Development of “Fruit Sensor” ― Monitoring Device for Ambient Environment and Mechanical Load During Transportation Of Fruits ―

( Takashi Fukushima ),( Minorimurai ),( Nobutakanakamura ),( Kuniosato ),( Shunsuke Ueki ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

The quality of transported fruits and vegetables would decrease by various influences such as transit time, vibration, ambient temperature, etc. Therefore, understanding and measuring the ambient environment and the mechanical load at the transportation stage is important to maintain their quality and freshness. However, researches on the transport technology to keep the quality and the freshness of the imported and exported agricultural products still not are enough, and the ambient environment and mechanical load of the individual transported product have been not evaluated accuracy. Many studies related to the fruits and vegetables transport have been reported. The vibrational and rotational shock for the transported fruits and vegetables could not be understood for certain, since the vibration sensors were attached on the surface of cardboard and container, or the sensor unit that is differ from actual fruits and vegetables was only packed in the transport boxes, in all its studies. Moreover, the mechanical load of the transported fruits and vegetables was not able to be evaluated adequately due to the differences of the packaging type and the packaging materials. This study aims to construct the monitoring device “Fruit Sensor” that is able to measure the ambient environment and shock information acting on individual fruit and vegetable during its transportation and moreover without changing the environmental conditions of the fruits or vegetables. It would make contribute to the understanding of the freshness decrease, the improvement of transportation system, and packaging technology. The apple-shaped prototype of Fruit Sensor was fabricated at first, since apples account for 60% of fruits and vegetables exported overseas in Japan. Then, the availability of Fruit Sensor was indicated from accuracy test of some sensors used in the prototype. A strawberry-type Fruit Sensor would be introduced in this presentation. In recent years, strawberries made in Japan have become popular even abroad. Along with that, a number of overseas exports of Japanese strawberries are dealt in and it would be more in the future. However, as the strawberry is one of soft fruit, quality deterioration due to the ambient environment and the mechanical shock during transportation has become a problem, and it is required to accuracy measure its loads acting on a strawberry during its transportation. There are some versions in strawberry-type Fruit Sensor, which enable to measuring 3D acceleration, 3D angular velocity, ambient temperature and humidity, or ambient oxygen concentration, respectability. It has been known that the rotation and vibration are changed by friction between packages and fruits because of different behavior on the mechanical properties of fruits. This study need to improve the reproducibility of actual fruit behavior. Therefore, we determined the exterior of Fruit Sensor that is similar to the mechanical properties of the strawberry by comparing mechanical properties between the strawberry surface and the resin material of Fruit Sensor. Our presentation shows the investigation of exterior material and components of sensor unit of Fruit Sensor.

과일 수요체계 구조 변화 연구

정준호 ( Chung Joon-ho ),권승구 ( Kwon Sung-ku ),황성혁 ( Hwang Seong-hyuk ) 한국식품유통학회 2017 食品流通硏究 Vol.34 No.3

This study has employed the Gradual Switching IAIDS model based on the assumption of the breaking structural change in the fruit demand system due to increasing import of fruits. Two types of analysis have been adopted because of the variety of fruits and strong seasonality. The first type of demand analysis is to find relationship among domestic fruits, domestic fruits and vegetables, and imported fruits. The second one has included in domestic apples, domestic citrus, domestic watermelons, domestic melons, bananas, oranges, imported grapes, and other fruits. As a result of the first type analysis, the structural change has occurred in increasing the share of expenditure on imported fruits during the period from February 1999 to September 2014. As a result of the cross price flexibility analysis, the imported fruits has showed substitution relationship with the domestic fruits and domestic fruits and vegetables. In addition to the substitution relationship has been strong after the structural change. The absolute value of the scale flexibility for the imported fruits has decreased after the structural change. On the other hand, that of domestic fruits has increased after the structural change. In the second type analysis, the share of expenditure of all domestic fruits(apples, watermelons, melons) except citrus has decreased, and that of imported fruits(bananas and imported grapes) has increased. Also, after the structural change, the substitution relationship between the domestic and imported fruits has been strong. For instance, orange has showed substitution relationship not only with citrus but also with apples, watermelons and melons after the structural change. Also, imported grapes has increased in substitution relationship with citrus, watermelon and melon. In this way, there is a indirect substitution relationship among different kinds of fruits as well as a direct substitution relationship between similar fruits, such as citrus and orange. In the case of scale flexibility of domestic fruits(apples, citrus, watermelons, melons), those of the absolute value have showed increasing trend after the structural change. It means that the price instability has become worse than before structural change. However, the scale flexibility of the most imported fruits have showed a smaller absolute value after the structural change. This means that the price decline of the imported fruits has decreased as the overall market volume increases after the structural change.

가계패널자료를 이용한 계절별 과일 수요분석

남호진 ( Nam Ho-jin ),김성용 ( Kim Sung-yong ) 한국농업정책학회 2018 농업경영정책연구 Vol.45 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to analyze households seasonal demands for fruits. The households were divided into several group by income level. We used monthly fruits purchasing data obtained from households panel survey conducted by the Rural Development Administration and the retail fruits price data available at KAMIS. We employed Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with panel fixed effects to estimate the households demands for fruits. According to estimation results, own price elasticities of seasonal demands for most fruits were found to be very elastic, regardless of seasons. The demands for fruits consumed only at some specific seasons were less sensitive to price changes compared to those consumed all year round. In addition, the fruit demands of higher income households were less sensitive for changes in their prices, compared with those of lower income households. Considering differences in the demands for fruits by seasons and income levels, and substitutability between domestic fruits and imported fruits, fruits price stabilizing policy as well as marketing strategies such as developing premium fruit products and export promotion are necessary to increase demands for domestic fruits.

고품질 중소과 생산을 위한 ‘한아름’ 배의 과실 품질 및 수확 기준

박요섭,권용희 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2014 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.23 No.2

‘Hanareum’ pear is expected to produce the high quality small and medium-sized fruits without any majorchanges in the current cultivation techniques, inasmuch as its basic characteristics are already included in the rangeof small and medium-sized fruits. Thus, we tested the possibility of utilization of ‘Hanareum’ pear for producingsmall and medium-sized fruits, while establishing the limit of minimum fruit weight for the fruits in high quality. With the results of correlation analysis, it was possible to predict the fruit weight through the observation of solublesolid contents and flesh firmness, because both factors were closely correlated to fruit weight in all treatments. Moreover,these factors were confirmed to be useful indicators of forecasting consumer preference in the sensory evaluation. The fruit marketability was excellent under the conditions that were greater than 11.6oBx and less than 25.6 Nfor soluble solid contents and flesh firmness, respectively. When applying these standards of fruit quality to theresults of regression analysis for fruit weight, non-treated fruits fulfilled both standards when the fruit weight washigher than 436 g, and the quality uniformity was also high on this state. Therefore, the production of high qualitysmall and medium-sized fruits was determined to be under this condition. The weight limit for GA treated fruits was620 g, and both fruit quality and uniformity were below the weight range of small and medium-sized fruits, with300~500 g. Thus, GA treatment was suggested to be avoided, in order to produce the high quality small andmedium-sized fruits. ‘한아름’ 배는 기본적인 품종 특성이 중소과 범주에포함되는 품종으로 재배기술의 큰 변화 없이도 고품질의중소과 생산이 가능할 것으로 예상되는 품종이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 ‘한아름’ 품종을 대상으로 중소과로의활용 가능성을 알아보고, GA 처리와 비교하여 고품질의중소과 생산이 가능한 최저 과중 기준 설정하고자 하였다. 과실 품질인자간 상관분석 결과, 무처리구와 GA 처리구에서 공통적으로 과중과 당도, 과중과 경도가 높은상관관계가 있어 각 처리구의 당도와 경도의 관찰을 통한 과중의 예상이 가능하였다. 또한, 당도와 경도는 소비자 선호도를 예측하는데 유용한 지표로 확인되었으며,당도가 11.6oBx 이상, 경도가 25.6N 이하의 과실이 상품성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 관능평가를 통해 도출된품질 기준을 각각 과중과의 회귀분석 결과에 적용한 결과, 무처리구는 과중 436g 이상의 과실이 당도와 경도의품질 기준을 충족하였으며, 품질 균일도 또한 높아 436g이상의 과실을 수확하면 고품질의 중소과 생산이 가능할것으로 판단되었다. GA 처리구에서 당도와 경도의 품질기준을 모두 충족시키는 최소 과중은 620g으로, 중소과범위에서는 품질이 낮고 불균일하여 고품질의 중소과 생산을 목적으로 재배할 경우, GA 처리는 지양해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

지베렐린 도포와 폴리아민 살포에 의한 배 품질 저장성의 변화

최동근 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2004 시설원예‧식물공장 Vol.13 No.4

Gibberellin (GA) treatment on fruit stalk was effective in fruit growth but reduced the shelf life of fruit. This study was carried out to improve the shelf life of GA treated fruit. Fruit characteristics were surveyed according to the treatment part and concentration of polyamine in ‘Whangkeumbae’, ‘Yeongsanbae’, and ‘Chuwhangbae’. GA was treated on fruit stalk at 30 days after flowering and 100, 200, and 300 ppm of polyamine were sprayed on leaves of fruit cluster and canopy at 7 day before harvest. In GA treated fruit, fruit weight was heavier as 10% and fruit hardness was lower as 0.3~0.5 kg than control in all cultivar, but sugar content and palatability were no difference in each treatment. In morphological characteristics, the distance from pith to epidermis of GA treated fruit was faraway as 42.0%. Fruit hardness and palatability of ‘Whangkeumbae’ was good in the leaves spray on the fruit stalk with 200 ppm and the leaves spray on the canopy with 500 ppm at 30 day after harvest. ‘Yeongsanbae’ and ‘Chuwhangbae’ showed the same to the result. So we knew that the effective treatment to improve the storagibility after GA treatment on fruit stalk was the fruit stalk leaves spray with 200 ppm because it needed small amount of polyamine.

온주밀감에서 유엽과와 직과의 생장과 당산 특성

김샛별(Sat-Byul Kim),오은의(Eun Ui Oh),박재현(Jae Hyun Park),윤수현(Su-Hyun Yun),오현우(Hyun Woo Oh),강종훈(Jong Hoon Kang),고상욱(Sang Wook Koh),오현정(Hyun Jeong Oh),송관정(Kwan Jeong Song) 한국원예학회 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.6

본 연구는 온주밀감에서 유엽과와 직과의 착과 형태에 따른 과실의 생장과 당산 특성을 구명코자 수행하였다. 과실의 종경, 횡경, 과형지수(횡경/종경), 과중 및 크기 분포를 포함하는 수확기 과실의 생장에 있어서 유엽과와 직과에 따른 차이는 없었다. 만개 후 100일부터 수확기까지 과실 발육과 더불어 지속적으로 과즙의 총가용성고형물의 농도는 증가하고 산도는 감소하여 당산비는 증가하였다. 유리당은 지속적으로 증가한 반면 유기산은 감소하였다. 이들 경향은 각각 자당의 증가와 구연산의 감소와 관계되었다. 그러나 착과 형태가 과즙의 총가용성고형물, 산도, 당산비, 유리당 및 유기산 조성에 미치는 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 유엽과와 직과에 가장 인접한 잎에서의 광합성율과 SPAD 값에 의한 엽록소 지수 간에도 차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과는 온주밀감에서 유엽과와 직과의 착과 형태에 따른 과실의 생장과 당산 특성에 차이가 없음을 나타내었다. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of fruit bearing type with leafy (LY) and leafless (LS) fruits on fruit growth, sugar, and acid characteristics in satsuma mandarin. Fruit growth including fruit length, diameter, shape index (diameter/length), weight, and size distribution was not different between LY and LS fruits at ripening time. Total soluble solids (TSS) concentration of the fruit juice increased and acidity decreased continuously and then TSS:acidity ratio increased with fruit development from 100 days after anthesis to ripening time. Soluble sugar was continuously increased, whereas organic acid decreased. Theses tendencies were related to the increase of sucrose and decline of citric acid, respectively. However, there was no effect of fruit bearing type on TSS, acidity, and TSS:acidity ratio, and soluble sugar and organic acid composition in fruit juice. Also, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index with SPAD value were not different between leaves adjacent to LY and LS fruits. The results indicated that fruit growth and sugar and acid characteristics were not affected by fruit bearing type with leafy and leafless fruits in satsuma mandarin.

A Review of Technologies to Prolong the Shelf Life of Fresh Tropical Fruits in Southeast Asia

Kusumaningrum Dewi,이승현,이왕희,모창연,조병관 한국농업기계학회 2015 바이오시스템공학 Vol.40 No.4

Southeast Asia, a typical tropical region, plays an important role in exporting a variety of fruits worldwide. The market for fresh fruits has been growing consistently, and this is a chance for Southeast Asian countries to increase their national income. However, export of tropical fruits has limitations such as a short shelf life and difficulty in maintaining the quality because of tropical climate conditions and undeveloped postharvest technologies in Southeast Asia. An important objective for developing postharvest technologies is to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits without deterioration in fruit quality. Therefore, it is essential to determine factors that affect the shelf life of fruits. The shelf life of tropical fruits is significantly dependent on the inherent properties of the fruits, extrinsic conditions, postharvest treatment, and microbial contamination. Recently, Southeast Asian countries have supported agricultural research groups for developing new postharvest technologies and minimizing postharvest losses and maintaining export fruit quality so that the total sales of tropical fruit farms can increase. This review introduces how the primary factors for extending the shelf life of tropical fruits can be determined and discusses the development of postharvest technologies for tropical fruits in Southeast Asian countries.

자두 품종의 과실발육기간 동안의 주요 과실 특성 변이

허재윤,윤성준,박성민 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2016 농업생명과학연구 Vol.50 No.2

서로 다른 숙기를 가진 여섯 개의 자두 품종을 이용하여 과실 발육 단계에 따른 주요 과실 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 자두 과실의 산도는 유과기에 가장 높은 수치를 보였다가 과실의 발육이 급속하게 이루어지는 시기를 기점으로 감소되고 이후 수확기까지 점진적으로 감소하였다. 가용성 고형물 함량은 산도와 거의 반대로 증가하는 경향을 보였고 숙기가 빠른 품종 일수록 보다 빠른 시기에 변화가 나타났다. 수확기에 측정 된 산도와 가용성 당함량의 축적량은 품종에 따라 차이가 있어 품종 특이적인 변이가 있음을 확인하였다. 과실의 발육동안 유리당과 유기산의 조성변화와 수확기에 조사된 총 유리당과유기산 함량의 검정 결과에서도 품종에 따른 변이를 관찰하였다. 이를 통하여 과실의 발육과정 중 일어나는 품종 특이적 과실특성의 다양한 변화 양상이 결과적으로 수확기 품종 간 과실품질에 있어서 변이를 일으키는 주요한 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 간접적으로 확인하였다. 과실의 특성과 관련된 형질들의값을 이용하여 주성분 분석을 실시한 결과, 본 실험에 이용된 여섯 개의 품종을 대조적인 과실 특성을가진 세 개의 그룹으로 나눌 수가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해서 밝혀진 과실발육 기간 동안과 수확기에 대조적인 과실특성을 가진 품종들을 이용한 추가적인 생리 및 육종 연구들은 고품질 자두의 육종에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다 Changes in major fruit characteristics in the fruits of six plum cultivars differing in maturitywere investigated during their fruit development. Acidity of the plum fruits showed the highestlevels at the earliest stage of fruit development and gradually declined with the full developmentof the fruit. Soluble solid sugars in the fruits increased in patterns opposite to those observedfor acidity. The changes of these contents began earlier in plum cultivars with early maturity,and a significant variation among cultivars was found in soluble solid and acidity contentinvestigated at harvest time. Similarly, cultivar-specific variations in change patterns and in thecontent of individual and total organic acids and sugars were observed during fruit developmentand at harvest time. These results indirectly indicated that cultivar-specific change patterns inmajor fruit characteristics during fruit development result in differences in fruit quality at harvesttime and are the major reasons driving genetic variations of fruit quality. Cultivar segregation according to fruit characteristics was also attempted through principle component analysis of sixplum cultivars, and plum cultivars were segregated into three groups with different fruitproperties. Further physiological and breeding studies using cultivars with comparative changingpatterns of fruit characteristics during fruit development and fruit properties at harvest time willhelp to develop a high quality of plum.

Fruit Development and Quality of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Various Temperature Regimes

Seo-Young Oh,Seok Chan Koh 한국원예학회 2019 원예과학기술지 Vol.37 No.3

Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) originated in South America and is cultivated worldwidely in many temperate regions as well as subtropical and tropical regions. During the growing season, various climatic and soil factors, including air temperature, light intensity, precipitation, and soil conditions, affect the growth and development of hot pepper plants. Temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting processes such as flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth. This study investigated the effects of temperature on the vegetative growth, fruit development, and fruit quality of hot pepper cultivar ‘Muhanjilju’ to develop a cropping system for producing high-quality fruit in temperate regions. The temperature range of 20 - 25℃ was favorable for vegetative growth and fruit development. However, a temperature of 30℃ reduced fruit development, including fruit set and fruit growth, although it enhanced vegetative growth, and a temperature of 15℃ caused short plant height, a small number of branching nodes on the main branch, and elongated fruit. At 20 - 25℃ and 30℃, the fruit development period was shortened by 9 - 16 and 22 days, respectively, compared with that of plants grown at 15℃. In addition, the change in fruit color was advanced significantly at 20 - 25℃ and 30℃. A high temperature of 30℃ not only reduced the total number of fruit but also caused the formation of short or malformed fruit. Furthermore, the total free-sugar content of red ripe fruit increased significantly at 20 - 25℃, while the capsaicinoid content of red ripe fruit increased as temperatures increased in the range of 15 - 30℃. These results indicate that the temperature range of 20 - 25℃ is favorable for the vegetative growth, fruit development, and fruit quality of hot pepper.

수확시기에 따른 '원황' 배 과실의 품질과 과심갈변에 미치는 영향

최진호,임순희,김성종,이한찬,권용희,박용서,정석규,최현석,Choi, Jin-Ho,Yim, Sun-Hee,Kim, Sung-Jong,Lee, Han-Chan,Kwon, Yong-Hee,Park, Yong-Seo,Jung, Seok-Kyu,Choi, Hyun-Sug 한국유기농업학회 2015 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

본 시험은 GA로 처리된 '원황' 배(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)를 수확시기를 달리하였을 때 과실품질, 과심갈변, 그리고 기호도가 어떠한 영향을 받는지와 이에 적절한 수확시기를 규명하고자 수행되었다. 시험 처리는 만개 후 110, 115, 120, 125, 130일에 수확한 것을 포함하였다. 수확시기가 지연될수록 과중과 당도는 증가한 반면에 과육경도와 산도 그리고 전분함량은 감소하였다. 상온보관 21일 동안 만개 후 130일에 수확된 과실의 과육경도는 크게 감소하였고 과심갈변 증상은 심화된 반면에 115일에 수확된 과실의 경도와 과심갈변의 감소는 천천히 진행되었다. 수확시기의 지연은 GA 처리와 상관없이 과실의 기호도를 감소시켰다. GA 처리과의 기호도 감소는 수확시기에 관계없이 GA 무처리 과실 보다 일찍 관찰되었다. 만개 후 120일에 수확을 하는 것이 GA로 처리된 과실의 품질 유지와 과심갈변 억제를 위하여 효과적인 수확시기로 판단된다. This study was conducted on how the harvest time affect fruit quality, core breakdown, and taste of GA-pasted 'Wonhwang' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) fruit in order to verify the optimum harvest time. Harvest time included 110, 115, 120, 125, 130 days after full bloom (DAFB). Delayed fruit harvest increased fruit weight and content of soluble solids but decreased firmness, titratable acidity, and starch content. Harvest at 130 DAFB severely reduced fruit firmness and increased fruit core breakdown for 21 days at room storage, while harvest at 115 DAFB showed the opposite result of the fruit firmness and breakdown. Delayed fruit harvest reduced fruit taste, regardless of GA pasting on fruit. GA-pasted fruit showed reduced taste in advance compared to those of non GA-pasted fruit, regardless of the harvest time. Harvest at 120 DAFB would be suitable to maintain fruit quality and reduce core breakdown.