초등영재학생의 성별에 따른 골드버그 장치 활동 수행과정 분석

남소라,전영석 韓國英才學會 2016 영재교육연구 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구에서는 골드버그 장치 활동 수행과정에서 나타나는 남학생과 여학생의 특성을 살펴보고 영재프로그램 개발 및 지도방안에 대한 시사점을 마련하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 경기도 소재 초등학교 영재학급 5학년 학생 16명으로 4명씩 한 조로 구성하여 남학생 2그룹, 여학생 2그룹으로 편성하였다. 최종 과제는 구슬이 목표 지점에 가장 늦게 도착하도록 골드버그 장치를 제작하는 것으로 학생들의 수행과정을 참여 관찰하여 질적으로 분석하였다. 골드버그 장치 활동을 계획, 제작, 결과, 평가 및 반성 단계로 나누어 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 계획 단계에서 여학생은 골드버그 장치 과정을 글로 자세히 설명하였으며 남학생은 시각적으로 간단하게 나타냈다. 둘째, 제작 단계에서 남학생은 설계했던 대로 장치를 구현하려는 과제집착력을 보였으나 여학생은 간단하고 쉽게 나타내는 모습을 보였다. 셋째, 장치 제작의 정교성 및 효율성은 남학생이 우수하였고 재료 사용의 독창성 및 다양성은 여학생이 우수하였다. 넷째, 평가 및 반성 단계에서 남학생은 개별적으로 평가를 하였고 여학생은 다른 사람의 생각을 반영하여 평가하는 모습을 보였다. 이에 영재프로그램 개발 및 지도 시 성별을 고려하여 교수학습내용을 재구성하거나 다양한 수업전략을 모색할 필요가 있다. 나아가 성별에 따른 영재학생의 수행과정에 대한 보다 폭넓고 체계적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. In this study, by examining the characteristics of boys and girls which would appear in the performance process of Goldberg machine activities, it would be attempted to provide the implications for the development and teaching methods of gifted and talented programs. The object of study was organized into separate 2 groups of boys and girls by each, composed of a total of 16 people among 5th graders of the gifted class in elementary school, located in Gyeonggi province. The final assignment was to make the Goldberg machine in order to have the beads get to the target spot latest, in which the analysis was implemented qualitatively by participating in and observing the performance process of students. After dividing the Goldberg machine activities into the steps of planning, production, outcome, assessment and reflection, their analysis results are as follows: First, in the planning stage, the girls explained minutely the process of Goldberg machine in writing, whereas the boys represented it visually simply. Second, in the production stage, the boys showed the task commitment by trying to realize the machine as designed initially, but the girls showed their appearance to represent it simply and easily. Third, in the sophistication and efficiency of the machine production, the boys were superior to the girls, and in the creativity and diversity of the use of materials, the girls were more excellent. Fourth, in the assessment and reflection, the boys evaluated it individually, and the girls showed their appearance to evaluate it by reflecting others’thinking. Hence, when developing and teaching the gifted and talented programs, it would be required that the teaching and learning contents be recomposed by considering the gender, or that the various class strategies be sought. Further, the broader and more systematic studies, on the performance process of gifted students based on the gender, should be carried out.

PET/CT 시스템에서 감쇠지도를 만들기 위한 저선량 CT 평가

남소라,조효민,정지영,이창래,임한상,박훈희,김희중,Nam, So-Ra,Cho, Hyo-Min,Jung, Ji-Young,Lee, Chang-Lae,Lim, Han-Sang,Park, Hoon-Hee,Kim, Hee-Joung 한국의학물리학회 2007 의학물리 Vol.18 No.3

현재의 PET/CT 시스템은 양질의 CT 영상을 추가함으로 인하여 기존의 PET 만의 시스템에 비하여 정확한 병소 위치의 지정으로 인한 진단적 가치를 높인 뛰어난 장비로 알려져 있다. 대부분의 PET/CT 시스템은 기존의 PET시스템에서 감쇠 지도를 만들기 위하여 사용하던 $^{68}Ge$ 또는 $^{137}Cs$ 등의 투과선원이 아닌 CT data를 감쇠 지도로 사용함으로 인하여 감쇠보정을 위한 획득시간을 획기적으로 줄여주었다. 그러나 이 감쇠 보정용 CT의 사용은 환자의 피폭선량을 증가시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 PET/CT 시스템에서 PET 영상의 감쇠지도로 쓰이는 CT를 수행할 경우 원하는 화질을 유지할 수 있는 상태에서의 최저의 관전류값을 평가하는 것이었다. 영상 획득을 위한 기기로는 GE DSTe PET/CT 시스템을 사용하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 3D 호프만 팬텀과 원통형 팬텀에 1.190 mCi의 $^{18}F-FDG$를 주입하여 PET 영상 및 CT 영상을 획득하였으며 관전류를 140 kVp, 조사시간을 8초로 고정한 상태에서 CT의 관전류 값을 95 mA, 45 mA, 40 mA, 35 mA, 30 mA, 25 mA, 20 mA, 15 mA, 10 mA로 바꾸어가면서 영상을 획득하여 감쇠지도를 만든 후 그 data를 이용하여 재구성한 각각의 PET 영상의 질을 평가하였다. 영상평가를 위한 지표로는 CT 영상의 표준편차와 PET 영상에서의 회백질과 백질과의 비의 값을 이용하였다. 연구 결과 호프만 팬텀을 이용한 PET 영상에서의 회백질과 백질의 비율은 감쇠지도용 CT의 사용 관전류 95 mA, 45 mA, 40 mA, 35 mA, 30 mA, 25 mA, 20 mA, 15 mA, 10 mA에서 각각 3.79:1, 3.79:1, 3.78:1, 3.78:1, 3.77:1, 3.72:1, 3.72:1, 3.76:1, 3.76:1로 측정되었다. 이를 통하여 GE DSTe PET/CT 시스템의 경우 기기가 수행할 수 있는 최저의 관전류로 영상을 재구성하여도 PET 영상의 질에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 GE DSTe PET/CT 시스템에 한정되어 수행된 연구로서 본 연구에서 사용된 시스템뿐만 아니라 다른 시스템에서도 지속적인 연구를 하여 환자에 대한 피폭을 최소화하기 위한 영상 획득방식의 최적화가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다. The current PET/CT system with high quality CT images not only increases diagnostic value by providing anatomic localization, but also shortens the acquisition time for attenuation correction than primary PET system. All commercially available PET/CT system uses the CT scan for attenuation correction instead of the transmission scan using radioactive source such as $^{137}Cs,\;^{68}Ge$. However the CT scan may substantially increase the patient dose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality of PET images reconstructed by CT attenuation map using various tube currents. in this study, images were acquired for 3D Hoffman brain phantom and cylindrical phantom using GE DSTe PET/CT system. The emission data were acquired for 10 min using phantoms after injecting 44.03 MBq of $^{18}F-FDG$. The CT images for attenuation map were acquired by changing tube current from 10 mA to 95 mA with fixed exposure time of 8 sec and fixed tube voltage of 140 kVp. The PET images were reconstructed using these CT attenuation maps. Image quality of CT images was evaluated by measuring SD (standard deviation) of cylindrical phantom which was filled with water and $^{18}F-FDG$ solution. The PET images were evaluated by measuring the activity ratio between gray matter and white matter in Hoffman phantom images. SDs of CT images decrease by increasing tube current. When PET images were reconstructed using CT attenuation maps with various tube currents, the activity ratios between gray matter and white matter of PET images were almost same. These results indicated that the quality of the PET images using low dose CT data were comparable to the PET images using general dose CT data. Therefore, the use of low dose CT is recommended than the use of general dose CT, when the diagnostic high quality CT is not required. Further studies may need to be performed for other system, since this study is limited to the GE DSTe system used in this study.

회죄직지

남소라 미래사목연구소 2013 사목정보 Vol.6 No.9

전신 PET/CT 영상에서 조영제 영향의 보정 유.무에 따른 SUV 평가

남소라,손혜경,임한상,박훈희,조효민,이창래,김희중,Nam, So-Ra,Son, Hye-Kyung,Lim, Han-Sang,Park, Hoon-Hee,Cho, Hyo-Min,Lee, Chang-Lae,Kim, Hee-Joung 한국의학물리학회 2006 의학물리 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 전신 PET/CT영상에서 조영제의 영향에 대한 보정 유 무가 SUV (standard uptake value)에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이었다. 영상획득은 GE DSTe PET/CT 시스템을 사용하였으며, 간질환(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)과 신장질환(renal cell carcinoma, RCC)이 있는 환자를 대상으로 하여 영상을 평가하였다. 영상 평가는 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정한 영상과 보정하지 않은 영상에서 각각 동일한 위치에 같은 크기의 관심영역을 설정한 후 각 관심영역으로부터 구한 SUV를 비교함으로써 수행하였다. HCC 환자의 경우 조영제에 의한 영향의 보정 유 무에 따른 평균 SUV의 차이는 $1.5{\pm}1.2%$이었고, 최대 4.3%의 SUV 차이를 나타내었다. RCC 환자의 경우 평균 SUV의 차이는 $1.0{\pm}0.9%$이었고, 최대 1.9%의 SUV 차이를 나타내었다. 조영제를 사용한 PET/CT 영상에서 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정하지 않았을 경우는 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정해준 경우에 비해 상대적으로 높은 SUV를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과는 HCC 환자와 RCC 환자의 경우 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정한 경우와 보정하지 않은 경우 SUV에 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나, 향후 보다 많은 수의 HCC 환자와 RCC 환자를 대상으로 한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이라고 생각한다. 또한 다른 질환을 가진 환자의 경우에 대해서도 조영제가 SUV에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것은 매우 유용하리라 생각한다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SUV (standard uptake value) using different reconstruction methods in whole body PET/CT Imaging. PET/CT studies were peformed with and without correction for effect of contrast media. The patients data were acquired using GE DSTe commercial PET/CT system. The liver disease (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) and renal disease (renal ceil carcinoma, RCC) patients were selected for this study, The PET/CT data were reconstructed using post CT scan with and without correction for effect of contrast media. We selected ROIs (region of Interest) at the same location and same area for the same patient to compare SUVs in these two methods. For HCC and RCC, the average differences of SUVs were measured as $1.5{\pm}1.2%\;and\;1.0{\pm}0.9%$, respectively. For HCC and RCC, the maximum differences of SUVs were measured as 4.3% and 1.9%, respectively. We observed that SUVs without correction for effect of contrast media were higher than SUVs with correction for effect of contrast media. However the differences of SUVs were very minimal. These results may be limited to HCC and RCC and further studies will be Heeded for other organs or diseases to see any changes in SUV with and without correction for effect of contrast media.

헌종~고종대 왕실 연향용 倭饌榼의 성격과 유입 배경

남소라 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2022 한국문화 Vol.- No.98

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전신 PET/CT 영상 획득 프로토콜을 이용한 유효선량 평가

남소라,손혜경,이상훈,이창래,조효민,김희중,Nam, So-Ra,Son, Hye-Kyung,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Lee, Chang-Lae,Cho, Hyo-Min,Kim, Hee-Joung 한국의학물리학회 2006 의학물리 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 임상 환경에서의 전신 PET/CT 영상 획득방식 조건에서 환자가 받는 피폭선량을 Alderson 팬텀과 TLD를 이용하여 측정하는 것이었다. Philips GEMINI PET/CT에서는 $^{137}Cs$ 투과 스캔과 이와의 비교를 위한 고화질 CT 투과 스캔 및 토포그램을 각각 수행하여 각 인체 장기별 선량을 측정하였다. GE DSTe PET/CT에서는 감쇄 보정용 CT투과 스캔과 진단용 전신 CT스캔 및 토포그램 그램을 각각 수행하여 인체 내 장기별 선량을 측정하였다. 여기서 각 인체 장기는 ICRP 60에서 추천하는 장기를 참고로 선택하였다. 또한 실험에 사용한 TLD는 10 MV X선을 사용하여 교정한 후 5% 이내의 정확도를 가지는 것만 사용하였다. 그 결과 Philips GEMINI PET/CT에서의 $^{137}Cs$ 선원을 이용한 투과 스캔의 유효선량은 $0.14{\pm}0.950mSv$, 고화질 CT투과 스캔에서의 유효선량은 $29.49{\pm}1.508mSv$, 토포그램에서의 유효선량은 $0.72{\pm}0.032mSv$로 나타났다. 또한 GE DSTe PET/CT에서 감쇄보정용 CT투과 스캔의 유효선량은 $20.06{\pm}1.003mSv$, 진단용 전신 CT스캔의 유효선량은 $24.83{\pm}0.805mSv$, 토포그램의 유효선량은 $0.27{\pm}0.008mSv$로 나타났다. 임상 환경에서의 PET/CT 영상을 획득했을 시 종합 피폭은 PET영상을 획득했을 때의 유효선량을 더함으로써 평가할 수 있었다. 그 결과 Philips GEMINI PET/CT (Topogram+$^{137}Cs$ transmission scan + PET, Topogram +high Quality CT+ PET)와 GE DSTe PET/CT (Topogram+CT attenuation map+PET, Topogram+CT for diagnosis+PET)에서 환자가 받는 총 유효선량들은 각각($7.65{\pm}0.951mSv$와 $37.00{\pm}1.508mSv$), ($27.12{\pm}1.003mSv,\;31.89{\pm}0.805mSv$)로 나타났다. PET/CT 영상 획득 시에 가능한 한 피폭은 적게 하면서도 진단이 가능한 화질을 유지할 수 있는 최적의 프로토콜 마련이 시급한 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation dose for clinical PET/CT protocols in clinical environments using Alderson phantom and TLDs. Radiation doses were evaluated for both Philips GEMINI 16 slice PET/CT system and GE DSTe 16 slice PET/CT system. Specific organ doses with $^{137}Cs$ transmission scan, high quality CT scan and topogram in philips GEMINI PET/CT system were measured. Specific organ doses with CT scan for attenuation map, CT scan for diagnosis and topogram in GE DSTe PET/CT system were also measured. The organs were selected based on ICRP60 recommendation. The TLDs used for measurements were selected for within an accuracy of ${\pm}5%$ and calibrated in 10 MV X-ray radiation field. The effective doses for $^{137}Cs$ transmission scan, high qualify scan, and topogram in Philips GEMINI PET/CT system were $0.14{\pm}0.950,\;29.49{\pm}1.508\;and\;0.72{\pm}0.032mSv$ respectively. The effective doses for CT scan to make attenuation map, CT scan to diagnose and topogram in GE DSTe PET/CT system were $20.06{\pm}1.003,\;24.83{\pm}0.805\;and\;0.27{\pm}0.008mSv$ respectively. We evaluated the total effective dose by adding effective dose for PET Image. The total PET/CT doses for Philips GEMINI PET/CT (Topogram+$^{137}Cs$ transmission scan+PET, Topogram+high qualify CT+PET) and GE DSTe PET/CT (Topogram +CT for attenuation map+ PET, Topogram+diagnostic CT+ PET) are $7.65{\pm}0.951,\;37.00{\pm}1.508,\;27.12{\pm}1.003\;and\;31.89{\pm}0.805mSv$ respectively. Further study may be needed to be peformed to find optimal PET/CT acquisition protocols for reducing the patient exposure with good image qualify.

17세기 德化窯 立像 送子觀音像의 聖母 도상 수용과 양상

남소라 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.60

The Dehua Songzhi Guanyin (送子觀音像) is a type of statue where Guanyin Bodhisattva holds a child, made of 17th-century ivory-colored ceramic from Dehua County(德化窯), Fujian Province(福建省), China. The typical white ceramic Dehua Songzhi Guanyin appeared similar to the Madonna and Child icon to the Europeans’ eyes. This thesis particularly focuses on the standing Dehua Songzhi Guanyin statues as they seem prominently influenced by the Marian Icon and scrutinizes in detail how the Icon was introduced. The Marian Icon which influenced the Dehua Songzhi Guanyin appears to have been introduced through a synergy of the ivory Christian statues made by Chinese artisans migrating to the Philippines and the migration of Marian Icons from Spain and Flandre. The Chinese artisans in the Philippines penetrated the niche market formed across the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade route, which connected the Philippines and Mexico, and to Europe, with their ivory Christian statues. These artisans harnessed their network within their home city, Zhangzhou, to influence the spread of Marian devotions, Marian icons, and Marian statues into the Fujian region. This can be deduced from the fact that Fujian, where folk religion had noticeably been dominant, was home to the manufacture of ivory Dehua Songzhi Guanyin, a combination of Virgin Mary and Guanyin Bodhisattva, which seems to have been influenced by ivory Christian statues. Mid-17th century, however, saw the end of the golden age of ivory craft and a dramatic increase in the pottery export, which was relatively cheaper. This trend caused the export hub to shift to Dehua. The techniques for manufacturing ivory Christian statues would also have transferred to Dehua, with the migration of artisans from Zhangzhou migrating within the Fujian region and the spread of ivory Christian statues. The similarities in the manufacture methods for the ivory and Dehua ceramic, in the color, and in the model have been presented as the basis for such speculation. This thesis aims to study more specific routes of ivory Christian statues and the transfer of manufacturing techniques to study the introduction of Marian Icons prominent in the Dehua Songzhi Guanyin.

조선후기 찬합의 제작과 사용양상

남소라(Nam, Sora) 한국미술사학회 2021 美術史學硏究 Vol.310 No.310

난소의 악성 생식세포 종양 : 42예의 임상 병리학적 고찰 A Clinical and Pathological Study of 42 Cases

남주현,김용만,김소라,김종혁,목정은,나준희,전대준,김영탁 대한부인종양 콜포스코피학회 1998 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.9 No.3

From July, 1989 to June, 1998 forty-two patients with malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary treated in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, were identified. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, signs, stage, tumor grade, mode of therapy and results of follow-up of those patients were reviewed retrospectively. The patients with malignant germ cell tumor constituted 11.1% of all ovarian malignancies and 5.6% of all ovarian germ cell tumors ecountered during this period. The most common histologic subtype was dysgerminoma (26.2%) followed by endodermal sinus tumor (23.8%) and immature teratoma (19.0%). The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 64 years (mean ±S.D.; 26.0 ±12.9) and the mean parity was 0.8 (±1.6). The most frequent initial symptoms were adbominal pain (33.3%) or abdominal distension (31.0%). Most had stage Ⅰ(25 cases, 59.9%) or Ⅱ(6 cases, 14.3%) diseases. Elevated level of serum α-FP was observed in all cases of endodermal sinus tumor and nal cell carcinoma, CA 125 was elevated in 63.9% of all malignant germ cell tumors. Thirty-one patients (73.8%) were treated by surgery and chemotherapy and 10 patients (23.8%) by surgery only. The major chemotherapeutic regimens were BEP (bleomycin +etoposide +cisplatin) and VAC (vincristine +actinomycin-D +cytoxan). The mean follow-up duration was 24.6 (±23.5) months and 2-year survival rate was 88.6% (±0.6).

“Co-Housing” 개념을 접목한 청년 1인 주거공간 계획 기초연구

김소라(Kim, So-Ra),남해경(Nam, Hae-Kyeong) 한국주거학회 2019 한국주거학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.31 No.2

Due to lowbirth, aging and marriage age rise, family type has changed four that are composed to parents and two children to one person household since then 1990s. Also in 2025, single household will be represented a type of family. Then the housing problem of youth without jobs is on the rise and a need of housing policy for them is being discussed constantly. The single household is devided in independence residence and co-living. The first one secures privacy but it can lose community between people. In contrast, the other one has community spirit and sometimes invades privacy. So on this study, it analyzes a precedent research on the actual condition of single-person household of yout and resident satisfaction. First, the majority of young people pursue personal privacy, but also have shown a desire for a community. This is vulnerable to crime and can adversely affect mental health, such as stress and panic disorder, so excessive personal life requires caution. Second, the demand of one person household increase for financial causes. A lot of young people live as a student, recruit or job applicants have no money to spare then they find a house with reasonable price. Third, a lifestyle should be developed with co-housing concept. The co-housing is living in concordance with their neighbors. In 1970s, it is started in Denmark and used characteristically as the basic concept of co-living around Korea, Netherlands, Sweden, U.S.A, Japan. Hence, the three results can give satisfaction to the young single household while complementing existing one person household space. Now on, when you design a space for single household, this study will be a important key to plan with common and private place. Also, you should understand the residents life style and manage each program well matched with the spaces.