교사교육의 반성과 모색

김화선(Kim Wha Sun) 한국기독교교육학회 2005 기독교교육논총 Vol.11 No.-

일반적으로 교육을 위하여 언급되는 세 가지 요소는 ‘교사’와 학생‘과 ’교육내용‘이 있다. 본문에서도 제시하였지만, 이 중에서 가장 중요한 것은 교사이며, 특히 교육자로서의 전문성을 겸비하고 동시에 하나의 신앙인으로서의 경건성이 갖추어진 훈련된 교사이다. 지금 각 교단의 교회교육은 나름대로의 커리큘럼을 개발하여 과거보다는 교육의 내용이나 방법에서 진전된 모습을 보여주고 있다. 문제는 아무리 좋은 교육과정이 있다고 하여도 이것을 실제로 소화해 내고 가르치고 학생들과 씨름을 하여야 할 사람이 다름아닌 교회학교의 일선교사들이라는 사실과 바로 그런 점에서 교사들을 양육하고 훈련하는 일이 무엇보다도 급한 과제로서 우리에게 다가온다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이런 현실을 고려하여, 교회가 오늘날 안고 있는 여러 가지 문제점을 해결하기 위한 하나의 대안 내지는 제안으로서 교회 교사교육의 문제를 역사적이고 교육목회적인 관점에서 성찰해 보았다. Among well­known sayings is there a word that quality of education cannot exceed quality of teacher. It means that there are so many elements, which affect quality and success and failure of education, but the most important element is the quality and ability of teacher. This kind of viewpoint also can be applied to church education. In other words, teacher determines the quality of church education, and the quality of teacher is dominated by teacher education. Churches in Korea, which see the second century of Christianity introduction into Korea, recognize the importance of teacher education and practice a various teacher education through a various education program like a small­sized education in a small part of a local church, a large­scaled education of a local church, inter­church education programs organized by lay believers?organizations, and teacher education by the education department of General Assembly. When we look back upon bygone days, teacher education in Korea was performed from the very earliest days of the introduction of Protestantism into Korea, although all the situations of teacher education were not so favorable at those days. However, these days church education faces a serious crisis. Although externally the present difficulties of church education can be depicted as the decrease of student church members and stagnation of church growth, internally the problem is explained as the weakening of student and teacher? passion of faith. This article deals with the problem of church teacher education in a historical and education­ministerial point of view as an alternative or a suggestion in order to solve various difficult problems which Korean churches nowadays are facing. First of all, there are four well­known difficult aspects of teacher education, which are respectively education purpose, education content, education method, and education evaluation. First, we can pinpoint the indistinctness and absence of teacher education? purpose, because concrete purpose of teacher education is very important for education program planners, education program operator, and learners, etc. Secondly, relevant to education content, there exists no distinct difference between a primary grade, an intermediate grade, and an advanced grade. Today there are no such concrete and specific characters in the process and content of teacher education, but only very general and uniform characters. Also the content of education only leans toward the development of specialty of teachers without considering all other elements. Thirdly, teacher education which has been performed in a local church so far in relation to education method was an unilateral education curriculum which excludes fairly the opinions and demands of teachers as substantial beneficiaries of teacher education in the whole course of education. They were demanded to play important roles as deliverers or messengers, who deliver the facts that they learned in all education processes. Finally, in relation to education evaluation, teacher education programs are often executed once or several times per every year in order to adjust supply and demand of the number of teachers. So it is necessary to examine programs continuously, and in this aspect evaluation is indispensable, but there is no longer sincere reflections about it. On the basis of such previous discussions, I would like to introduce some new constructive suggestions for a substantial development of teacher education. Firstly, church teacher education program should have a clear purpose and object in order to train Christian believers to be sincere faithful teachers who have both professionalism and piety as church educators. Secondly, church teacher should be an expert as well as a faithful believer. So education should be performed in order a believer to have both characters, and further especially the concrete subject matter of education to nurture piety should be necessarily included.

임상적 증상이 없는 갑상선 결절에 대한 초음파영상 소견

김화선(Wha Sun Kim) 대한방사선과학회(구 대한방사선기술학회) 2005 방사선기술과학 Vol.28 No.3

본 연구에서는 건강검진센터에서 임상적 증상 없이 갑상선 초음파를 시행 한 30대-70대 838명을 대상으로 갑상선 결절(thyroid nodule) 유무와 연령 및 성별에 의한 결절의 수, 결절의 크기, 결절의 발생 부위 등을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 연구 대상자 838명의 일반적 특성은 남자가 368명(44%), 여자가 470명(56%)이었으며 평균 연령은 51세 이었다. 2. 전체 대상자 838명 중 정상으로 진단된 경우는 590명(70%), 결절이 있는 유소견자는 248명(30%)으로 평균 30%의 갑상선 결절 유소견을 보였다. 3. 갑상선 결절의 연령대별 빈도는 30~40대 남자 10%~14%, 여자 20~29%, 50~60대 남자 27~33%, 여자 37~52%, 70대 남자 46%, 여자 50%로 나타났다. 4. 갑상선 결절 유소견자 248명을 단일성 결절(solitary nodule)과 다발성 결절(multiple nodule)로 구분한 결과 단일성은 125명으로 50.5%, 다발성은 49.5%를 보여 거의 같은 비율로 나타나고 있다. 5. 갑상선 결절의 크기는 모든 연령층에서 대부분 작은 크기의 결절을 가지고 있었으며 1~10㎜의 크기가 유소견자 248명 중 187명(75%)으로 가장 많았고 11~20㎜는 45명(18%), 21~30㎜는 14명(5.6%), 31㎜이상은 2명이었다. 6. 결절의 해부학적 발생부위는 우엽 93명(38%), 좌엽 67명(27%), 양엽 75명(30%), 협부 13명(5.3%)으로 나타나 우엽에 가장 많은 빈도를 보이고 있으며 협부에는 적게 발견되었다. This study obtained the following conclusions by analyzing whether or not thyroid nodule, the number of nodules depending on age and gender, and the developed site of nodule, targeting 838 persons in their 30s-70s who were conducted the thyroid ultrasonography, without clinical symptoms, at the Health Promotion Center. 1. As for the general characteristics of 838 research subjects, men were 368 persons(44%), and women were 470 persons (56%), and the mean age was 51. 2. Among 838 whole subjects, a case, which was diagnosed to be normal, was 590 persons(70%), and persons with nodules findings were 248 persons (30%), thus it was indicated 30% on an average in having the thyroid nodules findings. 3. As for the frequency by age level in thyroid nodule, it was represented men with 10%-14% and women with 20~29% in their 30~40s, and men with 27~33% and women with 37-52% in their 50-60s, and men with 46% and women with 50% in their 70s. 4. As a result of obtaining 248 persons, who have thyroid nodules findings, with the solitary nodule and the multiple nodule, it was indicated the solitary nodule of 50.5% with 125 persons and the multiple nodule of 49.5%, thereby representing the almost same ratio. 5. As for the size of thyroid nodule, the majority in all the age levels had the nodule in small size, and the size of 1~10㎜ was largest with 187 persons (75%) among 248 persons with abnormal findings, and it was 45 persons (18%) in 11~20㎜, 14 persons (5.6%) in 21~30㎜, and 2 persons in more than 31㎜. 6. As for the anatomically developed site in nodule, it was indicated the right lobe with 93 persons (38%), the left lobe with 67 persons (27%), both lobes with 75 persons (30%), and isthmus with 13 persons (5.3%), thereby representing the largest frequency in the right lobe, and it was discovered less in isthmus.

한국산 마전분의 이화학적 특성

김화선(Wha-Sun Kim),김상순(Sang-Soon Kim),박용곤(Yong-Kon Park),석호문(Ho-Moon Seog) 한국식품과학회 1991 한국식품과학회지 Vol.23 No.5

교회 교사양성 프로그램 평가준거 개발연구

김화선(Wha Sun Kim) 한국기독교교육학회 2006 기독교교육논총 Vol.12 No.-

교회학교 교사의 자질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법은 무엇인가? 교사교육의 평가를 통한 질적인 관리 노력이 그 하나의 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 교회 현장에서의 교사교육에 대한 체계적인 평가는 미미한 상태이며, 객관적이고 합리적인 수준에서의 평가준거도 설정되어 있지 않은 것이 현실이다. 이것은 교회교육만의 현상은 아니며 일반 학교의 교사교육에도 마찬가지로 적용된다. 일반 학교교육 현장에서도 교사교육 프로그램에 대한 실제적인 평가뿐만 아니라 그것에 대한 연구가 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 즉, “프로그램의 계획과 실행”에 관해서는 많은 관심이 주어졌지만 “프로그램의 평가”에 대해서는 관심이 집중되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 교회학교 교사를 양성하는 프로그램을 평가하기 위한 평가준거를 개발하고, 이것을 전문가 집단 및 평가 핵심관련자 집단을 통하여 그 타당성을 검증함으로써 타당한 평가준거 체제를 개발하는 것이다. The purpose of this study was to develop the evaluation criteria set in order to evaluate properly the education programs of beginning teachers of church school and thereupon to develop the evaluation criteria set through validation process. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, following problems were constructed:First, to research the evaluative basis of the education programs for beginning teachers of church school. Second, to research the development logic of the evaluation criteria set in the education programs for beginning teachers of church school. Third, to inquire into the development and validation process of the evaluation criteria set. By using qualitative study methodology, 4 domains and 41 evaluation criteria were conceptualized as purpose, content, method and evaluation of education, among which content and method were specialized into 5 sub­domains. In order to validate the developed evaluation criteria, the self­administered questionnaires were filled out by 830 sampled persons, but returned from 684 respondents. Among them only 639 questionnaires were used. The following conclusions are derived:1. The evaluation criteria which were set up by making much of the basic logic of program evaluation can be called a reliable and proper tool verified by various groups concerned. Hence, the evaluation criteria established in this study can be used as a proper tool in order to evaluate the education programs for beginning teachers of church school. 2. The evaluation criteria also can function as general criteria when church tries to evaluate the education programs for beginning teachers of church school. 3. The evaluation criteria can give a concrete help to any church leader who wants to develop more qualitatively improved education programs for beginning teachers of church school than any previous, existing programs.

Tukey-Kramer 방법을 이용한 4개 평균에 관한 정확한 동시 신뢰구간의 통계적 계산 방법

김병천(Byung Chun Kim),김화선(Wha Sun Kim),조신섭(Sin Sup Cho) 한국통계학회 1989 응용통계연구 Vol.2 No.1

서로 같은 분산을 가지며 정규분포를 따르는 4개의 처리평균의 대응비교에 관한 연구로서, 삼중 t-분포를 이용하여 동시포함 범위 확률값이 정확히 1-α를 갖는 통계적 계산방법과 기법을 고찰하였다. 이 기법을 이용하여 처리사이의 표본 갯수를 변화시켜 대응되는 정확한 신뢰구간을 구하며 기존의 신뢰구간의 길이 비교, 실험적 오차 비, 효율성을 조사하였다. The problem of simultaneously estimating the pairwise differences of means of four independent normal populations with equal variances is considered. A statistical computing procedure involving a trivariate t density constructs the exact confidence intervals with simultaneous co verage probability equal to l-α. For equal sample sizes, the new procedure is the same as the Tukey studentized range procedure. With unequal sample sizes, in the sense of efficiency for confidence interval lengths and experimentwise error rates, the procedure is superior to the various generalized Tukey procedures.

논문편 - 식생활 분야 : 한국산 채종유의 (菜種油) 화학적 특성에 관한 연구

김상순,김화선 ( Sang Soon Kim,Wha Sun Kim ) 대한가정학회 1983 Family and Environment Research Vol.21 No.3

열공성 뇌경색 환자-대조군에서 신경행동검사의 수행 평가

김함겸,박수경,이건세,김형수,김화선,장성훈,Kim, Ham-Gyum,Park, Sue-Kyung,Lee, Kun-Sei,Kim, Hyeoug-Su,Kim, Wha-Sun,Chang, Soung-Hoon 대한예방의학회 2003 예방의학회지 Vol.36 No.3

전체 뇌졸중의 $15{\sim}20%$를 차지하고 있는 열공성 뇌경색(lacunar infarction)은 최근 뇌경색형 뇌졸중의 증가와 더불어 그 중요성이 점차 증가하고 있는데, 1년 이내 뇌경색이 재발되거나 노인, 고혈압 및 초기 신경학적 이상과 같은 감수성 인자가 있는 경우 뇌경색 재발과 혈관성 치매 발생 위험이 있어 삼차예방적 측면에서의 적절한 처치가 필요한 질병이다. 그렇지만 열공성 뇌경색은 증상이 없거나 경미한 경우가 상당히 많아 환자 자신이 치료의 중요성을 느끼지 못할 뿐 아니라 의사들도 환자의 경미한 신경학적 이상을 인지하지 못하여 처치의 당위성에 대해 설득력있는 근거를 제시할 수 없어 적절한 처치가 미비한 상황이다. 본 연구는 신경학적 자각 증상은 없지만 MRI상 열공성 뇌경색으로만 진단된 환자군이 MRI상 이상소견이 관찰되지 않는 대조군에 비하여 신경행동 검사상 차이가 관찰될 것이라는 가설을 구명하고자 하였다. 따라서 뇌졸중의 증상 및 증후 없이 두개골 외상 혹은 두통, 경부강직 등과 같은 신경학적 이상으로 MRI를 촬영한 대상자 중에서 다른 이상 없이 열공성 뇌경색으로만 진단될 환자군과 특별한 이상 소견이 없는 것으로 진단된 대조군에서 WHO의 NCTB(neurobehavioral core test battery)검사의 일부와 Perdue pegboard score검사를 시행하였고, 그 결과 대조군에 비해 환자군의 신경행동 이상이 평균 및 가장 빠른 단순반응시간 검사를 제외한 5개 검사에서 관찰되었다. 본 검사의 결과는 자각 증상이 없거나 경미한 증상을 호소하는 열공성 뇌경색 환자들의 차후 필요한 검사의 선별과 삼차 예방적 측면에서 처치의 근거로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 자각 증상이 없거나 경미한 증상이 있지만 진찰상 신경학적 이상 증후를 거의 찾을 수 없는 대상자에서 MRI검사 필요성의 근거를 확인하고자 하는 대상자에게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Objectives : We carried out tests for neurobehavior by using WHO-NCTB (neurobehavioral core test battery) and Perdue pegboard score test to identify differences between lacunar infarction cases and controls. Methods : Among the subjects who underwent MRI between February 2001 and March 2002 in a university hospital located in Seoul and who were diagnosed only as lacunar infarction without any intracranial disease, 46 patients were selected as cases (male: 21, female: 25). Controls were selected who had no cerebrovascular disease on MRI by matching age (5 years), gender, and education (2 years) in a ratio of 1:1 , Among WHO-NCTB, the following 5 tests and Perdue pegboard score test were used to categorize the study subjects: digit and symbol matching, simple reaction time, Benton visual retention, digit span, and Pursuit aiming test, Results : Among the above 6 tests of neurobehavior, lacunar infarction cases showed lower score than controls except for the simple reaction time test. As the controlling variables of multivariate analysis in the stepwise regression analysis, the followings were selected due to their significant association: age, education, BMI, gender, drinking, exercise, add systolic blood pressure. From multivariate regression analysis, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between lacunar infarction cases and controls in digit and symbol matching, Benton visual retention, digit span, pursuit aiming, and Perdue pegboard score test, but not in the score of simple reaction time test. Conclusions : We suggest that the above 5 tests for neurobehavior, with the exception of the simple reaction time test, might be used as the basis for recommendation of further treatment and other neurological tests by the earlier defection for neurological abnormality in lacunar infarction.

한국산 단마(Dioscorea aimadoimo)의 물리화학적 특성 및 제빵 시험

김화선,박용곤 한국식품영양학회 1992 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

In an attempt of develop composite flours, D. aimadoimo of yams in Korea was investigated with respect to its physicochemical properties and sensory analysis with baking bread. The results are summerized as follows ; 1. Yam had 73.21% of water, 21.65% of carbohydrate, 3.3% of crude protein, 0.25% of fat, 1.60% ash and 20.3% of starch. 2. Sucrose was 78% of the total free sugars in yam flour. It was contained which 67% of total free amino acids were serine, arginine & alanine and 23.6% of total amino acids was glutamic acid. 3. As the yam flour level in amylogram patterns (8% dry basis) was increased, the initial pasting temperature was increased and the viscosity decreased. 4. Replacement of yam flour with 10% wheat flour was the best in sensory evaluation of the products.

한국산 긴마 ( Dioscorea batatas ) 의 물리화학적 특성 및 Doughnut 에 대한 관능 검사

김화선 한국조리과학회 1993 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.9 No.2

In an attempt of develop composite flours, Korea yam (Dioscorea batatas) was investigated in terms of the physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation with doughnut. Yam had 76.10% of water, 18.63% of carbohydrate, 4.03% of crude protein, 0.27% of fat, 1.02% of ash and 17.20% of starch. Compositions of the free sugar in yam flour were glucose, fructose and sucrose, which of amounts was about 30% respectively. The major free amino acids of yam were Serine, Arginine & Alanine, which consisted of 70.3% of the total free amino acids. Most amino acids of yam were Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid & Arginine which consisted of 47% of total amino acids. As the amount of yam flour in doughnut was increased the oil absorption rate was lower. In the sensory evaluation, control and 10% flour group did not show any significant difference in all category of sensory characteristics.