유전자치료 효율향상을 위한 세포특이적 Vector의 개발

김계영,남명진,유천권,진동훈,백묘아,박만석,심수경,이혜경,이병철,박미연 국립보건연구원 2000 국립보건원보 Vol.37 No.-

복합 문서의 의미적 분해를 통한 다중 벡터 문서 임베딩 방법론

박종인,김남규 한국지능정보시스템학회 2019 지능정보연구 Vol.25 No.3

According to the rapidly increasing demand for text data analysis, research and investment in text mining are being actively conducted not only in academia but also in various industries. Text mining is generally conducted in two steps. In the first step, the text of the collected document is tokenized and structured to convert the original document into a computer-readable form. In the second step, tasks such as document classification, clustering, and topic modeling are conducted according to the purpose of analysis. Until recently, text mining-related studies have been focused on the application of the second steps, such as document classification, clustering, and topic modeling. However, with the discovery that the text structuring process substantially influences the quality of the analysis results, various embedding methods have actively been studied to improve the quality of analysis results by preserving the meaning of words and documents in the process of representing text data as vectors. Unlike structured data, which can be directly applied to a variety of operations and traditional analysis techniques, Unstructured text should be preceded by a structuring task that transforms the original document into a form that the computer can understand before analysis. It is called "Embedding" that arbitrary objects are mapped to a specific dimension space while maintaining algebraic properties for structuring the text data. Recently, attempts have been made to embed not only words but also sentences, paragraphs, and entire documents in various aspects. Particularly, with the demand for analysis of document embedding increases rapidly, many algorithms have been developed to support it. Among them, doc2Vec which extends word2Vec and embeds each document into one vector is most widely used. However, the traditional document embedding method represented by doc2Vec generates a vector for each document using the whole corpus included in the document. This causes a limit that the document vector is affected by not only core words but also miscellaneous words. Additionally, the traditional document embedding schemes usually map each document into a single corresponding vector. Therefore, it is difficult to represent a complex document with multiple subjects into a single vector accurately using the traditional approach. In this paper, we propose a new multi-vector document embedding method to overcome these limitations of the traditional document embedding methods. This study targets documents that explicitly separate body content and keywords. In the case of a document without keywords, this method can be applied after extract keywords through various analysis methods. However, since this is not the core subject of the proposed method, we introduce the process of applying the proposed method to documents that predefine keywords in the text. The proposed method consists of (1) Parsing, (2) Word Embedding, (3) Keyword Vector Extraction, (4) Keyword Clustering, and (5) Multiple-Vector Generation. The specific process is as follows. all text in a document is tokenized and each token is represented as a vector having N-dimensional real value through word embedding. After that, to overcome the limitations of the traditional document embedding method that is affected by not only the core word but also the miscellaneous words, vectors corresponding to the keywords of each document are extracted and make up sets of keyword vector for each document. Next, clustering is conducted on a set of keywords for each document to identify multiple subjects included in the document. Finally, a Multi-vector is generated from vectors of keywords constituting each cluster. The experiments for 3.147 academic papers revealed that the single vector-based traditional approach cannot properly map complex documents because of interference among subjects in each vector. With the proposed multi-vector based method, we ascertained that complex documents ... 텍스트 데이터에 대한 다양한 분석을 위해 최근 비정형 텍스트 데이터를 구조화하는 방안에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. doc2Vec으로 대표되는 기존 문서 임베딩 방법은 문서가 포함한 모든 단어를 사용하여벡터를 만들기 때문에, 문서 벡터가 핵심 단어뿐 아니라 주변 단어의 영향도 함께 받는다는 한계가 있다. 또한기존 문서 임베딩 방법은 하나의 문서가 하나의 벡터로 표현되기 때문에, 다양한 주제를 복합적으로 갖는 복합문서를 정확하게 사상하기 어렵다는 한계를 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 문서 임베딩이 갖는 이러한 두 가지한계를 극복하기 위해 다중 벡터 문서 임베딩 방법론을 새롭게 제안한다. 구체적으로 제안 방법론은 전체 단어가 아닌 핵심 단어만 이용하여 문서를 벡터화하고, 문서가 포함하는 다양한 주제를 분해하여 하나의 문서를 여러 벡터의 집합으로 표현한다. KISS에서 수집한 총 3,147개의 논문에 대한 실험을 통해 복합 문서를 단일 벡터로 표현하는 경우의 벡터 왜곡 현상을 확인하였으며, 복합 문서를 의미적으로 분해하여 다중 벡터로 나타내는제안 방법론에 의해 이러한 왜곡 현상을 보정하고 각 문서를 더욱 정확하게 임베딩할 수 있음을 확인하였다

Development of New Vector Systems as Genetic Tools Applicable to Mycobacteria

Ji-A Jeong(정지아),Ha-Na Lee(이하나),In-Jeong Ko(고인정),Jeong-Il Oh(오정일) 한국생명과학회 2013 생명과학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Mycobacterium 속은 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis와 같은 동물과 인체에 병원성을 나타내는 세균 종을 다수 포함하고 있다. 이들의 숙주에서의 생존과 병원성에 관한 유전학적 정보를 확보하는 것은 매우 중요하지만, 효과적인 유전학적 도구가 부족하였기 때문에 이들에 관한 연구가 미비하였다. 따라서 mycobacteria의 연구를 위한 분자생물학적 실험 도구로서 다양한 기능성 vector들이 고안되었고, 이러한 기능성 vector의 개발은 실질적으로 mycobacteria에서의 연구 효과를 증진시켰다. 본 연구에서는 Mycobacterium smegmatis에 적용 가능하고 기존에 제시되었던 mycobacteria 연구에 있어서의 한계점을 극복하기 위한 노력의 일환으로, 기능성 vector인 temperature-sensitive replication origin (TSRO)과 counterselectable marker로 levansucrase를 암호화하는 sacB 유전자를 포함하는 suicide vector pKOTs, chromosomal DNA로 site-specific recombination을 통해 삽입되는 lacZ transcriptional fusion vector pMV306lacZ, 그리고 TSRO를 가지는 minitransposon vector pTnMod-OKmTs를 개발하였다. 이 vector들은 실질적으로 M. smegmatis에서 효과적으로 작동하는 것이 확인되었으며 목적으로 하는 실험 결과 도출 가능성 또한 보여주었다. 따라서 이들 vector는 앞으로의 mycobacteria에 대한 효과적인 연구 기반이 될 것으로 기대된다. The genus Mycobacterium includes crucial animal and human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and Mycobacterium bovis. Although it is important to understand the genetic basis for their virulence and persistence in host, genetic analysis in mycobacteria was hampered by a lack of sufficient genetic tools. Therefore, many functional vectors as molecular genetic tools have been designed for understanding mycobacterial biology, and the application of these tools to mycobacteria has accelerated the study of mechanisms involved in virulence and gene expression. To overcome the pre-existing problems in genetic manipulation of mycobacteria, this paper reports new vector systems as effective genetic tools in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Three vectors were developed; pKOTs is a suicide vector for mutagenesis containing a temperature-sensitive replication origin (TSRO) and the sacB gene encoding levansucrase as a counterselectable marker. pMV306lacZ is an integrative lacZ transcriptional fusion vector that can be inserted into chromosomal DNA by site-specific recombination. pTnMod-OKmTs is a minitransposon vector harboring the TSRO that can be used in random mutagenesis. It was demonstrated in this study that these vectors effectively worked in M. smegmatis. The vector systems reported here are expected to successfully applicable to future research of mycobacterial molecular genetics.

키네틱타이포그라피의 역동적 무브먼트 구현에 관한 연구

김성혜 한국일러스아트학회 2009 조형미디어학 Vol.12 No.3

In this paper, I researched techniques of camera works and non-linear altering velocity for emphasizing visual impact with creating dynamic frame mobility based on theory of motion vector while maintaining its own function of delivering information in moving typography. Vector can be defined as a kind of strong power working in the screen, having visual attentionability and directionability. Visual attentionability and hierachy is determined and constructed by a kind and degree of vectors. Accordingly vector is "a screen energy with direction and magnitude" and has three kinds; graphic, index, motion. The magnitude of vector is determined by index, graphic mass, and perceptive velocity. Each vector has a different magnitude of energy; motion vector has more energy size than index vector which has more that than of graphic's. In this research, I studied the techniques of camera works and non-linear altering velocity for maximizing dynamic mobility based on the theory of motion vector which has the highest degree of energy in vectors. And before I begin to search for the spatial mobility, I had to re-clarify the definition of space. Three- dimentional space is divided by opened/negative space and closed/positive space and these two space inevitably create continuous change of volume/mass/closed space and flows of energy. Ultimately spatial dynamism which is perceived by human being can be the combination of visible positive volume and invisible negative volume inevitably created posi's at the same time. And I researched and proposed four techniques for maximizing dynamic mobility in screen: first the velocity must have a rythmic flows(mixed with linear & non-linear sequential speed: beginning, preceding, climax, and ending), secondly camera movement must be mixed shotting by the axis of body and body itself, thirdly controling camera moving based on the degree of visual attentionability in axis X,Y,Z and basically mixing multi-direction, and lastly must completed by multi-complex editing after setting and shotting with multi-camera. 본 논문에서는 무빙타이포 그라피가 그 고유의 기능인 정보 전달력을 최대한 유지함과 동시에 시각적 움직임의 역동성 구현을 위해 동작벡터이론을 근거로한 카메라워크와 비선형적 속도전환법을 연구하였다. 벡터란 일종의 화면 내에서 작용하는 강한 힘, 시선을 이동시키는 지향성을 가진 힘을 말한다. 시각적 임팩트 즉 주의도는 이 벡터의 종류와 값에 의해 그 구조적 위계가 결정된다. 그러므로 벡터는 ‘일정한 방향과 크기를 가진 힘, 에너지 값’이며 그래픽벡터(graphic vector), 지시벡터(index vector), 동작벡터(motion vector)가 있다. 벡터의 크기는 화면상의 방향, 그래픽 질량, 지각된 속도등에 의해 결정되며 각 벡터마다의 크기가 각각 다를 수 있지만, 기본적으로 동작벡터는 지시벡터보다 그 에너지값이 크고 지시벡터는 그래픽벡터보다 더 크다. 본문에서는 역동성을 최대화하기 위하여 벡터값이 가장 높은 동작벡터를 카메라의 움직임과 속도조절을 통해 살펴보았다. 그리고 공간의 역동성에 관한 연구에 앞서 공간 개념에 관하여 재정의 하였다. 입체 공간개념은 열려진 공간과 닫혀진 공간으로 구분되며 두공간은 필연적으로 양공간의 연속적 형태 변화와 에너지흐름을 함께 생성 시킨다. 결국, 사람이 인지하는 공간의 역동성이란 보여지는 파지티브 볼륨과 보여지지는 않지만 파지티브볼륨이 필연적으로 생성시키는 네거티브볼륨과 함께 만들어지는 조합에 의한 것이다. 그리고 카메라워크, 속도와 관련한 네가지의 기술들을 연구, 제안하였다. 첫째, 시간적(속도) 흐름에서 선형 및 비선형적 흐름을 섞되 전조, 상기, 엔딩의 리듬감을 가지며 극적인 흐름을 반드시 가질 것. 둘째, 카메라 이동시 화각이 입체적인 바디 이동에 의한 무빙을 하되 축 이동을 함께 섞을 것. 세 번째, x,y,z의 이동방향은 우향, 하향, 전출 방향이 시각적 주의도가 높으므로 이 사실을 염두하여 조절할 것이나 단방향 이동보다는 혼합공간 동시이동 하는 것이 공간적 입체성을 극대화 시킬 수 있다는 점. 마지막으로, 카메라 셋팅은 싱글 셋팅에 의한 평면적 촬영이아니라 멀티 셋팅에 의한 복합편집으로 최종화면이 완성되어야 한다는 점이다

Signaling Method of Multiple Motion Vector Resolutions Using Contradiction Testing

Kwanghyun Won(원광현),Younghyeon Park(박영현),Byeungwoo Jeon(전병우) 대한전자공학회 2015 전자공학회논문지 Vol.52 No.7

Signaling Method of Multiple Motion Vector Resolutions Using Contradiction Testing

원광현,박영현,전병우 대한전자공학회 2015 전자공학회논문지 Vol.52 No.7

Although most current video coding standards set a fixed motion vector resolution like quarter-pel accuracy, a scheme supporting multiple motion vector resolutions can improve the coding efficiency of video since it can allow to use just required motion vector accuracy depending on the video content and at the same time to generate more accurate motion predictor. However, the selected motion vector resolution for each motion vector is a signaling overhead. This paper proposes a contradiction testing-based signaling scheme of the motion vector resolution. The proposed method selects a best resolution for each motion vector among multiple candidates in such a way to produce the minimum amount of coded bits for the motion vector. The signaling overhead is reduced by contradiction testing that operates under a predefined criterion at both encoder and decoder with a purpose of pruning irrelevant candidate motion vector resolutions from signaling responsibility. Experimental results verified that the proposed scheme is effective in reducing coded motion information by achieving its Bjøntegaard delta bit rate (BDBR) gain of about 4.01% on average (and up to 15.17%) compared to the conventional scheme with a fixed motion vector resolution.

NPC와 H-Bridge 컨버터의 부스트 벡터와 커패시터 전압의 해석

김정균,김태진,강대욱,현동석 전력전자학회 2003 전력전자학회 논문지 Vol.8 No.3

Multi-level converter that is high-capacity electric power conversion system is used widely to electric motor drive system and FATCs(Flexible AC Transmission Systems). H-Bridge converter has been prevalently applied to shunt-type system because it can be easily expanded to the multi-level. In steady states, converter is normally operated in the range of 0.7∼0.8 of modulation index. Even though zero vectors are not imposed to high modulation index, DC-Link voltage is constant. It means that converter has another boost vector except for zero vectors among several vectors in 3-level converter. This paper has examined the principle of boost vector and investigated the difference between another boost vector and zero vectors in 3-level converter.In addition, this paper has analysed and compared the charging currents and the capacitor voltages of two topologies. The currents and voltages are related to reference voltage. Therefore, it proposed the calculation method for the voltage ripple and the charging current of each capacitor and compared various DC-Link voltage control methods through the simulation. 대용량 전력변환기기인 멀티-레벨 컨버터는 전동기구동시스템 및 유연송전시스템 등에 널리 사용되고 있다. 이중 H-Bridge 컨버터는 캐스캐이드 형태를 사용하여 멀티-레벨로의 확장이 용이한 장점으로 인해 shunt형 기기로 점차 응용이 확대되고 있다. 정상 상태에서 대략 0.7∼0.8의 변조지수 범위에서 작동한다. 고변조지수에서는 부스트 벡터인 zero vector가 인가되지 않아도 DC-link 전압은 일정하게 유지된다. 이것은 3-레벨 컨버터의 여러 벡터 중 zero vector이외에도 또 다른 boost vector가 존재한다는 것을 의미한다. 본 논문은 boost vector의 원리를 살펴보고 3-레벨 컨버터에서 zero vector와 또 다른 boost vector와의 차이점을 고찰하였다. 또한 본 논문은 두 토폴로지의 충전 전류와 커패시터 전압을 해석하고 비교한다. 이 전압과 전류는 스위칭 상태와 기준전압과 관련되어 있고 이것을 이용하여 각 커패시터의 충전전류와 전압리플에 대한 계산 방법을 제안하였고 다양한 DC-Link 전압제어 방법을 시뮬레이션을 통해 비교하였다.

Construction of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) genome-based DNA replicon vectors for the delivery of foreign antigens

양정인,김기홍 한국어병학회 2024 한국어병학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The advantages of replicon vectors of RNA viruses include a high ability to stimulate innate im-munity and exponential amplification of target mRNA leading to high expression of foreign antigens. The present study aimed to construct a DNA-layered nervous necrosis virus (NNV) replicon vector system in which the capsid protein gene was replaced with a foreign antigen gene and to compare the efficiency of foreign antigen expression between the conventional DNA vaccine vector and the present replicon vector. We presented the first report of a nodavirus DNA replicon-based foreign antigen expression system. Instead of a two-vector system, we devised a one-vector system containing both an NNV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase cassette and a foreign antigen-expressing cassette. This single-vector approach circumvents the issue of low foreign protein expression associated with the low co-transfection efficiency of a two-vector system. Cells transfected with a vector harboring hammerhead ribozyme-fused RNA1 and RNA2 (with the capsid gene ORF replaced with VHSV glyco-protein ORF) exhibited significantly higher transcription of the VHSV glycoprotein gene compared to cells transfected with either a vector without hammerhead ribozyme or a conventional DNA vaccine vector expressing the VHSV glycoprotein. Furthermore, the transcription level of the VHSV glyco-protein in cells transfected with a vector harboring hammerhead ribozyme-fused RNA1 and RNA2 showed a significant increase over time. These results suggest that NNV genome-based DNA replicon vectors have the potential to induce stronger and longer expression of target antigens compared to conventional DNA vaccine vectors.

Investigation on the Effect of Multi-Vector Document Embedding for Interdisciplinary Knowledge Representation

박종인 ( Jongin Park ),김남규 ( Namgyu Kim ) 한국지식경영학회 2020 지식경영연구 Vol.21 No.1

Text is the most widely used means of exchanging or expressing knowledge and information in the real world. Recently, researches on structuring unstructured text data for text analysis have been actively performed. One of the most representative document embedding method (i.e. doc2Vec) generates a single vector for each document using the whole corpus included in the document. This causes a limitation that the document vector is affected by not only core words but also other miscellaneous words. Additionally, the traditional document embedding algorithms map each document into only one vector. Therefore, it is not easy to represent a complex document with interdisciplinary subjects into a single vector properly by the traditional approach. In this paper, we introduce a multi-vector document embedding method to overcome these limitations of the traditional document embedding methods. After introducing the previous study on multi-vector document embedding, we visually analyze the effects of the multi-vector document embedding method. Firstly, the new method vectorizes the document using only predefined keywords instead of the entire words. Secondly, the new method decomposes various subjects included in the document and generates multiple vectors for each document. The experiments for about three thousands of academic papers revealed that the single vector-based traditional approach cannot properly map complex documents because of interference among subjects in each vector. With the multi-vector based method, we ascertained that the information and knowledge in complex documents can be represented more accurately by eliminating the interference among subjects.

FIV-Tet-On Vector System을 이용한 hG-CSF 유전자의 효율적인 발현 조절

권모선,구본철,김태완 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2007 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.31 No.3

본 연구에서는 hG-CSF의 발현을 유도적으로 조절하기 위한 FIV-Tet-On lentivirus vector system을 구축하고자 하였다. hG-CSF는 호중성구 계열 세포의 증식과 분화, 생존에 영향을 미치는 물질로서, 이 유전자의 발현을 증가시키기 위하여 FIV-Tet-On vector 상의 hG-CSF나 rtTA2SM2 서열의 3' 위치에 WPRE 서열을 도입하였다. 구축된 각각의 vector는 293FT 세포에 일시적으로 transfection하여 virus를 생산하였으며, 이 virus를 일차 배양 세포인 CEF와 PFF에 감염시켰다. 각 세포에 전이된 hG-CSF의 발현 양상을 관찰하기 위하여 doxycycline을 첨가하거나 첨가하지 않은 배지에서 배양한 후 quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot과 ELISA를 이용하여 hG-CSF 유전자의 발현 정도를 비교 측정한 결과, CEF에서는 WPRE가 hG-CSF의 3' 위치에 도입된 경우에 발현량과 유도율이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고, PFF에서는 rtTA 서열의 3'위치에 도입된 경우에 발현량과 유도율이 가장 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 이 FIV-Tet-On vector system은 형질 전환 동물의 생산이나 유전자 치료에서 문제시되는 외래 유전자의 지속적인 과다 발현에 의한 개체의 생리적인 부작용을 최소화하기 위한 해결 방법으로 제시될 수 있을 것이다. In this study, using FIV-based lentivirus vector system, we tried to express hG-CSF in tetracycline-controllable manner. hG-CSF influences the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells in the neutrophil lineage. To enhance stability and translation of hG-CSF transcript, WPRE sequence was also introduced into FIV-Tet-On vector at downstream region of either the hG-CSF gene or the sequence encoding rtTA. Primary culture cells (CEF, chicken embryonic fibroblast; PFF, porcine fetal fibroblast) infected with the recombinant FIV were cultured in the medium supplemented with or without doxycycline for 48 hours, and induction efficiency was measured by comparing the hG-CSF gene expression level using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot and ELISA. Higher hG-CSF expression and tighter expression control were observed from the vector in which the WPRE sequence was placed at downstream of the hG-CSF (in CEF) or rtTA (in PFF) gene. This FIV-Tet-On vector system may be helpful in solving serious physiological disturbance problems which has continuously hampered successful production of transgenic animals and gene therapy.