitamin D is changed. Recently several researches, about how school nutrition policies and media effect on eating habits and the weight concerns, and influences of public nutrition policies and fast food commercials have been actively studied to improve adolescent nutritive conditions. In this review, I summarize the dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents that were revised in 2010, and current studies about the adolescent nutrition.

Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019

Ryoo, Eell The Korean Pediatric Society 2021 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.64 No.6

Since the 2000s, the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in children in Korea have been identified by classifying the pathogens into viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. For viruses, the detection rate is 20%-30%, and norovirus is being increasingly detected to account for the majority of viral gastroenteritis cases. In addition, despite the dissemination of the rotavirus vaccine, many rotavirus infections persist, and its seasonal distribution is changing. The detection rate of bacterial pathogens is 3%-20%, with Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. infections being the most common, while the incidences of Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter spp. infections are gradually increasing. Owing to intermittent outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by individual bacteria as well as the inflow of causative bacteria, such as E. coli, Vibrio spp., and Campylobacter spp., from overseas, continuous surveillance of and research into the characteristics and serotypes of each bacterium are needed.

Adolescent nutrition: what do pediatricians do?

Ryoo, Eell The Korean Pediatric Society 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.7

Multiple psychosocial problems and many chronic diseases of adulthood can be influenced by adolescent nutritional problems. In Korea, adolescent obesity and obesity related health risks have been increased and insufficient intakes of nutrients, such as calcium, iron and potassium, and distorted thinking about obesity are also common. However there are no comprehensive countermeasure because of the excessive burden of studies and the lack of community interest. And the nutrition guidelines that is suitable for Korean adolescent leaves something to be desired, and the pediatrician's concern is lacking yet. In the Korean dietary reference intakes 2010 that was revised according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Chart and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the range for adolescents is changed to the age 12-18 and dietary reference intakes of some nutrients mainly with vitamin D is changed. Recently several researches, about how school nutrition policies and media effect on eating habits and the weight concerns, and influences of public nutrition policies and fast food commercials have been actively studied to improve adolescent nutritive conditions. In this review, I summarize the dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents that were revised in 2010, and current studies about the adolescent nutrition.

소아청소년기의 항구토제

류일,Ryoo, Eell 대한소아소화기영양학회 2009 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.12 No.suppl1

In children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal disease, antiemetics are frequently used. But there are insufficient data about antiemetic use in children, so it should be used carefully. Despite some significant researches, treatment guidelines of ondansetron will be carefully presented through further investigation.

소아청소년 진정내시경: 대한소아소화기영양학회 학술위원회 조사 보고

류일,김경모,Ryoo, Eell,Kim, Kyung-Mo 대한소아소화기영양학회 2008 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.11 No.1

목 적: 한국 소아청소년에서 시행되는 의식하 진정내시경 시행 실태와 부작용, 그리고 새로운 약제 등의 사용 여부 등을 다기관 연구를 통해 파악하여 적절한 지침을 세우는데 도움을 주고자 하였다. 방 법: 대한소아소화기영양학회 회원 소속 병원 중 2차 병원 이상의 병원을 대상으로 2006년 6월부터 2006년 7월까지 한 달의 기간 동안 시행된 내시경 검사를 대상으로 하였으며, 16개의 문항으로 설문지를 만들어 배포 후 수거된 결과를 조사 분석하였다. 결 과: 전체 내시경 시술 횟수 465예 중 의식하 진정 내시경은 89.0% (414예), 전신 마취하에 시술한 예는 0.9% (4예)였으며, 의식하 진정내시경의 비율은 상부소화관의 경우 89.1% (362예), 하부소화관의 경우는 88.1%(52예)였다. 의사 한 명 당 한달 평균 16.0건의 내시경을 시술하고 있었으며, 내시경을 시행하는 의사 수는 병원당 평균 1.16명, 보조자는 평균 2.58명이었다. 또한 마취과 의사의 도움을 받는 경우는 3개(12%) 병원이었다. 사용한 약물은 전체 의식하 진정내시경 414예 중 미다졸람(midazolam)만 사용한 경우가 전체 84.5% (350예), 프로포폴(propofol)을 사용한 경우는 상부소화관 내시경을 시행한 2예(0.5%)였고, 2가지 이상의 복합제재를 사용한 경우는 하부소화관검사의 경우 44예(84.6%), 역행성담관조영술(ERCP)의 경우가 2예(100%)였다. 진정내시경 시행 중 사용한 모니터링은 심전도 감시와 함께 맥박산소측정기를 사용한 경우가 91.4% (320예), 자동혈압측정기를 같이 사용한 경우 5.1% (18예)였다. 부작용으로는 일시적 산소포화도의 저하로 산소를 투여한 경우로 4.6% (16예)였다. 또한 길항제로 flumazenil을 투여한 경우는 모든 환자에서 투여한다고 답한 경우를 제외하면 2.71% (9예)였다. 진정내시경 시행 여부의 결정은 환자 혹은 환자의 보호자와 상의하여 결정하는 경우가 84% (21개 병원)였다. 의사가 느끼는 만족도는 68%에서 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 의사가 느끼는 환자 혹은 환자 보호자의 만족도는 만족이 84% (21개 병원)였다. 결 론: 우리나라 소아의 의식하 진정내시경 시 사용한 약물은 대부분 미다졸람 단독 투여만으로 시행하며, 하부소화관 검사 시에는 복합 약물을 투여한 경우가 많았다. 또한 환자와 의사 대부분 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 부작용은 거의 나타나지 않았다. Purpose: The aim of this survey was to analyze the choice of sedative drugs and their side effects during pediatric endoscopic sedation in Korea. We also evaluated doctors, caretakers and patient satisfaction with the procedures. Methods: Between June 2006 and July 2006, a 16-item survey regarding current sedation practices, during one month, was mailed to 28 hospitals in Korea. The results of the survey responses were then analyzed. Results: Endoscopy performed under conscious sedation was reported in 89.0% of the responders and endoscopy under general anesthesia in 0.9% of 465 endoscopic procedures. Endoscopy under conscious sedation was performed in 89.1% for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (GFS) and 88.1% for lower GFS. Midazolam was used for conscious sedation during the endoscopy in 84.5% of cases and propofol was used in two cases (0.5%). In addition, a bezodiazepine/opioid combination was used iin 84.6% (44 cases) for lower GFS. Patients were monitored with pulse oxymetry, EKG (91.4%) as well as automatic BP (5.1%). Transient hypoxia was the only side effect noted and was treated with supplemental oxygen (4.6%). Flumazenil was used in 2.71% of cases. The choice of sedation was made by the endoscopist (84%). The satisfaction rate for endoscopists was 68%, and for the patients and caretakers was 84% (as reported by the endoscopists). Conclusion: Midazolam was used only for the upper GFS and benzodiazepine/opioid combination was used for the lower GFS in Korea. The rate of satisfaction was relatively high and there were no significant side effects noted during the endoscopy under conscious sedation.

Hepatitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Korean children: a prospective study

김규원,성재진,차한,Eell Ryoo,조혜경,선용한,조강호,손동우,전인상,김윤미 대한소아청소년과학회 2015 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.58 No.6

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection is a major cause of respiratory infection in school-aged children. Extrapulmonary manifestations of MP infection are common, but liver involvement has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of MP-associated hepatitis. Methods: This prospective study included 1,044 pediatric patients with MP infection diagnosed serologically with MP IgM at one medical center from January 2006 to December 2012. Eighty of these patients had elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), each greater than 50 IU/L, without any other specific liver disorder and were compared with the 964 children without liver disorders. Results: In total, 7.7% of patients with MP infection had a diagnosis of hepatitis, especially in fall and winter. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.7:1, and the mean age of the patients was 5 years and 5 months. The most common symptoms were cough, fever, and sputum. Anorexia was the most common gastrointestinal symptom, followed by nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Mean levels of AST and ALT were 100.65 IU/L and 118.73 IU/L, respectively. Serum AST/ALT level was normalized within 7.5 days on average without complications. The mean duration of hospitalization (11.3 days) was longer for children with hepatitis than for those without hepatitis (P=0.034). Conclusion: MP-associated hepatitis is not uncommon and has a relatively good prognosis. Therefore, clinicians should be concerned about liver involvement in MP infection but avoid further unnecessary evaluation of hepatitis associated with MP.

Nationwide “Pediatric Nutrition Day” survey on the nutritional status of hospitalized children in South Korea

Yoo Min Lee,Eell Ryoo,Jeana Hong,Ben Kang,Byung-Ho Choe,Ji-Hyun Seo,Ji Sook Park,Hyo-Jeong Jang,Yoon Lee,Eun Jae Chang,Ju Young Chang,Hae Jeong Lee,Ju Young Kim,Eun Hye Lee,Hyun Jin Kim,Ju-Young Chung 한국영양학회 2021 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.15 No.2

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional status and prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized children at admission and during hospitalization in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This first cross-sectional nationwide “Pediatric Nutrition Day (pNday)” survey was conducted among 872 hospitalized children (504 boys, 368 girls; 686 medical, 186 surgical) from 23 hospitals in South Korea. Malnutrition risk was screened using the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) and the Screening Tool Risk on Nutritional status and Growth. Nutritional status was assessed by z-scores of weight-for-age for underweight, weight-for-height for wasting, and height-for-age for stunting as well as laboratory tests. RESULTS: At admission, of the 872 hospitalized children, 17.2% were underweight, and the prevalence of wasting and stunting was 20.2% and 17.3%, respectively. During hospitalization till pNday, 10.8% and 19.6% experienced weight loss and decreased oral intake, respectively. During the aforementioned period, fasting was more prevalent in surgical patients (7.5%) than in medical patients (1.6%) (P < 0.001). According to the PYMS, 34.3% and 30% of the children at admission and on pNday, respectively, had a high-risk of malnutrition, requiring consultation with the nutritional support team (NST). However, only 4% were actually referred to the NST during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was prevalent at admission and during hospitalization in pediatric patients, with many children experiencing weight loss and poor oral intake. To improve the nutritional status of hospitalized children, it is important to screen and identify all children at risk of malnutrition and refer malnourished patients to the multidisciplinary NST for proper nutritional interventions.

응급실로 내원한 3세 이하 소아의 급성 충수염의 임상적 특성

류지호,류일,임용수,김재광,현성열,이근,양혁준,진욱 대한응급의학회 2002 대한응급의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Background: In younger children, early diagnosis of acute appendicitis can be difficult because patients may not be able to provide a good history of their symptoms and the etiologies of the abdominal pain is often unclear. Therefore, the diagnosis is may be delayed and may be made after perforation has occurred. Methods: The cases of 20 children of 3 years of age or less who underwent appendectomies due to appendicitis from January 1995 to March 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were gathered including seasonal variation, gender, mean age, presenting signs and symptoms, physical signs, diagnostic methods, WBC counts, postoperative complications and length of postoperative hospital stay. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. Fifteen cases were diagnosed after perforation had occurred, and 5 cases were nonperforated. The mean age was 29.6(±5.5) months; 60% were males(12/20). The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain(95%). The most common signs was abdominal tenderness; especially, muscle guarding was more common in the perforated group(100% vs. 0%). The mean duration of symptoms prior to visiting the ED and the average length of hospital stay were 4.4 days and 10.1 days in the perforated group and 2.2 days and 4.2 days in the nonperforated group, retrospectively. Conclusion: In children of 3 years of age or less, when abdominal pain is persistent without response to conservative treatment and there is associated abdominal tenderness, appendicitis must be considered. especially, when there are fever, diarrhea and muscle guarding, perforated appendicitis must be considered.

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome in a Patient with a PTEN Mutation Identified by Chromosomal Microarray Analysis: A Case Report

Lee, Sun Hwa,Ryoo, Eell,Tchah, Hann The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2017 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.20 No.1

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is one of the phosphatase and tensin homolog hamartoma tumor syndrome with a PTEN gene mutation. It is a rare dominant autosomal disorder characterized by cutaneous lipomas, macrocephaly, intestinal polyps, and developmental delay. Diagnosing this syndrome is important, because it may represent the pediatric phenotype of Cowden syndrome, in which there is an increased risk for malignant tumors in children. Until now, the prevalence of BRRS is unknown. Several dozen cases have been reported in the medical literature, but no case has been reported in Korea. Here we report a case of a 19-year-old girl who was diagnosed with BRRS because of macrocephaly, intellectual disability, and intestinal polyps. Her mother had similar findings and a PTEN mutation. Neither patient had mutations detected by conventional mutation-detection techniques, but a PTEN gene deletion was demonstrated by chromosomal microarray analysis.