유방의 과립세포종양 1예: 증례보고

민인철, 유근수, 선우영, 윤효영, 송영진 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 2013 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.23 No.2

유방의 과립세포종양은 슈반세포에서 기원하는 아주 드문 질환이다. 대부분의 환자들은통증을동반 하 지 않는 경성의 유방 멍울을 주소로 내원하게 된다. 따라서 이학적 진찰상 유방암과의 감별이 필요하 다. 유방의 과립세포종양은 임상적으로 유방암과 매우 유사하지만, 98%에서 양성 소견을 보인다. 일 반적인 유방촬영술 및 유방초음파 상에서는 종양 특이적인 소견을 보이지 않으며, 오직 조직생검술을 통한 조직학적, 면연화학적 검사만이 병변을 확진 하는 방법이 된다. 51세 여자 환자가 유방에 만져 지는 멍울을 주소로 외래를 방문하였다. 이학적 검사 상, 좌측 중간외측 유방에 멍울이 만져졌으며, 대흉근 및 주변조직과 고착 되어있는 소견을 보였다. 유방단순촬영 상 좌외측 유방에 비대칭성이 보 였다. 유방 초음파상 1cm크기의 유방 뒤 지방층을 침범하는 종괴가 보였다. 중심 침 조직검사 상 유 방의 과립종양세포 소견을 보였으며, 조직 절제 생검으로 확진 하였다. 임상적으로 유방암과 많이 혼 돈되는 과립세포종양 1예를 보고하고자 한다.

하지방사통을 동반한 성인 협부결손성 요추전방전위증의 후방요추간유합술 및 추경나사고정술후 추적결과

최철,김근수,최하영,김철진,김형일,이정청 대한신경외과학회 1999 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.28 No.4

RCGKA를 이용한 최적 퍼지 예측 시스템 설계

방영근,심재선,이철희 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究 Vol.29 No.B

In the case of traditional binary encoding technique, it takes long time to converge the optimal solutions and brings about complexity of the systems due to encoding and decoding procedures. However, the ROGAs (real-coded genetic algorithms) do not require these procedures, and the k-means clustering algorithm can avoid global searching space. Thus, this paper proposes a new approach by using their advantages. The proposed method constructs the multiple predictors using the optimal differences that can reveal the patterns better and properties concealed in non- stationary time series where the k-means clustering algorithm is used for data classification to each predictor, then selects the best predictor. After selecting the best predictor, the cluster centers of the predictor are tuned finely via RCGKA in secondary tuning procedure. Therefore, performance of the predictor can be more enhanced. Finally, we verifies the prediction performance of the proposed system via simulating typical time series examples.

韓國農村의 近代化와 小作農에 관한 硏究 : 嶺南 地方을 中心으로

鄭喆洙,金種震,尹槿燮 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1978 東洋文化硏究 Vol.5 No.-

1. Duration of the Project: fron June 1977 to July 1978 2. Objectives of the Project: 1) An empirical survey on the real state and practices of the tenancy in rural community. 2) An analysis of the mobility of tenants and the relationships which exist between tenants and landlords. 3) Determining the orientation of the tenants' pattern of thought. 4) Examination of socio-economic factors related to the retardation of agricultural modernization under farm tenancy. 3. Methodology: Fourty rural villages, of these three types-villages near a city, in a plain and in a mountainous remote areas-have been selected for this research in Kyungsangbuk-do and Kyungsangnam-do areas. A tota1 of 3166 households were doing farming as their main occupations. Out of these 3166 farm households, there were 878 small tenant farm households (27.7%) which iuclude pure tenants, tenant farmers with their own farms, own farmers with tenant farms, ancestor worship farm tenants and others. Two thirds of these 878 tenant farmers (585 household heads) were selected for this research. However, a total of 514 tenants (responding rate:88%) out of 585 tenants were possible for interview. These 514 tenant farmers were subjects of analysis for this research. The findings are summarized in the following: (1) To see the ratio of tenant farm households to the total farm in suburban willages which are located near a city (48.5%); the next remote villages located in remote mountainous areas (23.1%) and plain villages located in a plain (20.6%). The reason for these differential ratio of tenant farmers in different types of villages may be explained in terms of rich urban residents' capability to buy farmlands near their living cities and then to rent those farms to the vi11age tenant farmers. (2) Around 90% of 514 respondents are males and they are mainly in their 40s and 50s(65%). 82% of them had less than elementary school education. There are 6.5 persons per household on the average. This number of average household members exceeds average number of Korean household members by 1.4 persons (1975). (3) 68% of all respondents farm less than one jongbo of arable land per house hold. Extremely poor farmers who farm less than 5 danbo are 22% of all respondents. Among these figures, pure tenant farmers are almost half of these extremely poor farmers(47%). As a whole, the size of tenant farmlands per household is: less than one jongbo(93%), less than five danbo(97%). The ratio of tenant farm area to the total average arable land per household is 57%. (4) Annual average income per household is: less than 700,000 won (55%), more than 1,000,000 won(24%). 87% of those pure tenant farmers, on the average, record an annual average income of less than 700,000 won. Compared with an annual average income of 1,430,000 won of Korean rural residents per household(1977), A majority of tenant farmers are earning less than half of the Korean farm household annual income in general. (5) 88% of all respondent farmers live in their own houses. However, only 65% of pure tenant farmers live in their own houses. Cultural conveniences include radio and TV (16% respectively), newspaper subscription (16%), and use of toothpasts(2.5%). (6) 65% of respondents have lived in their present villages since before August 15th(1945) Korean Liberation Day (i.e. for more than 30 years they have lived in the villages); These farmers born in their village comprise 31% while immigrants from other places are 69%. Out of these 69% of tenant farmers who moved in the present villages, a majority of them(90%) are from rural areas of their province of origin. (7) Social mobility of tenant farmers: 68% of respondents were farmers as thier previous occupations, and about 18% of respondents were front non-agricultural backgrounds (mannual laborers, agricultural laborers, salers, and tne non-employed). Around 23% of respondents who were landlords before the Land Reform showed downward social mobility by becoming tenant farmers after the Land Reform. About 21% of respondents showed reverse social mobility trend, i.e. upward social mobility from farm laborers or farm servants. Those tenant farmers whose fathers were own farmers or landlords were about 40% of all respondents while those who showed intergenerational upward mobility from employed laborer status to tenant farming covers only six per cent of all respondents. (8) Practice of tenancy has a long history in Korea, and the three different types of tenancy in general practice are: 1) fix ground rent (Jongdo-bob) which tenant farmer pays a certain amount of rent to the landlord regardless of good of bad harvest, 2) after-harvest rent (Tajak-bob) in which a certain amount of tenant rate is predetermined in advance, however, the actual amount of crops may vary depending upon the amount of crops well or illharvested, 3) before-harvest rent (Doji-bob) in which tenant rent is decided upon just before the harvest mainly by the estimates of the crops by tenant farmers and landlords. In this research we find that 49% of respondents are in after-harvest rent practice 42% in fix ground rent practice and 6% in before-harvest rent practice. Eighty-two percent of tenant farmers pay their rents by way of rice crops and only 13% of them pay the rent in cash. In the case of the after-harvest rent practice, 88% of the tenant farmers divide the harvest crops in half with the landlords. A total of 79 tenant farmers (15%) out of 514 tenant farmers pay some part of between-rice crops as their tenant rents in addition to the heavy main rents. In varying degrees, the tenant farmers pay land taxes(52%), and water tax or seed expenses and fertilizer cost (85%). Almost 47% of tenant farmers bear half of the lenses of carrying the rent crop to the landlord's house. 32% of tenants carry the rent crop to the landlord's house with tenant's expenses. (9) Tenant period tends not to be definite in terms of contracts (68%). About 89% of tenants rent the farms from the landlords by oral contracts. Around 87% of the tenants pay their rent after the harvest is completed. (10) Half of the tenant farmers have no kinship relations with their landlords. Around one third of the tenant farmers rent farms from close kinsmen including parent-child relations. Around 68% of landlords live in the villages, while 29% of landlords live in the cities. The landlords control the tenant frmers directly without brokers between them. (11) On the questions of their attitudes toward farming occupation, around 60% of tenant farmers expressed dissatisfaction of their farming occupation. About 40% of them satisfied themselves with their occupation, and equally about 40% of them cited farming or agriculature as their desired occupation. Asked what occupation they want their children to work on, they cited govern ment offices, teaching, sales. Agriculture or farming found the lowest scale of the desire. Judging from these phenomena, the tenant farmers do not like farming inside their heart. Therefore, those tenant farmers who really like working on the farm are not many. (12) Around over one third of tenant farmers think there are some differences in the harvest amount between their own lands and their related lands. The main reason for this pattern of thought seems to be in their attachment to their lands. Around 38% of those respondents answered in the positive when asked whether they could produce more harvest if their tenanted lands were their own lands. The majority of tenant farmers responded favorably to the Land Reform. In the above we reviewed the real state of tenancy in Korea. Although around 30 years have passed since the Land Reform in 1949, we have unfortunately found the actual existence of landlord-tenant relations which are forbidden by law. The existence of tenancy impedes the modernization of rural Korean community. Those tenant farmers who have only less than 24,506 acre of lands to cultivate are 70% of all respondents. These tenant farmers who pay 50% of their harvest as their rent to the landlords are around 90% of all the farmers interviewed. In addition, may of those tenants should bear the expenses of land taxes, water tax, seed purchase, fertilizer, other rents and the burden of carrying the crop rent to the landlords. Thus the majority of their annual average income are lower that half of that of Korean rural community in general. That is, their annual average income is only meager 700,000 won, forming lower income strata. However, these tenant families have 1.4 persons more members per family compared with the number of persons per family of the rural Korean community average in general. Thus, their subsistance faces further difficulty. These tenants, economically in difficult conditions, are also insulated from the cultural benefits of modernization. Their educational level shows that 80% of them had only less than 6 years of formal education. The fact that 16% of them posess radios and only 2.5% of them use toothpastes for brushing the teeth demonstrates their cultural deprivation. On the other hand, concerning the landlord tenant relationships, the oral contact dominate between the two parties, and no period of tenancy is decided in the beginning. Therefore we can safely see the practice of pre-modern patterns of practices. We think that the tenants still maintain the pre-modernization patterns of thought which can be seen in an answer by tenants to question on, what amount of rent would be desirable; around 58% of tenants said the proper amount of rent would be more than 40% of crops harvested. In short, for the rapid realization of Korean modernization and democratization, it is necessary to destroy the landlord-tenant relations according to the principle of "land to the tiller." In case of its difficulty to carry it out soon, at least we should see to it that the high rate of rent should be reduced to the level which may ease heavy burden of tenant farmers. These, measures should be taken steps soon so that the tenant farmers may enhance their level of life as well as enjoy the cultural benefits. These measures will help change some pattern of thought of tenant farmers.

다중모델 퍼지 시스템을 위한 적응 모델선택 기법과 시계열 예측에의 응용

방영근,이철희 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2009 정보통신논문지 Vol.13 No.-

Difference data are very useful for a prediction system because they can reveal the characteristics of non-stationary time series. Also, they can protect fuzzy clustering from a biased situation toward one side among fuzzy sets. But it is not easy to determine optimal difference intervals revealing patterns and regularities of time series. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes the data preprocessing procedure based on correlation analysis. Then, multiple model fuzzy systems are constructed by using the determined optimal intervals. To reflect the performances of each fuzzy system, this paper also proposes the adaptive model selection technique. The proposed technique can improve the prediction quality of fuzzy system that depends to the characteristics of input data because it is possible to control system output corresponding to system input via the adaptive model selection rules based on rough set theory. Thus, the proposed methods are more effective for prediction of non-stationary and/or chaos time series than traditional methods. In simulation and conclusion section, this paper verifies that the prediction performances of the proposed methods are very good and that the proposed methods are very effective to control the hybrid systems or multiple systems.

장거리선수의 폐기능에 대한 연구

金昌根,朴喆斌 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1983 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.2 No.1

The purposed of the study was to investigate pulmonary function on endurance athletes including marathon runners, cyclists, and swimmers. The results were compared to predicted values which based on physical condition, such as body height and weight etc. The subjects were 11 marathon runners including 2 national Caliber runners, 17 cyclists including 8 national caliber cyclists, and 3 male and female caliber swimmers. The results were summerized as follows: 1). In case of marathon runners,actual values of FVC, RV,TLC,RV/TLC, and D?? , were shown higher than predicted values, invesely actual value of FEV/FVC, MVV, D??/V?? were shown lower than predicted values, and K's C (permeability) was shown significant lower than predicted values(p<0.05). 2). In case of cyclists, actual values of FVC, FEV/FVC, and D?? were shown significantly higher than predicted values (p<0.05), and actual values of RV, TLC, and RV/TLC were much more than predicted values, invesely actual values of MVV, and DL/VA were shown lower than predicted values, and K' sC was shown the same tendency with case of marathon runners(p<0.05). 3). In case of male swimmers, actual values of FVC, RV, TLC, and RV/TLC were shown higher than predicted values especially with FVC was higher than others (p<0.05), and actual values of FEV/FVC, MVV, D??, D??/V??, and K's C were shown lower than predicted values, especially FEV/FVC and K??s C were lower than others (p<0.05). In case of female swimmers, actual values of FVC, RV, RV/TLC, and D?? were shown higher than predicted values, and FVC was shown the same tendency with male swimmers. Actual values of FEV/FVC, VV, D??/V??, and K'sC were lower than predicted values, especially K'sC was lower than others (p<0.05). 4). To be compared with marathon runners and cyclists, cyclists were higher than marathon runner with age and body height, and there were no significant differences among the tested items but in terms of MVV, D??, and V?? were shown that cyclist were higher than marathon runners. 5). To be compared with national caliber and university or college caliber elite athletes, in case of marathon runners, national caliber athletes were shown higher level in eacg tested items except alveolar ventilation (V??) than university of college caliber elite athletes, and in terms of cyclists, national caliber athletes were shown higher level than university or college caliber elite athletes in each tested items except FVC, FEV/FVC, and D??.

晉州地方 降雨記錄年限의 長短이 確率水分量 推定에 미치는 影響에 關한 硏究

李根厚,金哲會 慶尙大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Long term precipitation gauging station record(58 year) was analyzed by progressive mean method and Gumbel-Chow method to compare the estimated effective period of records for computing mean and probable values. Obtained results are as follows; 1. 58 years precipitation record at Jinju was analyzed by double mass analysis method. Result show that the record is consistent with time and space. 2. The effective period of records for estimating mean values within the departure of 5% level from true mean are up to 33 years for annual precipitation, 20 years for annual maximum daily precipitation, and 45 years for maximum successive dry days in summer season(June, July, and August). 3. To estimate the probable values by Gumbel-Chow method within the departure of 5% level from true value, periods of 51 years for annual precipitation, 38 years for annual maximum daily precipitation, and 45 years for maximum successive dry days in summer season, are required.

공기 중 toluene diisocyanate의 포집방법에 따른 요중 toluene diamine의 관련성

박근철,김치년,김현수,김형렬,노재훈 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Toluene diisocyanate(TDI) has been known the materials which is induced occupational asthma, is mostly used by the materials of industrial polyurethane, excreted as toluene diamine(TDA) in case of occurring metabolism in the human body when it inhaled. This research is demonstrated to make scrutiny into efficiency of two differentways of sampling in comparison with the cocentration after make use of the open cassette holder and the modified 2-piece cassette holder which are originaly existing to doing sampling 2,4-TDI as 2,6 TDI in the air, and to present more adequate way to TDI sampling in the air and to present more adequate way to TDI sampling in the air from comparing concentration TDA in a worker's urine with concentration of TDI which is being sampling each ways And this study want to grasp the influence for TDA excretion by exposing TDI from the general character of workers. The study was experimented on the 22 workers from the factory where is pperated paining work using by paints from poly urethane. This study was performed to identify the personal character of workers by using the questionnaire. analysed TDI from 44 sample each in the middle of morning and afternoon and TDA from the 17 workers by take their urine. Open cassette holder is manufactured to face the filter with the outside by remove the modified 2-piece cassette holder eliminated he middle of section and top of the upper holder. As a result of analysis, the concentration of TDI in the air is higher on the mokigied 2-piece cassette holder than the open cassette holder for sampling, There was no different on the concentration of urinary TDA by personal character. The concentration of TDI in the air had a relation with the concentration of urinary TDA no matter what kind of sampling method used, but the sampling by modified 2-piece cassette holder had more relation than sampling by open face cassette holder. As a result of this experiment, the concentration of TDI by sampling from the each cassette holder has shown to us significant relation with the concentration of urinary TDA.

상온 유동층에서 층내 수평전열관의 마모특성

한근희,김용철,류정인,선도원,민병무 한국화학공학회 2004 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.42 No.2

대부분의 유동층 연소장치에서 충물질과 비산된 입자에 의한 충내 전열관과 water wall의 전열관 표면의 마모는 계속적으로 골칫거리가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 단면적이 0.15m×0.30m인 상온유동층장치에서 마모하기 쉬운 아크릴 관을 사용하여 유동층에 파묻힌 전열관에 대하여 유동조건과 전열관의 배열효과에 대한 실험적인 연구를 나타냈다. 유동층의 단면적은 0.15m×0.30m이고 높이는 1.0m이다. 층물질은 강모래 평균입도 0.73, 1.24mm의 두 가지와, 평균입도 0.9mm의 무연탄 희재를 사용하였다. 유동층 높이는 0.45m이었다. 마모실험은 조건마다 100시간동안 유동화속도 1.2-1.8m/s 까지 변화시켜 수행하였다. 실험결과 마모율은 유동화속도가 증가할수록 증가하였고, 공기분배기로부터 떨어진 거리가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 그리고 공기분배기로부터 높이 0.6m의 비산영역에 위치한 전열관에 심한 마모를 나타냈다. 전열관의 원주방향에 대한 마모경향은 다른 부분과 비교하여 시계방향으로 4시 방향에서 8시 방향까지 심한 마모가 나타났고, 특히 5시 방향과 7시 방향은 심한 마모를 보였다. Erosion of in-bed tubes and water wall heat transfer surfaces by bed materials and elutriated particles have persistently plagued most fluidized bed combustion (FBC) systems. This papere presents a systematic experimental study of the effects of tube arrangement and flow condition on embedded tube erosion by using erosion-prone acrylic cylinders in a 0.15m×0.30m bench-scale cold fluidized bed. The bed material was two different sizes of river sand and anthracite ash with the average diameter of 0.73, 1.24, 0.90㎜, respectively. The static bed height was 0.45m. Erosion test was performed with the variation of fluidization velocity of 1.2 to 1.8m/s for 100 hours per set. The result shows that the erosion rate increased with fluidizing velocity, with distance from the distributor. The erosion was severe at the tube located in the splash zone of 60㎝ above the distributor. The trend with radial direction shows severe erosion at the 4-8 o'clock clockwise compare to other area, especially 5 and 7 o'clock clockwise.

운동부하강도와 休息方法이 血液의 젖산濃度와 혈액성분변화에 미치는 效果

金昌根,朴喆斌 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1984 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of work intensity and recovery patterns on changes of lactic acid concentration and blood components in endurance performances. 2 different work intensities and 5 different relief levels were used as protochol. Used 12 male endurance performers who belong to Korean National College of Physical Education as Subjects, and the results were summerized as follows; The increasing ratio of lactic acid concentration in blood was shown difference in accordance with work intensities, But with the same work intensity the increasing ratio of lactic acid concentration in blood was not only shown significant differences (p<0.01) in accordance with recovery patterns, but differences with work intensity were effected by individual variance. To improve capacity of tolerence against lactic acid accumulation, jogging with 60% of individual maximal speed was superior to jogging with 90% of individual maximal speed and 2, or 4 minutes of passive recovery between work sets. Both of lactic acid production and removal were significantly increased in jogging with 60% of individual maximalspeed, therefore, to improve anaerobic endurance, 2 minutes of passive recovery was recommended because of more rapid break down of lactic acid accumulation with 2 minute, or more passive recovery. The change of blood volume according to work intensity and recovery patterns, were not resulted from changes of blood cell but resulted from changes of albumin, total protein, and plasma potassium (p<0.01).