Applicable Prospects of Eye Tracking Technology in the Research of Landscape Visual Perception

Xiaoyu Chen,Lifang Qiao 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.10

This paper mainly adopts the literature research method, which analyzes the application progress and development overview of the eye tracking technology, as well as the technical features of the eye tracking devices. Combined with the research needs in landscape visual perception, eye tracking technology have application values in the following aspects: landscape attractiveness analysis, safety design of landscape environment, usability design of landscape facilities, landscape perception in motion, quality improvement of landscape information interface, cognitive analysis of physiological vulnerable groups and quality improvement of landscape education. Eye- tracking technology should be used reasonably in the study so as to exploit its advantages to the full and correct its deficiencies. The development of hardware technology and software technology of eye-tracking offers a new perspective and study platform for the study on landscape visual perception, which contributes to improving the scientificity of the study on landscape visual perception.

아이트래킹을 통한 공간 시지각 실험연구 경향 및 공간연구의 지향성에 관한 연구

문보경,김주연 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.7

(Background and Purpose)The analysis of the patterns of eye-tracking can determine the conditions for perceiving the spatial form because of the visual information acquired through the eye. The features of the perception of spatial form, collection of visual and responses through visual indication can be analyzed by spatial type. Analytical research based on eye-tracking is an important experimental method to collect patterns of eye-tracking and derive results through eye-tracking experiments, an area of cognitive science. The purpose of this study is to aggregate the database for spatial-visual and visual studies through the analysis of pre-research trends related to the research of eye-tracking experiments and to establish the orientation of future research of eye-tracking experiments. (Method) Master's theses, doctoral dissertations, and academic journals published outside of Korea were selected as research targets. The scope of the research is aggregated through research and analysis, focusing on the study of spatial visual perception. The research situation, research field, and central subject were examined through the characteristic analysis of the preceding research on eye-tracking experiments from 2010 to 2018. The experimental content analysis included detailed contents, experimental equipment, subject contents, experimental stimuli, and analysis methods. (Result) The general trends of spatial-visual perception experimental research through eye tracking are as follows: First, research is being conducted in various fields besides space and environment, and research on eye trackers is expanding. Second, the gaze point and gaze time analysis focused on gaze as the fixed point of gaze were the most frequent. Third, the criteria for the selection of participants were applied equally, after which the participants were divided into age groups appropriate for each experiment. Fourth, the experimental equipment used RED (Remote Eye Tracking Device) and attached the device to the monitor in most cases. Fifth, the experimental stimulus was experimented by selecting representative images by categorizing the measured images for each experiment. Sixth, AOI (Areas of Interest) analysis, which is used to set the area and analyze the phenomenon, was used as the main system. (Conclusion) As a result of analyzing the previous experimental studies, establishing and synthesizing the necessary items, the spatial-visual perception experimental research was set to six orientations. Visual awareness of space is an area that needs to be studied in the future, and experimental data are scientific and practical. A basic study on the contents of the preceding study was an investigation into the role of the basic database for future vision tracking experiments. (연구배경 및 목적) 아이트래킹을 통해서 사람의 시선의 패턴을 분석하는 것은 눈을 통해서 획득하는 시각정보로 인해 공간의 형태를 지각하는데 있어서 공간형태 지각조건이 무엇인지 파악할 수 있다. 공간형태를 지각하고 주시를 통한 시지각 반응을 수집하여 공간형태별로 획득된 요소의 특성을 분석 할 수 있다. 따라서 아이트래킹을 기본으로 한 분석연구는 시선의 패턴을 수집하여 인간의 행태변화 및 움직임의 특성을 인지과학의 한 영역인 아이트래킹 실험을 통해서 요소별로 결과를 도출할 중요한 실험방법이다. 본 연구에서는 아이트래킹 실험연구에 관련된 선행연구 경향분석을 통하여 공간 시지각 연구에 대한 데이터베이스를 종합하고 향후 아이트래킹 실험연구의 지향성 정립을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 선행 아이트래킹 실험 연구의 국내외에서 발간된 석사, 박사 학회논문 및 학술지를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 연구의 범위는 공간 시지각 관련 연구를 중심으로 조사 및 분석을 통하여 종합하며, 2010년부터 2018년까지의 조사된 논문에 대하여 선행 아이트래킹실험 연구에 대한 특성분석으로 연구현황, 연구영역 및 중심 주제를 분석하였으며 실험관련 내용분석으로는 세부내용 및 실험장비, 피험자 내용과 실험자극내용 및 분석방법, 실험분석방법을 종합하여 분석하였다. (결과) 아이트래킹을 통한 공간 시지각 실험연구 경향을 종합하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구분야는 공간·환경 분야 외에도 다양한 분야에서 실험연구가 이루어지고 있으며 아이트래커에 대한 실험 연구가 확대되는 추세이다. 둘째, 시선의 고정점으로 시선이 집중되는 응시점과 응시시간 분석이 가장 많게 나타났다. 셋째, 실험피험자 선정기준은 남녀비율을 동등하게 적용하고 각 실험에 맞는 연령대로 구분지어 실험하였다. 넷째, 실험장비는 대부분의 경우 모니터에 디바이스를 부착하는 RED(Remote Eye Tracking Device) 고정 형 시선추적 장치를 사용하였다. 다섯째, 실험자극물은 각 실험에 맞는 측정한 이미지를 유형화하여 대표이미지 선정하여 실험하였다. 여섯째, 실험분석 방법으로는 영역을 설정하여 주시현상을 분석할 수 있는 AOI(Areas of Interest) 분석이 주된 시스템으로 사용하였다. (결론) 아이트래킹 선행 실험연구를 요목별로 분석하면서 실험에 필요한 사항을 정립하고 종합한 결과, 공간 시지각 실험연구는 6가지 지향성으로 설정하였다. 공간을 인지하는 시지각 반응연구는 앞으로 연구가 필요한 영역이고 실험적 자료는 과학적이고 실질적이다. 선행 연구내용 종합의 기초 연구로서 향후 아이트래킹 실험을 위해 기초적 데이터베이스 역할을 위한 조사 연구이었다.

Development of Low Cost DIY Eye Tracker

Chun Ik Jo,Seok Kim,Ji Hyoun Lim 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop DIY eye tracking system which is economically accessible for study of human eye movement. Background: Eye tracking technologies are applied to the two areas: (1) for diagnostic applications and (2) for interactive applications. As interests in eye tracking technology increases, researchers attempt to reduce the cost of eye tracking. Method: Existing low cost eye tracking technologies were benchmarked and the critical five components consisting eye tracking system were identified; (1) eye movement (2) lock on the eye (3) image input (4) tracking (5) recording. Specific hardware and software were selected to draw optimum performance and layout of each component was studied. Results: Iris and pupil were successfully tracked with the developed system and the result of calibration was illustrated. Conclusion: Development of low cost eye tracking system was feasible, although there are reservations on reliability and usability issue. Application: The developed system could be used for simple gaze tracking and analysis if the amount of effort required for setting and calibration could be minimized.

아이트래킹(Eye Tracking)을 활용한 재무제표 응시 결과 분석

Rui Yi Zhang,나형종,Ya Lei Liu,Jun Song,Yue Yan Liu 세명대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2024 人文 社會科學硏究 Vol.32 No.1

· Research topics: This paper presents research results on people's understanding of financial statements and information delivery power of financial statements using eye tracking technology. · Research background: In the field of social science, research that introduces eye-tracking experiments is also being conducted, but in the field of accounting, eye-tracking research through eye-tracking is insufficient. In this paper, research is conducted by introducing eye-tracking techniques to determine whether the disclosure form of financial statements in accordance with the current international accounting standards adopted in Korea has high information transmission power. · Differences from prior research: This study is a fusion and convergence study that innovatively used eye tracking techniques to study topics in the field of accounting. Through this, meaningful information is provided to understand the understanding and information delivery power of the current major financial statements adopted in Korea. · Research method: This paper presented the results of empirical analysis by conducting an experiment to gaze at financial statements using eye tracking technology. In addition, this study conducted a survey on financial statement information delivery power to verify the information delivery power of financial statements in accordance with the current international accounting standards adopted in Korea. · Research Results: As a result of i-Tracking research, it was found that in the statement of absence, most eyes were on current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities, and capital. In the statement of comprehensive income, it was found that most eyes were on the order of sales, cost of sales, net income and other comprehensive income, operating profit, and total comprehensive income. And it was found that relatively few eyes were on gross profit, sales and management expenses, and non-operating expenses. In the table of capital fluctuations, it was found that many people applied in the order of capital, excess issuance of stocks, and total capital. And it was found that relatively few people stared at retained earnings and other capital items. Lastly, in the cash flow table, it was found that people's eyes were on the order of operating cash flow, net increase and decrease of cash and cashable assets, investment cash flow, and financial activity cash flow. · Contributions and expected effects: First, the research methodology used in this study is a unique research methodology that is rarely used in the field of accounting, and is expected to provide good guidelines for research in the field of accounting by introducing various methods. Second, the research results of this paper provide meaningful information to understand the comprehension and information delivery power of the current major financial statements adopted in Korea, and further improvements are made to the form of financial statement disclosure to improve the usefulness of financial statement information. · 연구 주제: 본 논문은 아이트래킹 기술을 활용하여 사람들의 재무제표의 이해도 및 재무제표의 정보전달력에 관한 연구결과를 제시한다. · 연구 배경: 사회과학 분야에서도 아이트래킹 실험을 도입한 연구가 진행되고 있지만, 회계학 분야에서는 아이트래킹을 통한 시선 추적 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 현행 한국 채택 국제회계기준에 의한 재무제표의 공시형태가 과연 높은 정보 전달력이 있는지를 규명하기 위해 아이트래킹 기법을 도입하여 연구를 수행한다. · 선행연구와의 차이점: 본 연구는 회계학 분야의 주제를 연구하는데 있어서 혁신적으로 아이트래킹 기법을 사용하여 실험을 수행한 융·복합 연구이다. 이를 통하여 한국 채택 현행 주요 재무제표의 이해가능성 및 정보전달력을 파악하는데 의미 있는 정보를 제공한다. · 연구방법: 본 논문은 아이트래킹 기술을 활용하여 재무제표를 응시하는 실험을 수행하여 실증분석 결과를 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 현행 한국 채택 국제회계기준에 의한 재무제표의 정보전달력을 검증하기 위하여 재무제표 정보전달력에 관한 설문조사를 수행하였다. · 연구결과: 아이트래킹 연구결과, 제무상태표에서는 유동자산, 비유동자산, 유동부채, 비유동부채, 자본 순으로 시선이 많이 가는 것으로 파악되었다. 포괄손익계산서에서는 매출액, 매출원가, 당기순이익·기타포괄손익, 영업이익, 총포괄손익 순으로 시선이 많이 가는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 상대적으로 매출총이익, 판매비와 관리비, 영업외비용에는 시선이 적게 가는 것으로 나타났다. 자본변동표에서는 자본금, 주식발행초과금, 자본합계 순으로 사람들이 많이 응시하는 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 상대적으로 이익잉여금과 기타자본항목은 사람들이 적게 응시하는 것으로 파악되었다. 마지막으로 현금흐름표에서는 영업활동 현금흐름, 현금및현금성자산의 순증감, 투자활동 현금흐름, 재무활동 현금흐름 순으로 사람들의 시선이 많이 가는 것으로 나타났다. · 공헌점 및 기대효과: 첫째, 본 연구에서 사용한 연구방법론은 회계학 분야에서 거의 사용되지 않는 독특한 연구방법론으로써 회계학 분야의 연구가 다양한 방법을 도입하여 발전하는데 있어서 좋은 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 둘째. 본 논문의 연구결과는 한국 채택 현행 주요 재무제표의 이해가능성 및 정보전달력을 파악하는데 의미 있는 정보를 제공하고, 더 나아가 재무제표 정보의 유용성을 향상시키기 위한 재무제표 공시형태에 대해서 개선점을 제시한다.

A Review on the Application of Eye-tracking in Design Areas

Hee-Sok Park 대한인간공학회 2016 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.35 No.5

Objective: This study aims to examine domestic literature on eye-tracking in the design area, and to present new eye-tracking application directions. Background: Eye-tracking was introduced in the experimental psychology field for the first time in the 1950s. Eye-tracking has high utilization values in the design application area because eye-tracking can accumulate data on what people see, providing the quantitative values on eye movement. Method: This study examined the papers published in domestic journals, as well as the papers presented in conferences from 2000 to 2016 through DBPIA. Results: Although the use of eye-tracking technology was slightly meager in the product design area, it has been actively used for the evaluation analyses of preference and attention in architecture/public design. Eye-tracking also presented a method to design advertisement that is helpful to advertisement effect measurement, and product salesin the advertisement design area. Since detail psychological analysis is possible, the application of eye-tracking in the studies related with user interface has been active. Conclusion: The eye-tracking technology is projected to be actively used as a new interface means, such as in helping in disabled people"s communication and in device control, in addition to conventional application areas. Application: This study would be of help to find future research areas of eye-tracking.

Development of ET-DR Algorithm to Enhance Resolution for Gaze Correction of Low-Resolution Image Based Webcam Eye Tracking

강성호,이광수,김창화,최정길,Andy Kyung-yong Yoon 한국멀티미디어학회 2023 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.10 No.1

Eye tracking is method of detection of a point on a screen that the user gazes at on CV technology. Eye tracking technology is one of the NUI technologies which enables controlling of GUI or inputting text, but it is also possible to analyze the user's psychological state or the user's understanding of the contents being gazed at through the user's eye gaze analysis. Eye tracking can be used for reading education, inter-net shopping, commercial advertising, etc. Furthermore, it can be used to detect cheating in online exams. The eye tracking system's permissi-ble range varies depending not only on the motion of the user, but also on the camera, the quality of the acquired image, and the difficulty of the algorithm. Therefore, the accuracy of eye tracking is greatly influenced by how the eye tracking algorithm is implemented in addition to hardware variables. This paper presents Eye tracking Dead Reckoning (ET-DR) as a method to increase the resolution of the eye-tracking system for reading education. DR is usually an algorithm used in navigation, but it has been modified and optimized to increase the resolution of eye tracking. To verify this algorithm, 100 Korean elementary school kids read Korean texts. At the time, the eye tracking success rate was assessed using a computer with an ET-DR algorithm and a computer without the algorithm, and a highly relevant result was achieved.

시선추적을 통한 지하복합공간 이용자의 주시영역에 따른 주시비중에 관한 연구

문보경,양지윤,김주연 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.4

(연구배경 및 목적)지하복합공간은 실외환경과 근본적으로 다른 폐쇄적인 특성을 가지고 있는 공간으로서 공간 이용자에게 공간인지의 어려움을 가져다준다. 이러한 환경 속에서 사람들이 공간인지를 하기 위해서 보행 시 나타나는 공간 이용자‘자연시야’시선추적을 통하여 주시하는 영역을 파악하고자 한다. 본 연구는 지하복합공간 이용자의 시선추적을 통해 지하 공간상의 주시영역과 주시비중을 밝힘으로 이용자를 위한 정보전달체계 디자인을 위한 기초자료 마련에 목적이 있다. (연구방법) 지하복합공간의 개념과 보행환경, 보행행태 및 시선추적에 대해 고찰하였으며, 시선추적 실험설계를 통해 지하복합상업시설의 대표적인 코엑스몰을 선정하였고 실험에 적합한 남녀를 모집하여 현장 시선추적 실험을 진행하였다. 실험에서 얻은 데이터를 정량화하여 주시 현상을 분석하였으며, 주시영역 분할 기준에 따라 영역별 주시빈도, 주시시간, 주시비중에 대해 시선의 주시영역을 파악하였다. 영역별 주시 결과 특성을 종합하여 연구자의 연구과제를 검증하였다. (결과) 본 연구자의 실험 연구과제의 질문에 대해 분할영역 기준에 따라 주시영역을 설정하여, 주시 데이터를 분석하여 주시시간, 주시 빈도, 주시 비중을 통해 집중된 영역에 대한 데이터 분석결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 보행 시 시선의 위치는 주로 상부를 주시하는 경향으로 나타났다. (결론) 본 연구에서 영역 설정에 의한 주시 분석을 통하여 주시 현상에 따른 시선의 집중 및 주목 영역을 정리하면 주시빈도는 공간집중영역, 주시시간은 공간주목영역으로 해석될 수 있다. 지하공간 보행시 보행자의 높은 집중 및 주목성을 나타낸 영역은 상부중앙 영역으로 나타났다. 다음으로는 중앙부 중앙영역, 상부 오른쪽 영역인 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 지하복합공간 공간계획 및 디자인 시 공간 이용자를 위한 보행환경에 있어서 시각적 가치를 더 효율적으로 접목시킬 수 있는 영역에 적재적소에 적합한 디자인을 할 수 있는 유용한 지침 자료가 될 수 있을 것이며, 보행 시 보다 쾌적하고 안전하며 편리한 보행 공간을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대해 본다. 본 연구에서 도출된 지하복합공간에서의 주시특성 분석을 기반으로 향후 연구에서는 지상복합공간과의 차이에 대해 비교연구를 수행하여 지상과 지하의 차이를 확인하는 과정을 진행하고자 한다. (Background and Purpose) Underground complex space is a space that has closed characteristics that are fundamentally different from the outdoor environment, which brings difficulties in recognizing space to space users. To determine whether people are spaces, we want to identify areas of attention through the “Natural Watch” eye tracking of space users who appear when walking. The purpose of this study is to prepare basic data for designing information delivery systems for users by revealing the observation section and the main attention ratio of the underground space through eye tracking of users of underground complex spaces. (Method) The concepts of underground complex space, environment for walking, behavior of walking, and tracking of the eyes were considered. Through the design of eye tracking experiments, the representative COEX mall of underground commercial facilities was selected, and on-site eye tracking experiments were conducted by recruiting men and women suitable for the experiment. Data obtained from the experiment were quantified and the phenomenon of the eye was analyzed, and the eye area of the eye was identified according to the criteria for the division of the eye area, eye frequency, eye time, and eye weight of each area. The tasks were verified by combining characteristics of the results of each region. (Result) In response to the question of this experimental research project, the main field was set according to the divisional area criteria, and the data analysis results for the concentrated area were confirmed through the analysis of the main data, frequency of the eyes, and weight of the eyes. The position of the gaze when walking was mainly indicated by a tendency to keep an eye on the upper part. (Conclusion) In this study, if the focus and attention areas of the eye are sorted according to the phenomenon of the eye, the frequency of the eye can be interpreted as the space concentration area and the time of the eye can be interpreted as the space main area. Areas that showed high concentration and attention of pedestrians when walking in underground spaces were shown as upper central areas. Next, we could see the central area of the center and the upper right area. In the case of planning and design of the underground complex space, it could be useful guidance material for appropriately designing areas where visual values can be more efficiently incorporated into the walking environment for space users. It is expected to provide a more pleasant, safe, and convenient walking space when walking.

Using Eye-tracking in L2 Research: Friend or Foe?

권서경(Suh Keong Kwon) 한국영어교과교육학회 2020 영어교과교육 Vol.19 No.3

Eye-tracking, an innovative research method that measures the movements of the eyes, has recently gained much attention in the areas of second language learning and assessment. The advantage of using eye-tracking is that it provides a direct measure of cognitive processes in a natural condition. The present paper provides a systematic review of what eye-tracking is, both in theory and practice, how it works from preparation to interpretation of the results, and what strengths and weaknesses it possesses. For this, an existing eye-tracking study has been used as a sample to demonstrate what needs to be considered in the stages of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. The present paper also provides some empirical data and findings from the sample study as examples to demonstrate how the eye-movement data are computed and analyzed to explain a participant’s viewing behavior. By introducing different types of eye-movement data, the paper illustrates how different measures and forms of eye-movements provide discrete meanings to explain participants’ cognitive processes. This study concludes by providing a few practical suggestions to improve the validity of eye-tracking studies for effective uses of the method.

학습자의 실험설계 행동의 분석을 위한 Eye-tracking 과제설계 방법의 고찰

김윤영,권용주 한국교원대학교 뇌기반교육연구소 2013 Brain & Learning Vol.3 No.1

Eye movement is a neurophysiological and goal-oriented behavior and one of nonverbal expressions to communicate with others. In addition, the adjustment of the ocular muscles in eye movement could be linked to the cognitive processes of attention. Actually, eye-tracker are used to measure the subject’s pupil size, pupil location and pupil direction. Therefore, using the eye-tracker can be applied to see the subject’s attention target, attention movement, the target recognition method. Thus, this study was to review how to design the steps of task selection and design, AOI settings, and selection of analysis object in eye-tracking for analyzing the experimental design behavior. According to the several studies, task selection, AOI setting, selection of analysis object are very important processes in eye-tracking design. They should be designed based on the components of the hypothesis, and controled and dependent variables. Tasks should be developed to take subject’s attention and interesting.. Tasks are also administered a practice session for subjects before experiment session. Furthermore, the size and the position of AOI should be considered and decided in the point of study purpose. The results of eye-tracking measurement are derived from statistical analysis methods. The objects of data analysis in eye-tracking are saccade, fixation, scanpath, and regression.

Development of Low-Cost Vision-based Eye Tracking Algorithm for Information Augmented Interactive System

Park, Seo-Jeon,Kim, Byung-Gyu Korea Multimedia Society 2020 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.7 No.1

Deep Learning has become the most important technology in the field of artificial intelligence machine learning, with its high performance overwhelming existing methods in various applications. In this paper, an interactive window service based on object recognition technology is proposed. The main goal is to implement an object recognition technology using this deep learning technology to remove the existing eye tracking technology, which requires users to wear eye tracking devices themselves, and to implement an eye tracking technology that uses only usual cameras to track users' eye. We design an interactive system based on efficient eye detection and pupil tracking method that can verify the user's eye movement. To estimate the view-direction of user's eye, we initialize to make the reference (origin) coordinate. Then the view direction is estimated from the extracted eye pupils from the origin coordinate. Also, we propose a blink detection technique based on the eye apply ratio (EAR). With the extracted view direction and eye action, we provide some augmented information of interest without the existing complex and expensive eye-tracking systems with various service topics and situations. For verification, the user guiding service is implemented as a proto-type model with the school map to inform the location information of the desired location or building.