개(Dog): 애착 외상을 넘어 독립을 향한 여정에서의 반려

유미성 사단법인 한국임상모래놀이치료학회 2022 상징과 모래놀이치료 Vol.13 No.2

The ‘Animal symbol’ symbolizes the primitive and instinctive nature of human beings, and has been psychologically important since ancient times. Among many animals, dogs, in particular, were originally wolves, but were the first to be domesticated by humans. It is an animal that people attach to and regard as a family member because it is absolutely obedient to and dependent on humans when they perceive humans as the leader. However, in most countries, the dog is an animal that has been recognized not only as a loyal, home-keeper, but also as a guide between the dead and the underworld and as a human companion. The reason is that although dogs have been domesticated and become new animals, they still have the instinctive characteristics of wolves. Infants in the early stages of their lives also have a time when they rely entirely on their mothers, similar to the characteristics of domesticated dogs. However, when a healthy attachment is formed, the baby is psychologically separated from the mother and self-development begins toward independence. However, if psychological independence is not achieved for some reason, similar to a domesticated dog, they become completely dependent on their mother and are swallowed up by their maternal mother, and they may become stuck in childhood dependence, causing difficulties in interpersonal relationships. In this case, our reason, guided by the instinctive energy of our inner dog, begins a healing journey towards independence. In this paper, among the many symbols of dogs, the dog as a symbol of loyalty, the dog as a healing animal, the dog as a guide to the unconscious, and the dog as a symbol of instinct and intuition were examined. In addition, the symbolic meaning of the dog discussed above was confirmed through the case where a high school client who was psychologically dependent on his mother while having sandplay therapy started a healing journey by using a dog symbolically to achieve attachment and independence.

반려견에 대한 태도와 개의 식용을 설명하는 경로 모델

김세영 ( Se Young Kim ),서국현 ( Guk Hyun Suh ),윤가현 ( Ga Hyun Youn ) 한국예방수의학회(구 한국수의공중보건학회) 2011 예방수의학회지 Vol.35 No.3

This study was to determine some appropriate models which account for attitudes toward practice of consuming dog (ACD) as a food and as a companion animal. Two models, one for males and the other females, were found from 670 community-dwelling respondents of the Gwangju Metropolitan area who aged 17~66 years. Age, keeping dog or willing to keep dog, and frequency of consuming dog as a food (FD) were exogenous variables in the models while attitudes toward companion animal were a mediating variable. The two models were slightly different, but the most influential variable accounting for the ACD was the FD. The findings of this study on the ACD were discussed in two dimensions of affect and utility which were motivational attitudes to animal. People who are against consuming dog meat as food would think of all dogs as only affectionate objects, and their points of view were discussed in the context of both keeping dog and restricting dog meat consumption. On the other hand, people who are for consuming dog meat would think of dogs as either affectionate or utilized objects, and their points of view were discussed in the context of halving dogs into companion dog and edible dog.

도시공원 반려견 놀이터 경관의 심리적 회복가치 평가 - 주의회복이론을 중심으로

이형숙,이정연 한국웰니스학회 2023 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Urban dog parks are public places where dogs can run freely without a leash and are known as recreation areas that help improve the health of both owners and dogs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dog play scenes in dog parks on psychological restoration and perceived stress reduction based on the Attention Perception Theory(ART). To this end, 72 university and graduate students were asked to answer the questions on perceived restorativeness, mood state, perceived stress, and happiness after watching videos of dog play in dog parks and urban landscapes. As a result, the dog play video had a significantly higher perceived restoration score than urban landscape, and "fascination" among the components of ART was the most important restorative factor in dog play scene. In addition, dog play scenes provided vitality, joy, and cheerfulness and had impacts on positive mood changes, recovery, and happiness compared to the video of urban landscape. This findings showed that dog play in a dog park may provide park users with interesting attractions, opportunities of mood change, and psychologically positive impacts. Therefore, considerable park planning will extend the health benefits of dog parks to non-dog owners.

개물림 사고에 대한 소유자의 법적 책임에 관한 소고- 미국의 개물림 법제와의 비교를 중심으로 -

백경희,심영주 한국법제연구원 2018 법제연구 Vol.- No.54

In South Korea, the number of households that rear companion animal has been gradually increasing. With the rise of household dogs, the frequency of humans that are being bitten by another’s dog has also increased. This type of accident, which is known as a dog bite accident throughout the United States. It can cause significant physical and emotional damage to the victims and may result in grave injuries or death. Dog bite accidents are serious public health problems and can cause immeasurable hidden costs to the community. South Korea has enacted several laws to address dog bite accidents, which include the Animal Protection Act, the Civil Act, and the Criminal Act. On March 20, 2018, the Animal Protection Act was amended to reinforce the current legislation. These amendments addressed the duty of care owed by a companion dog owner to society members and the punishment that an owner of a fierce dog would face in the event of a dog bite accident. Conversely, several states in the United States have enacted a single law that regulates the details regarding dog bite accidents, such as the type of dog or animal, the type of damage, the scope of compensation for damages, and the scope of recognition of liabilities. This paper is intended to review the present situation of dog bite legislation in several states in the United States, which have a variety of laws that address dog bite accidents, and compare them with current South Korean dog bite legislation. Through this research, this paper will discuss what issues may exist in South Korean’s current dog bite laws, analyze the responsibility of companion dog owners, and provide solutions to any issues that are discovered. 우리나라의 경우 반려동물을 사육하는 가구가 점점 많아지는 경향이고, 특히 반려견이 사람을 물어 사상(死傷)을 입히는 인신사고가 자주 발생하고 있다. 이는 미국에서 소위 ‘개물림(Dog-bite) 사고’라고 지칭되는 인신사고이다. 개물림 사고는 피해자에게 상당한 신체적·정서적 피해를 입히는 심각한 공중 보건의 문제이자 지역사회에도 측정하기 어려운 숨은 비용을 양산하게 된다. 우리나라도 이러한 개물림 사고에 대하여 동물보호법, 민법, 형법을 통하여 규율하고 있다. 특히 2018. 3. 20. 동물보호법의 일부개정을 통하여맹견의 견주 등에게 강화된 주의의무와 처벌에 관한 법제를 마련하기도하였다. 한편 미국의 일부 주에서는 이러한 현상을 반영하여 개물림 사고에 대하여 단일법에서 개 혹은 동물의 유형, 손해의 형태, 손해의 배상범위, 책임 인정의 범위 등에 관한 세부사항을 규율하고 있다. 본고에서는 개물림 사고에 관한 다양한 법제를 지니고 있는 미국 일부주의 법제 현황을 검토하여, 우리나라의 법제와 비교·분석하고자 한다. 이를 통하여 우리나라의 개물림 사고에서 특히 견주의 책임에 대한 현행법에서의 문제점이 무엇인지 및 그 보완을 위한 대책으로서는 어떠한 것이 있는지 등을 검토해보고자 한다.

한국의 개고기 음식에 대한 고찰

안용근 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.4

한국의 1998년도 개사육두수는 1,846,411마리, 개사육 가구 수는 819,112가구로 한집당 2.3마리이다. 그러나 식용견 사육업자가 기르는 개의 수까지 합산되어 나타난 결과이므로 식용견은 1,027,299마리로 볼 수 있다. 1998년도 한국의 개수출양은 28마리, 수입양은 296마리였다. 중국심양의 심양홍산 식품유한공사에서는 연간 30만마리의 개를 사용하여 도축하며, 그중 20%를 수출한다고 한다. 한국에서의 개고기 요리는 오랜 역사를 가진 독특한 음식문화이다. 조선시대에는 개고기를 개장국, 수육, 순대, 구이, 개찜, 느름이, 개소주, 술, 당과 등 다양한 방법으로 요리하여 먹었다. 현재는 보신탕, 수육, 전골, 무침, 두루치기, 개소주로 요리하고 있으며, 옛날보다 요리 방법이 줄었다. 그 원인은 외국의 간섭과 비난에도 원인이 있다. 그러나 한국의 개고기 음식을 다른 나라 사람이 비난하는 것은 부당하고, 월권적인 일이다. 한국에는 식용견이 별도로 있기 때문이다. In the year of 1998, the heads of dog raised in Korea were 1,846,411, and the number of the households raising dogs is 819,112 which means that the heads of pet dog and edible dos were 819,112 and 1,027,299, respectively, because each house raised about one pet dog and one edible dog breeder raised hundreds of dog. In 1998, the number of exported dogs came to 28 heads, and that of imported dogs was 296 heads. But edible dog that was slaughtered or processed has not been reported to be exported or imported. It is known that at the Shenyang Xingshan Food Ltd in Shenyang, Chinese, 300,000 heads of dogs were raised, slaughtered and processed of dog meat per year, and 20% of them were exported. In Korea, the cook of dog meat is a special food culture with a long history. During the Chosun dynasty, dog meat had been eaten to be cooked diversely such as Gaejangkuk(a soup), Suyuk(a boiled meat), Sundae(a sausage), Kui(a roasted meat), Gaezim(a steamed meat), Nurumi(a meat roasted or fried, to which lot of spice paste are added), Gaesoju(an extract), Musulju(a wine), Musuldang(a sweet cane), Now, it is cooked as Bosintang(a soup), Suyuk(a boiled meat), Jeongol(boiled meat mixed with spices, vegetables and water on the pot), Duruchigi(boiled meat added spice vegatable and slightly roasted), Muchim(boiled meat added by spice and mixed), Gaesoju(an extract), with the number of recipes lessened, compared with those of the old times. The reason is due to the intervention and criticism from foreign countries. But foreigner's blame for the dog meat is absurd and excessive action, because Korea raises exceptional dogs which are edible.

반려견에 대한 보호자의 관계 인식과 관계 인식이 반려견 전문품 구매의도에 미치는 영향

양수진 한국소비문화학회 2020 소비문화연구 Vol.23 No.3

The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants related to the consumption intention of specialty products for dogs by focusing on the growth of the dog-related market. An online questionnaire was conducted for 600 adults accompanying dogs in their households, including items measuring relationship perception toward dog companionship and purchase intentions for specialty products. As a result of exploratory factor analysis to derive factors that compose relationship perception toward dog companionship, three attitude factors such as symbiotic relationship, dog-centered self-concept, and low boundary were derived. According to the results of ANOVA in relationship perceptions according to demographic characteristics, the higher the perception of Symbiotic relationship was the higher when they are women and have the lower income. Also, when they unmarried, they tended to feel the lower level of boundaries. In addition, when they are older than 35 years, they seemed to perceive the higher level of dog oriented self-concept. On the other hand, they play a major role in the rearing of dogs, and spend longer time together with dogs on weekdays, they were likely to perceive the reinforced multi-faceted relationships such as symbiotic relationship, dog oriented self-concept, and boundaries. As a result of hierarchical regression analysis on the effect of multiple dimensions of relationship perception on the purchase intention of specialty products, it was found that dog oriented self- concept and lower boundaries had a significant and positive effects. Also, the effect of boundaries turned out to be strengthened in the group with the bigger dog rearing expenditure in a statistically significant way. The result of this study is to discover the attributes that have a significant influence on consumption behavior among guardians' perceived dog companionship, and to explore how demographic characteristics and rearing behaviors of dog guardians can moderate the relationships. We expect that the current research can provide dog companionship markets with implications applying marketing strategy planning. 본 연구는 애견 관련 소비시장의 성장을 주목하여 반려견을 위한 전문품 소비 의도에 관련된 결정요인으로 반려동물에 대한 보호자의 관계인식의 다면적 요인의 영향을 탐구하고자 하였다. 반려견을 양육하고 있는 가구의 성인 600명을 대상으로 반려견에 대한 관계 인식과 전문품 구매의도를 측정하는 문항이 포함된 온라인 설문을 실시하였다. 반려견에 대한 관계인식을 구성하는 요인을 도출하기 위해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 상호수혜, 자아형성, 그리고 낮은경계 등 3개의 다면적 요인들이 도출되었다. 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 관계인식 요인들에 대한 차이분석 결과에 따르면, 여성이고 소득이 낮을수록 상호수혜 관계인식이 높았고, 미혼일수록 낮은경계의 관계인식 수준이 높아졌다. 더불어, 연령이 35세 이상으로 높을수록 자아형성의 관계인식이 높게 나타났다. 다른 한편, 반려견 양육에서 주요한 역할을 하고, 평일에 함께 보내는 시간이 길수록 상호수혜, 자아형성, 그리고 낮은경계 등 다면적 관계 인식들이 모두 강화되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 관계인식의 다면적 요인들이 전문품 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 자아형성과 낮은경계가 유의하고 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났으며, 월 평균 양육비 지출 규모가 큰 집단일수록 낮은경계의 영향이 긍정적으로 강화되어 통계적으로 유의한 조절효과가 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 반려견에 대한 보호자의 관계인식 중 소비행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 속성을 발견하고, 이러한 경향이 강화되는 반려견 보호자의 인구통계학적인 특성과 양육 행동을 탐색하여 반려견 시장 내 마케팅 전략 기획에 적용될 수 있어 실무적 함의를 제공한다.

반려견 범죄 예방 및 처리에 대한 경찰의 역할

유병후 한국범죄심리학회 2022 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.18 No.4

Dogs live with humans for a long time, help each other, and have more meaning than animals that share their lives. Life with dogs and humans has been and will continue for a long time. Considering the type of housing in Korea, where many people live together, such as apartments, crimes related to dogs will continue to occur, and the problem will also become a continuous social issue. However, policies and consciousness and police response are insufficient. Today, the number of households raising dogs continues to increase due to social factors such as the increase in single-person households and aging and environmental changes, and disputes and damages against dog crimes are expected to increase. One of the important factors in the increase in dog-related crimes is the police's lukewarm attitude toward dog crimes. Regarding dogs, major countries have already created and implemented systems to live together. The best way to prevent dog-related crimes is to properly educate and control the dog owner's dog, but it will be too much to do only the responsibility of the dog owner in all cases.Therefore, this study examined the current status of dog bites, dog abuse, and disputes between residents due to dogs, and reviewed punishment regulations and treatment of dog crimes, and suggested ways to strengthen the police's role in preventing and dealing with dog-related crimes. 반려견은 인간과 오랫동안 더불어 생활하면서 서로 도움을 주며 삶을 같이 하는 동물 이상의 의미를 지니고 있다. 반려견과인간과의 생활은 오랫동안 지속되었으며 앞으로도 계속될 것이다. 아파트 등 공동생활을 많이 하는 우리나라의 주거형태를 감안하면 반려견 관련 범죄는 계속하여 발생할 것이고 그에 대한 문제도 계속적인 사회적인 이슈가 될 것이다. 하지만 그에 관한 정책이나 의식 및 경찰의 대처는 미흡하다. 오늘날 1인 가구의 증가와 고령화 등의 사회적 요인 및 환경변화로 인해 반려견을 키우는 가구는 계속 증가하고 있으며, 반려견 범죄에 대한 분쟁과 피해도 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 반려견 관련 범죄가 증가하는 중요한 요인 중의 하나에 경찰의 반려견 범죄에 대한 미온적인 태도도 포함된다. 반려견 관련해서 주요 국가들은 이미 더불어 같이 살아가는 제도를 만들어 시행하고 있다. 반려견 관련 범죄를 예방하는 가장 좋은 방법은 견주의 반려견에 대한 적절한 교육과 통제이겠지만 모든 경우를 견주에 책임으로만 하기에는 무리가 있을 것이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 반려견 관련 범죄로 많이 발생하고 문제시 되는 반려견 물림 사고, 반려견 학대, 반려견으로 인한 주민간의 분쟁에 대한 현황을 살펴보고 그에 대한 처벌 규정 및 반려견 범죄에 대한 외국 경찰의 처리 등을 살펴보았으며, 이를 바탕으로 하여 반려견 관련 범죄의 예방 및 처리를 대한 경찰의 역할 강화 방안을 제시하였다.

The Relationship between Dog Ownership and Physical Activity in Korean Adults

Miso Park,Hoon Ki Park,Hwan Sik Hwang,Kye-Yeung Park,Ho-Hyoun Yim 대한가정의학회 2021 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.42 No.1

Background: Many studies have reported that dog ownership is effective in encouraging physical activity. However, the association between living with a dog and enhanced physical activity has not been clearly verified. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dog ownership on the amount of physical activity in a representative sample of Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study administered the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to 1,299 individuals who visited the international healthcare center of one hospital in Seoul, Korea, between August and December in 2018. Based on responses to the IPAQ survey, the amount and duration of physical activity was calculated to analyze relationships with dog ownership. Results: The total amount (P=0.02) and duration of physical activity (P=0.02) and the duration of vigorous-intensity physical activity (P=0.04) were significantly higher among dog owners than non-dog owners. The duration of daily physical activity increased with dog ownership by 18.6 minutes (P=0.01). A comparison of dog owners according to whether they walked with their dogs revealed that dog walking had no significant effect on the amount and duration of physical activity, inactivity, or health-enhancing physical activity status. There was a sex-specific association between dog ownership and total duration of physical activity in females. Conclusion: The duration of physical activity increased by dog ownership. However, the higher levels of physical activity among dog owners may not necessarily be explained by dog ownership or walking with dogs. This outcome suggests that raising a dog can help promote physical activity.

진도견(珍島犬)- 우리나라의 고유견(固有犬)

이정길,유갑현,Lee, Chung-gil,Yoo, Gap-hyun 대한수의학회 1988 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

The origin of Jindo dogs has been controversial. It has been informed by words of mouth that they are the offsprings of either the digs of Sung dynasty (960~1279 A.D.) in China or the Mongolian dogs. Some breeds of dogs in Japan now have almost same appearance as Jindo dogs. The authors reviewed the history of Japan and found that Korean hunting dogs were sent to Japan in early 5th century, which was before Sung dynasty of China. Dr. Jae-Keun Ryu of National Institute of Environmental Research has done some work on serums of dogs of both Korea and Japan; the results of his serological and molecular biological studies indicated that Korean dogs were sent to Japan 1,300~2,500 years ago. Jindo dogs appear to be the descendants of the dogs of the Stone Age. They have adapted themselves to the unfavorable environment of Jindo island so that they can maintain pure line-age and wild nature until today. It was concluded that they are Korean native dogs, not the offsprings of the dogs of Sung dynasty or the Mongolian dogs.

한반도 유적 출토 飼育種개의 활용 양상에 대한 고찰 –의도적 매장, 의례적 희생 가능성을 중심으로–

이준정 한국상고사학회 2013 한국상고사학보 Vol.81 No.-

한반도의 선사 및 고대 사회에 있어 사육종 개가 어떠한 역할을 수행하였는지를 이해하기 위해 고고학 유적에서 출토된 개 유존체 자료를 집성한 결과, 신석기시대부터 통일신라시대에 이르는 61개 유적의 사례를 확인할 수 있었다. 이 가운데 출토 정황이 명확한 30여 개 유적에 대하여 유존체가 발견된 층위 및 유구의 성격, 유존체의 위치·방향·자세, 부위별 출토 양상, 해부학적 위치 일탈 여부 및 관절 접합 여부, 해체흔 및 조리흔유무, 전체 동물유존체의 종별·부위별 출토빈도 및 성격, 유물·여타 동물유존체·인골 등과의 공반관계 등을 면밀히 검토함으로써, 각 유적에서 사육종 개가 어떤 방식으로 활용되고 매장되었는지 밝히고 이를 토대로 당시 사회에서 사육종 개를 활용한 양상을 고찰하였다. 사육종 개 유존체의 출토 정황은 1) 자연사한 개체를 의도적으로 매장한 경우, 2) 장송 의례의 일환으로 순장 또는 공헌된 경우, 3) 장송 의례 외의 다양한 의례적 맥락에서 희생된 경우, 그리고 4) 식용 후 폐기된 경우의 네 가지 양상으로 나타난다. 전 세계적으로 빈번히 발견되나 한국고고학계에서는 그간 크게 주목하지 않았던 의도적 매장 사례로 대연평도 까치산 패총, 광양 오사리 돈탁 패총, 사천 늑도 유적 등을 지목하였는데, 특히 늑도 C지구의 경우 기존에 순장 및 공헌으로 간주하던 예 가운데 상당수가 출토 정황 상 사후 의도적으로 매장한 사례로 분류된다. 사육종 개를 의례 시 희생물로 삼은 것은 신석기시대부터 통일신라시대에 이르기까지 지속적으로 발견되는데, 특히 강문동 저습지의 의례 유구에서 망태기에 쌓인 채 발견된 유체(幼體) 1개체의 예가 대표적이다. 삼국시대 이후로는 건축물을 축조하기에 앞서 초석 아래 매장하거나, 우물 의례 시 희생되는 등 다양한 의례적 맥락에서 활용된다. 또한 삼국시대에는 장송 의례의 여러 과정에서 순장 또는 공헌되는 예도 종종 나타나는데, 장송의례 시 주된 희생동물이었던 말이나 소에 비하면 극히 일부에 한정된다. 한편 사육종 개를 식용하였던 증거는 신석기시대 이래 지속적으로 나타나지만, 출토량이 극히 적은 것으로 보아 보편적인식용 대상은 아니었던 것으로 생각된다. 한반도 선사 및 고대 사회에 있어 사육종 개는 다양한 실용적, 사회적, 제의적, 상징적인 맥락에서 활용되었으며, 시대에 따른 활용 양상의 차이가 어느 정도 간취되는 것으로 보아 향후 자료의 축적을 토대로 시대적 활용 양상의 특징 및 변화상을 고찰할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The current paper addresses the issue of what the major role of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, was during the prehistoric and proto-historic times in the Korean peninsula by examining faunal remains from archaeological sites. The earliest domestic dog in the Korean peninsula has been identified from the early Neolithic sites such as the Bibong-ri, Yeondae-do, Daeyeonpyeong-do, and Dongsam-dong sites. People have been burying dead dogs deliberately since the Neolithic period. Such practices reflect the remarkable social compatibility between humans and dogs. At the Nukdo site, dated to the Early Iron to the Proto-Three Kingdoms periods, dogs were buried individually in the so-called dog cemetery area as well as in close proximity to deceased people in the human cemetery area. Only male adult dogs were buried in the human cemetery, whereas both sexes and all ages including some puppies were buried in the dog cemetery area. I suggest that some male adult dogs conducting unique roles were treated specially as they were buried near people; other dogs were buried in dog burials, and some dogs were slaughtered and consumed. The domestic dogs were ritually disposed in human graves and in various ritual contexts such as in the fill of an abandoned well during the Proto-Three Kingdoms and Three Kingdoms periods. At the Gangmun-dong site, the whole body of a 5 to 6 months-old puppy wrapped by a mesh bag was disposed in the pit where various kinds of ritual items were disposed together. Evidences of dog consumption have been found from several shell midden sites dated back to the Neolithic to the Three Kingdoms periods. I argue that domestic dogs were understood and treated in a variety of ways during Korean prehistory.