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White matter and neurological disorders
배한규,Tai Kyoung Kim,Ho Young Suk,Sangyoung Jung,Dong‑Gyu Jo 대한약학회 2020 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.43 No.9
The central nervous system is simply dividedinto two distinct anatomical regions based on the color oftissues, i.e. the gray and white matter. The gray matter iscomposed of neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, dendrites,immune cells, and the vascular system, while the whitematter is composed of concentrated myelinated axonal fibersextending from neuronal soma and glial cells, such asoligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), oligodendrocytes,astrocytes, and microglia. As neuronal cell bodies arelocated in the gray matter, great attention has been focusedmainly on the gray matter regarding the understanding ofthe functions of the brain throughout the neurophysiologicalareas, leading to a scenario in which the function of thewhite matter is relatively underestimated or has not receivedmuch attention. However, increasing evidence shows that thewhite matter plays highly significant and pivotal functions inthe brain based on the fact that its abnormalities are associatedwith numerous neurological diseases. In this review, wewill broadly discuss the pathways and functions of myelination,which is one of the main processes that modulate the functions of the white matter, as well as the manner in which its abnormalities are related to neurological disorders.
석호영,배한규,김동영,원하리,백해준,이창훈,김동윤,고영민,송재영,이항,민미숙 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.2
Background The Korean Peninsula is a small but unique area showing great endemic Hynobius diversity with H. quelpaertensis, H. yangi, H. unisacculus and three species candidates (HC1, HC3 and HC4). H. quelpaertensis is distributed in the southern part and in Jeju Island, while the remaining species have extremely narrow distributions. Objectives To examine the genetic structure of H. quelpaertensis and the phylogenetic placement in Hynobius. Methods Three mitochondrial and six microsatellite loci were genotyped for 204 Hynobius quelpaertensis, three H. leechii, three H. yangi, three HC1, two H. unisacculus, three HC3, three HC4 and ten Japanses H. lichenatus. Results A high level of mitochondrial diversity was found in H. quelpaertensis. Our mitochondrial data showed evidence of a historical link between inland and Jeju Island despite the signature of founder effect likely experienced by the early island populations. However, our microsatellite analysis showed the fairly clear signature of isolation history between in- and island populations. Upon phylogenetic analysis, H. quelpaertensis, H. unisacculus and HC1 formed a cluster, whereas H. yangi belonged to a separate cluster. HC3 and HC4 were clustered with either H. quelpaertensis or H. yangi depending on the locus used. Conclusion Our results show at least partially the historical imprints engraved by dispersal of Korean endemic Hynobius during Pleistocene, potentially providing a fundamental basis in determining the conservation units and finding management strategies for these species.
이윤정,석호영,배한규,전형배,김동영 한국통합생물학회 2017 Animal cells and systems Vol.21 No.5
Endemic species typically have a narrow niche breadth, and are likely more vulnerable to extinction than more widespread taxa. Squalidus multimaculatus is a small cyprinid endemic to the Korean Peninsula, and its reported geographical range was restricted to several small rivers located along the southeast coast. Several populations of S. multimaculatus have supposedly been subject to a variety of recent anthropogenic actions. Here, we analyzed the pattern of genetic diversity within and among populations of S. multimaculatus using nine microsatellite loci to quantify the relative contributions of human-mediated processes to the contemporary distribution and genetic structure. Overall, low levels of genetic diversity were exhibited in the populations of S. multimaculatus. Genetic differentiations among populations were not completely represented by their geographical proximity, likely resulting from the low intrapopulation genetic variability and anthropogenic transplants. The most conspicuous outcome of the anthropogenic activities was the introgression of alleles from a closely related species, S. gracilis majimae. Our study showed that anthropogenic transplanting, even with only a small number of individuals, can challenge our conservation goal to maintain the species integrity that has long been shaped in evolutionary processes.