특별기고 : 1980년대 초 한국 석탄 탄광의 자료를 이용한 로그-정규분포의 적용

이기영 ( Ki Young Lee ),( R J Sherwood ) 한국산업위생학회 2012 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.22 No.4

1980년대 초 Sherwood교수가 한국에 와 있으면 당시 탄광의 호흡성먼지의 농도를 측정한 자료를 활용하여 로그-정규분포에 대한 분석을 한 자료이다. 탄광의 건조상태에서 농도는 물을 뿌리면서 하는 작업에 비해 매우 높은 수준을 보인다. 건조한 탄광에서 기하평균농도는 26.1 mg/㎥이었고 물을 뿌린 탄광에서는 4.1 mg/㎥이었다. 이는 매우 높은 수준이었음을 알 수 있다. 각 탄갱에서의 농도는 로그정규분포를 하였고 석탄을 접하는 탄갱에서의 농도는 1.65 mg/㎥에서 35 mg/㎥까지 다양하였다. 호흡성분진의 농도는 석탄을 접하는 탄갱에서 암석을 접하는 탄갱보다 높았는데 이는 분진의 원인이 석탄 때문이었다. Sherwood교수 (1924-2000)는 영국 산업보건 분야의 선구자중 한 분으로 특히 개인시료 채취방법을 처음으로 고안하신 분이다. 1970년대 후반부터 1980년대 초반까지 ILO고문관으로 한국에 오셔서 국립노동과학연구소 (현 한국산업안전보건공단 산업보건연구원) 설립에 중추적인 역할을 하셨고 한국의 산업보건분야 발전에 지대한 공헌을 하신 분이다. 이번 자료를 통하여 Sherwood교수의 산업위생 data 처리과정을 볼 수 있음은 매우 기쁜 일이다. 그 분의 data 처리과정은 매우 적절하였고 처음 산업위생분야를 시작하는 대학원 학생들은 물론 기존의 연구자들에게도 좋은 참고자료가 되리라 생각한다. 먼저 log-normal probability 그라프에 data를 입력하여 data의 분포상태를 파악하고, 여기서 대수정규분포를 보였으므로 기하평균값과 기하표준편차 (GSD)를 산출하였다. 위의 data에서 Sherwood교수는 석탄광산의 작업방법에 따른 먼지농도를 비교하였다. 국내 석탄광산에서 작업방법에 따른 공기 중 먼지농도를 비교한 data는 아직까지 발표된 바 없다. 일반적으로 착암기에는 습식장치가 부착되어 있어서 “wet”방법을 적용하고 있으나 Sherwood교수는 습식장치가 부착되지 않은 “dry”방법을 적용하는 탄광을 발견하였고, 이 두 가지 방법에 따른 호흡성 먼지 농도를 비교하였다. 공기 중 먼지농도는 “wet”와 “dry”에서 각각 4.1 mg/㎥과 26.1 mg/㎥로서 습식방법을 적용할 때 84.3%의 감소가 있었다. 비록 논문으로 발표하지는 않았으나 습식방법이 먼지발생을 감소하는 데 필수적이라는 사실을 Sherwood교수는 구체적으로 증명하였다. 매우 귀중한 역사적 자료이다. (백남원 서울대 보건대학원 명예교수).

미국 산업위생학회 : 우선적인 역할 An Overview of High Priority Activities

스티븐피레빈 한국산업위생학회 1994 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.4 No.1

The AIHA is engaged in a systematic program to interact with government and the media. The program has as its goal the development of regulations and legislation that reflect good science and technology, and results in the maximum protection of workers and the public. This would reflect the views of the members and stakeholders of the AIHA. These results are achieved through proactive development of position statements and white papers, and the. dissemination of those documents to the government and media. The Association is striving to make all stakeholder groups (labor, industry, academia and government) included as equal partners in our efforts. Active interaction with governmental groups (NlOSH, OSHA, EFA, state regulatory agencies, state legislatures) is taking place on the basis of AIHA becoming a full partner in the process of government, when that process is related to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of workplace hazards. In 1993-94, priority issues include: professional regulation of industrial hygienists, generic workplace exposure assessment, laboratory accreditation, OSHA reform, reinventing NIOSH, indoor air quality, environmental lead, permissible exposure limits, the North American Free Trade Agreement, ethics, pollution prevention and toxic use reduction, risk assessment, extremely low frequency and magnetic fields, and ergonomics. 미국산업위생학회(AIHA)는 정부 및 언론매체와 상호 긴밀히 협조하는 체계적인 프로그램을 가지고 있다. 이 프로그램은 올바른 과학과 기술을 반영하는 법규와 제도를 개발함으로써 근로자와 국민의 건강을 최대한 보호하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이것은 학회의 전회원과 후원단체들의 관점을 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 목적은 학회가 능동적으로 앞장서서 현재의 상태를 객관적으로 기술하고 백서를 발간하여 정부나 언론매체에 보급함으로써 달성될 수 있다. 학회는 학회의 후원자인 모든 관련단체(노동조합, 사업주, 학술단체 및 정부기관)들이 학회에서 지향하는 목적을 달성하는 데 동등하게 참여하도록 최선을 다하고 있다. 정부기관(NIOSH, OSHA, EPA, state regulatory agencies, state legislatures)에서 작업환경의 유해성에 대한 예상, 인식, 측정평가 및 개선에 관련된 일을 처리할 경우에는 학회가 정부기관의 정식 협력기관으로서 활발한 활동을 한다. 1993년과 1994년의 주요연구과제 및 관심사항은 산업위생전문가의 전문성에 관한 권한, 일반적인 작업환경폭로평가, 실험실정도관리 인중제도, 산업안전보건법(OSHA)의 개정, 미국국립산업안전보건연구원의 재설립, 실내환경오염, 환경 중 납의 오염, 법적 허용기준, 북미자유무역협정에 따른 산업보건문제, 산업위생전문가의 윤리, 오염방지 및 독성물질 사용축소, 유해성 평가, 저주파 및 자기장, 그리고 인간공학 등이다.

유리섬유강화 플라스틱을 이용한 적층공정 근로자들의 스티렌 노출 평가: 보건진단 사례

최상준 ( Sang Jun Choi ),정연희 ( Yeon Hee Jeong ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2015 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.25 No.2

연구목적: 이 연구는 노동부의 보건진단 명령에 의해 유리섬유 강화플라스틱(FRP)을 이용한 이중벽 탱크 제조 사업장의 적층 공정 근로자들을 대상으로 스티렌 노출 특성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구방법: 스티렌의 주요발생원 파악을 위해 불포화 폴리에스테르 수지(UPR), 경화제, 조색제, 세척액 등의 원료 내 스티렌 함유량을 가스크로마토그래피 질량분석기(GC-MS)를 이용하여 분석하였다. FRP 적층 공정에 근무하는 작업자들을 대상으로 NIOSH 1501 공정시험법에 의해 공기 중 스티렌 노출 농도에 대한 개인노출 평가를 실시하였고, 생물학적 노출지표로 뇨 중 만델릭산을 채취한 후 고성능액체크로마토그래피(HPLC)로 분석하였다. 또한 각 직무 특성과 단위작업 중심으로 스티렌에 대한 단시간 노출평가를 수행하였다. 연구결과: 스티렌의 함유량이 가장 많은 주요 원료는 중량비율로37%의 스티렌이 함유된 UPR이었다. 적층 공정의 FRP분무 작업자와 보조 작업자들 모두 스티렌의 8시간 가중평균 노출기준(20 ppm)을 초과하였다. 단시간 노출평가 결과 FRP 분무 작업자의 경우 45.9 ppm에서 86.1 ppm 수준으로 FRP를 사용하지 않는 작업보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 수준이었다(P<0.01). 가장 높은 수준의 스티렌에 노출되는 단위작업은 FRP를 이용하여 1차 코팅 하는 작업으로 특별한 관리가 필요하였다. 결론: 보건진단을 위해 실시한 이중벽 탱크 제조 사업장의FRP 적층 공정 작업자의 스티렌 노출수준은 노출기준을 초과할 정도로 높은 수준이었다. 그러나 탱크를 천장에 매달고 돌리면서 적층작업을 수행하기 때문에 적절한 국소환기 시스템을 구축하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 적절한 방독마스크 착용으로 스티렌 노출 예방이 필요하였다.

한국인 얼굴의 3차원 형상해석을 통한 반면형 호흡보호구용 신개념 3D test panel 개발

김강윤 ( Kang Yoon Kim ),김현욱 ( Hyun Wook Kim ),이중 ( Joong Lee ),이응대 ( Eung Dae Lee ),김동욱 ( Dong Wook Kim ) 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.3

This study was performed to suggest the new three-dimensional (3D) fit test panel, constructed based on facial 3D data, for respirator fit testing. Three dimensional surface data were obtained using a 3D laser scanner; facial data from 102 volunteers (70 males and 32 females). The collected digitalized data were used for shape analysis utilizing the Procrustes algorithm. The results were as follows; 1. Facial shapes between genders were statistically significantly different. The misclassification error rate was 2.99%. 2. Facial shapes of all subjects including both gender were categorized into 4 different facial types by cluster analysis. 3. The new 3D fit test panel containing both facial shape and length information data was developed. The panel was composed of the shape information on x-axis which were expressed as A, B, C, and D, and the lengths information on y-axis that were classified 4 groups ranged from 103.7mm to 133.5mm. The new 3D fit test panel for Koreans, developed utilizing shape information as well as length information, was constructed. The concept for developing the 3D test panel can be applied for other ethnic groups having different facial shapes.

금속제품 제조 산업장내 공기중 금속농도에 관한 연구

김세동,강용선,구태형,윤형렬,문덕환,한용수 한국산업위생학회 1996 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.6 No.2

This study was conducted for the purpose of obtaining the fundamental data on improvement of working environment and contributing to health improvement of workers who dealed with metal by assessing the metal concentration in air of industries located in Chang-Won Industrial Complex. Authors measured the concentration of metals(Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) is the air to 25 working processes of 73 industries by flame atomic absorption spectrometry from February to December 1994. Personal air sampler was used for air sampling with mixed cellulose-ester membrane filter. The results were as follows : 1. The geometric means(range) of metal concentration; 1) Al: 0.1505 ㎎/㎥ (0.0147 - 18.6100 ㎎/㎥) 2) Cd: 0.0077 ㎎/㎥ (0.0003 - 7.0710 ㎎/㎥) 3) Cr: 0.0163 ㎎/㎥ (0.0013 - 1.1510 ㎎/㎥) 4) Cu: 0.0097 ㎎/㎥ (0.0009 - 0.4950 ㎎/㎥) 5) Mn: 0.0412 ㎎/㎥ (0.0006 - 4.7877 ㎎/㎥) 6) Ni: 0.0088 ㎎/㎥ (0.0001 - 1.0170 ㎎/㎥) 7) Pb: 0.0152 ㎎/㎥ (0.0015 - 0.4499 ㎎/㎥) 8) Sn: 0.0486 ㎎/㎥ (0.0037 - 0.1500 ㎎/㎥) 9) Zn: 0.1911 ㎎/㎥ (0.0122 - 8.2920 ㎎/㎥) 2. The geometric mean of lead exceeded TWA in assembling process of other general purpose machinery not elsewhere classified products manufacturing industries.

산업보건 측면에서의 희토류 건강영향 평가

신서호 ( Seo-ho Shin ),임경택 ( Kyung-taek Rim ),김종춘 ( Jong-choon Kim ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to improve the current understanding of rare earths(RE) and to provide supporting data for establishing occupational health policies by reviewing the toxicological data and issues caused by the use of RE compounds in various fields. Methods: To evaluate the potential toxicity of RE from the viewpoint of occupational health, we summarized extensive reviews of relevant articles in the toxicology(animals and cells), occupational health and safety, and epidemiologic literature. Results: Although occupational RE exposure occurs extensively from ore mining and refining to end users in various industrial applications, epidemiologic study has not been performed among workers up to now. Bioaccumulation and adverse effects of RE have also been mentioned in ore mining regions and nearby residences, but safety standards for each process are insufficient. Moreover, because new commercial recycling technology will soon be applied to various industries, regulation and policies are needed for preventing abuse of recycling. In the results of animal toxicity for a few REs(mostly cerium, lanthanum, and gadolinium), toxicities of liver, lung, blood, and the nervous system were identified due to oxidative stress, but study of long-term RE exposure is required. Understanding the dual effect for RE and discovery of biomarkers pose a scientific challenge in further mechanism studies. Conclusions: In the future, additional hazard evaluation based on animal experiments is required, alongside continuous research for developing analytical methods and discovering biomarkers. Finally, RE occupational health and safety management needs to be integrated into the sustainable use of these materials.

가평 사문암 광산의 석면 산출의 산상과 모암의 특성

송석환 ( Suckhwan Song ),강준구 ( Joongu Kang ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study is for characteristics of asbestos occurrence (NOA, naturally occurring asbestos) from the Gapyeong area and its host rocks, serpentinites. Methods: Representative samples are collected from the serpentinite bodies, following degrees of hydrothermal alteration and metamorphism, after about 2 year field trips. Mineralogical, morphological and optical characteristics of the asbestos and host rocks are confirmed by PLM, XRD EPMA and SEM results. Results: The serpentinites are dunites and harzburgites, and host asbestos, including chrysotile, tremolite and actinolite. The asbestos chrysotiles are found as veins ranging from several millimeters to several centimeters in thickness, while asbestos-tremolite and -actinolite occur along cracks and fractures ranging up to ten centimeters in thickness. The chryostiles occur mainly as cross and slip fibers, while the amphibole asbestos is found as vein, slip and oblique fibers. More tremolitic grains are colorless and commonly show elongated or fiber shapes, whereas the magnesio hornblende grains mainly show light green and occur as subhedral to euhedral diamond grains. Conclusions: Overall characteristics of serpentinites from the Gapyeong area are similar to worldwide orogenic-related Alpine type ultramafic rocks serpentinized and serpentinites in South Chungcheong-do Province, Korea, and occurrences of asbestos are similar to those of the ultramafic bodies in South Chungcheong-do Province.

석면함유 공공 건축물의 위해성 평가 및 면적 분포 특성

송수진 ( Su-jin Song ),장봉기 ( Bong-ki Jang ),조봉현 ( Bong-hyun Jo ),김영지 ( Yeong-ji Kim ),허은협,이종대 ( Joung-dae Lee ),손부순 ( Bu-soon Son ),이종화 ( Jong-wha Lee ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study, aims to examine the distribution characteristics of asbestos-containing building materials; risk assessment and area of distribution of asbestos-containing building materials depending on year of construction; building materials; types of building materials; and usage in public buildings in order to create fundamental data for safe management of public buildings. Methods: The asbestos investigation was conducted by an asbestos research institution from March to May 2014, targeting 41 public buildings which were subject to asbestos investigation in South Chungcheong-do Province. With respect to 381 presumed asbestos-containing materials, an investigation was conducted into whether they contained asbestos, asbestos type, content, year of construction, and use in the building were examined, and a risk assessment was performed. Results: Asbestos-containing building materials were used in 35 buildings(85.4%). Among them, 31(88.6%) were public buildings. Asbestos was detected in 73% of 381 suspected asbestos-containing materials, which were mostly ceiling materials (85.2%). The older the buildings, the more they showed a tendency to have a significantly higher risk assessment score. The ratio of average area with asbestos-containing building materials to total floor area was 57.6%, 44.1%, and 17.8% for buildings built in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively. This showed a tendency to be significantly higher with the age of the building. Conclusions: From the results above, it can be concluded that with the age of the buildings, the risk assessment score and the ratio of average area with asbestos-containing building materials to total floor area became significantly higher. Given the concern about the exposure to asbestos of residents and civil petitioners, safety management of older public buildings and measures for dismantling and removal of asbestos-containing building materials should therefore be urgently established.

캠프캐럴 인근 주민에서 다이옥신류 및 유기염소계 농약의 혈중 농도 및 노출력

배상근 ( Sang Geun Bae ),김근배 ( Geun-bae Kim ),조용성 ( Yong-sung Cho ),이유미 ( Yu-mi Lee ),이덕희 ( Duk Hee Lee ),양원호 ( Wonho Yang ),주영수 ( Young-su Ju ),이관 ( Kwan Lee ),민영선 ( Young-sun Min ),임현술 ( Hyun-sul Lim ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study was performed in order to evaluate whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could be detected among residents living near Camp Caroll in Waegwan and whether serum concentrations of dioxins, including 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are associated with length of residence. Methods: Study subjects totaled 113 (for dioxins) and 190 (for OCPs) adults who were selected from participants in a medical investigation. Serum concentrations of dioxins and OCPs were measured using HRGC/HRMS. Information on length of residence was obtained through questionnaires. Results: 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not detected in serum among all subjects. When length of residence was classified as a categorical variable, after adjusting for confounding variables, only residents living in Waegwan for 40 years or longer tended to have high total TEQ values and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF with marginal significances. There was no dose-response relation between length of residence and serum concentrations of these chemicals. In multiple regression models with continuous values of the length of residence, total TEQ value and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF were positively associated with length of residence. However, they explained about 3-5% of total variations of serum concentrations of these compounds, while age, consumption of fatty fish, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking were main variables affecting serum concentrations of dioxins or OCPs. Conclusions: In the current study, high concentrations of certain compounds were mainly observed among persons who lived in Waegwan for at least for 40 years without a dose-response relation. Therefore, it seems difficult to conclude that length of residence meaningfully contributed to the current serum concentrations of dioxins or OCPs among residents in Waegwan. However, considering the half-life of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and indirect exposure routes, the limitations of the current study design should be considered in the interpretation of the study findings.

고 농도 분진 만성노출 근로자의 세포성 면역기능과 활성산소종

김갑배 ( Kab Bae Kim ),김기웅 ( Ki-woong Kim ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronical exposure to high-level dusts on cellular immune function. Methods: The subjects were 110 male workers, among whom 60 were chronically exposed to high-level dusts in mica, limestone and iron mines. The remaining 50 were office workers. Ambient total, respirable dust and crystalline silica in the workplace were sampled using personal air samplers and analyzed according to NIOSH method 0500. Serum levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxide and superoxide misutase activity were measured using absorption chromatography. The subpopulations of CD4+, CD8+, natural killer cells (CD16+) and CD3+ T-lymphocytes were examined by two-color staining using monoclonal antibodies. Results: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher in exposed workers and superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in control workers. No significant difference in numbers of T-lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between exposed and control workers. A significant correlation in exposed workers was observed among total dusts, respirable dusts and crystalline silica. Hydrogen peroxide was significantly correlated with total dust (r=0.720, p<0.01), respirable dust (r=0.770, p<0.01) and crystalline silica (r=0.678, p<0.01). Concentration of hydrogen peroxide showed a significantly negative correlation with numbers of CD8+ cells (r=-0.274, p<0.01), CD3+ cells (r=-0.222, p<0.01) and natural killer cells (r=-0.556, p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that chronical exposure to high-level dust affects cellular immune function and effects might mediate through reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response.