종합병원 일부 입원환자의 당일수술에 대한 태도와 당일수술 적용 가능성 평가

백영란,이경수,김석범,강복수,강영아,Beak, Young-Ran,Lee, Kyeong-Soo,Kim, Seok-Beom,Kang, Pock-Soo,Kang, Young-Ah 대한예방의학회 2000 예방의학회지 Vol.33 No.3

이 연구는 당일수술을 실시하고 있지 않은 병원에서 당일수술이 가능한 질병으로 입원하고 있는 환자를 대상으로 당일수술에 대한 인지도와 선호도를 조사하고, 당일수술 가능 질병의 평균 재원일수를 분석하며, 마취 후 퇴원점수체계를 이용한 시간대별 퇴원 가능한 환자의 비율을 분석하여 당일수술 가능여부를 판단하기 위하여 실시되었다. 자료수집은 1999년 2월 1일부터 동년 3월 31일까지 $\bigcirc\bigcirc$대학교 의과대학 부속병원에 입원하여 백내장, 편도선 비대, 탈장, 사시, 안검하수, 담석증, 질, 치루로 수술 받은 환자 353명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 수집 방법은 설문지를 이용하여 설문과 면담을 하였고, 간호사용 마취 후 퇴원점수체계(PADS)를 이용하여 환자의 수술 후 활력징후, 활동력과 정신상태, 통증, 오심 구토, 출혈, 식이 및 배뇨 등의 환자상태를 조사하였다. 당일수술에 대한 인지도는 52.7%이었으며, 당일수술 의향이 있는 환자는 52.1%이었다. 당일수술을 받고 싶은 이유로는 "질병이 경미하고 수술이 간단하여"가 43.1%, "집에서 안정을 취해도 충분하므로"가 30.4%이었고, 당일수술을 받고 싶지 않는 이유는 "집에 있기 불안해서"가 56.5%로 가장 높았다. 당일수술 후 가장 염려되는 것은 응급 상황발생에 대한 것이었다. 당일수술의 가장 큰 장점은 입원기간 절약(39.1%)이었으며 단점은 응급상황 시 불안하다는 것이 53.9%로 가장 많았다. 환자의 주관적 판단에 의한 퇴원시기는 수술 후 1-2일이라고 생각하는 사람이 47.6%로 가장 많았다. 수술명에 따른 평균 재원일수는 백내장적출술 2.9일, 사시 교정술 2.2일, 편도선제거술 3일, 탈장교정술 3.8일, 안검복원술 2.2일, 담석증복강경술 4.9일, 치질제거술 4.1일, 치루제거술 4.6일로, 이들 전체의 평균 재원일수는 3.1일이었다. 수술 후 나타난 증상으로는 통증이 45.6%로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 오심 구토(10.5%) 및 두통(7.9%)의 순이었다. 시간대별 퇴원 가능 환자 수는 3시간대에 95.2%, 12시간대에 99.2%, 24시간대에는 100%로 나타나 이 연구에서 선정된 모든 수술이 마취 후 퇴원점수체계에 의한 24시간 이내 퇴원 기준을 충족시켰고, 통상적으로 당일수술 3시간 뒤에 환자가 퇴원하는 것을 고려하면 의학적인 측면에서 당일수술이 가능한 수술은 백내장적출술과 사시교정술로 판단되었다. 당일수술의 경과에 대한 설명과 수술 시행 후에 환자들에게 발생할지도 모르는 응급상황에 대한 대처 방안이 잘 강구 된다면 당일수술의 수요가 증가할 것이며, 그 서비스에 대한 만족도도 높아져 당일수술이 활성화될 것이다. Objectives . This study was conducted in order to investigate the degree of recognition, acceptability, and altitude towards day surgery of patients who were hospitalized with diseases that were candidates for day surgery; in order to analyze the average length of stay for treatment of the ailments; and to analyze the percentage of patients who could be discharged on the same day after the surgery ,using the post-anesthesia discharge scoring system. Methods : Data was collected between February 1 and March 31, 1999 from 353 patients who received surgery for cataract, adenoid hypertrophy, inguinal hernia, strabismus, ptosis, cholelithiasis, hemorrhoid, or anal fistula, at a general hospital in Daegu city. The patients were interviewed and surveyed by a post-anesthesia discharge scoring system(PADS) in order to collect data on patient condition such as vital signs, activity and mental status, pain, nausea and vomiting, surgical bleeding, intake and output after the surgery. Results : Among the 353 patients, 52.7% were after of the day surgery and 52.7% were interested in day surgery. Of the respondents, 43.1% said 'my ailment was not serious and the surgery was simple' and 30.4% said 'according to my condition rest at home was desirable' as the reasons for wanting day surgery Alternatively, 56.5% of those declining day surgery said the 'uncertainty of staying home' was the reason. The greatest concern in discharging within 24 hours after surgery was a post-op emergency situation. On the other hand, the shortened hospitalization was the largest advantage of day surgery with 39.1% responding this way, followed by the savings in hospitalization costs (25.8%) and emotional stability (13.7%). The majority of those surveyed (47.6%) believed that discharge should be determined within 1-2 days after the surgery. The average hospital stay was 3.1 days for dischargeable ailments. Pain (45.6%), nausea and vomiting (10.5%), and headache (7.9%) were the common symptoms following surgery. The percentage of patients who were able to be discharged within 24 hours after surgery revealed 95.2% were dischargeable after approximately 3 hours, 99.2% dischargeable after 12 hours, and 100% dischargeable after 24 hours. Conclusions : According to the PADS score, the cataract extract and strabismus correction patients were eligible for day surgery and the further evaluation concerning the reason for delayed recovery of the other diseases is needed.

소아성형외과 영역에서의 통원수술: 5년간의 체험례

임소영,현원석,하범준,오갑성 대한성형외과학회 2002 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.29 No.1

The popularity of elective day surgery has increased significantly over the past two decades. Potential advantages of day surgery are alleviation of parental burden on time and money, less social disruption for the child and family due to the shorter period hospitalization and the absence of overnight stay. Between January of 1996 and December of 2000, we studied 391 cases that underwent day surgery(age 1mo.-15.0yrs). This practice is reviewed with regard to initial assessment, preparation for surgery, postoperative complications and management, and immediate follow-up by telephone visit. Up to 28% of all pediatric plastic surgical cases were performed on day-care basis mainly in laser therapy and excision of benign soft tissue mass. The incidence of postoperative minor medical complications was 3.1 In addition, we reviewed 14 patients who underwent ambulatory surgery with syndactyly and/or polydactyly of the hand.Then we compared 3 parameters(hospital charge, postoperative complications and degree of postoperative satisfaction in parents) with those of 84 inpatient children who underwent the same surgical procedures. As results, ambulatory surgery group is more economical than inpatient surgery group with postoperative satisfaction higher than inpatients surgery group with negligible complications.And based on a 5-year experience of authors, day-surgery system in pediatric plastic surgery is safe, effective and in the best interest of a select but significant proportion of children requiring elective operation.

Appeared Changes of Binocular Function after Refractive Surgery

Joong-Gu Kang,Dae-Gwang Wi,Koon-Ja Lee,Ki-Cheul Shin,Hyun-Sung Leem 대한시과학회 2016 대한시과학회지 Vol.18 No.2

목 적: 근시를 가진 굴절교정수술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 수술 전후 나타나는 조절력, 사위도, 입체시 등의 양안시기능 변화를 3개월간 추적 관찰하였다. 방 법: 근시안의 굴절교정수술을 받은 20대 50명(남자 23명, 여자 27명)을 대상으로 굴절교정수술 전과 수술 후(1주일, 1개월, 3개월)의 굴절검사 및 조절력검사(Push-up method), 원근거리 사위도(Howell 시표 에 의한 3 m, 33 cm검사), 입체시검사(Titmus 입체시표) 등을 조사하였다. 결 과: 굴절교정 수술 전의 굴절검사 값은 -4.96±2.17D이었고, 수술 3개월 후 굴절검사 값은 -0.54±0.44D 이었다. 굴절수술 전의 조절력은 9.85±2.29D이었으며, 수술 후 1주일, 1개월, 3개월의 조절 력 값은 각각 7.85±2.05D, 7.99±1.81D, 9.16±2.01D로 측정되었으며, 수술 1주일 후 조절력이 떨어졌다 가 3개월 후 다시 증가하는 양상을 나타내었다(F=21.83, p<0.001). 굴절교정 수술 전 원거리 사위도는 -0.03±1.96△, 수술 3개월 후 사위도는 0.15±1.96△로 측정되었으며, 수술 전 근거리 사위도는 -0.54±1.61△, 수술 3개월 후 사위도는 -0.46±1.60△로 측정되었다. 수술 전과 후의 원, 근거리 사위도 는 수술 전과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 입체시 값은 굴절교정 수술 전이 52.40±12.70초, 수 술 후 1주일 값이 63.00±14.74초, 수술 후 1개월 값이 60.00±12.94초, 3개월 값이 52.80±12.13초로 측정 되었다(F=8.06, p<0.001). 결 론: 근시 굴절교정수술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 양안시 변화를 분석한 결과 수술 전과 비교하여 조절 력은 수술 후 1주일, 1개월, 3개월동안 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 3개월 이후 조절력은 회복되 는 양상을 보였다. 입체시는 수술 후 1 주일, 1개월은 통계적으로 유의하게 증가 하였고 3개월 후에는 수술 전 상태로 유의하게 회복하였다. Purpose: With myopic refractive surgery patients who received preoperative amplitude of accommodation, phoria degree, binocular stereopsis, and functional changes were followed for 3 months. Methods: Myopic refractive surgery in twenties of 50 people(23 males, 27 females) to target refractive surgery before and after surgery(1week, 1month, 3months) and the amplitude of accommodation test(Push-up method), the phoria test of far and near(Howell by chart for 3 m, 33 cm test), stereo-acuity test(Titmus steropsis chart) were evaluated. Results: Refraction before refractive surgery were the value -4.96±2.17D, three months after surgery refractions were the value -0.54±0.44D. Accommodation before refractive surgery were the 9.85±2.29D after surgery, 1week, 1month and 3months respectively accommodation 7.85±2.05D, 7.99±1.81D, 9.16±2.01D measured, and a week after surgery fell accommodation, the pattern shown to increase again after three months(F=21.83, p<0.001). The far phoria of before refractive surgery were -0.03±1.96△, three months after surgery the far phoria were measured to be 0.15±1.96△, also the near phoria before surgery ranged -0.54±1.61△, the near phoria were measured to be -0.46±1.60△, three months after surgery. Before and after surgery, compared to the surgery before the far and near phoria were not statistically significant. The value of stereo-acuity before refractive surgery were measured to be 52.40±12.70 sec, a week after surgery were 63.00±14.74sec, the value of one month after surgery 60.00±12.94 sec, the values of three month ere measured to 52.80±12.13 sec(F=8.06, p<0.001). Conclusions: With myopic refractive surgery patients who received preoperative analysis of the change of the accommodation and stereo-acuity a week after surgery and then increased again after 3 months to reduce pattern could be observed.

COSMETIC SURGERY: A CATALYST FOR CHANGES TO THE SELF AND MATERIALIST CONSUMPTION

Héctor González-Jiménez,Sujin Song 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Individuals consume products and services as a means of symbolic self-expression in private and public contexts (Ahuvia, 2005; Belk, 1988; Harmon-Kizer et al., 2013). The body should be seen as the continuation of the individual, as the self is exhibited to others via its embodiment (Borelli and Casotti, 2012). Thus, the body functions as object that can serve self-expressive purposes and consumption behaviors (Schouten, 1991). Meanwhile, cosmetic surgery is described as a “fashion object” (Venkatesh et al., 2010, p. 468) and a form of extreme symbolic consumption that uses the body as an object to express the self (Schouten, 1991). Research indicates that individuals use of cosmetic surgery as a means of self-identity reconstruction (Askegard et al., 2002) and that motivational antecedents such as sociocultural influences, competition with others, media influence, body appreciation, and a materialist orientation are drivers of cosmetic surgery (Henderson-King and Brooks, 2009; Markley-Roundtree and Davis, 2011; Swami et al., 2009). Contrary to prior evidence, we argue that besides being a consequence, cosmetic surgery acts also as an antecedent that influences materialist consumption practices through changes to a consumers’ self. Surprisingly, despite the growing number of cosmetic surgery procedures around the globe and the self as a key driver of consumer behavior, no study to date has explored how cosmetic surgery acts as an antecedent of materialistic consumption practices through potential alterations of an individual’s self. We carried out semi-structured in-depth interviews with 10 South Korean participants. Our participants were 22 to 57 years old, representing a range of income and professional roles. They had previously undergone plastic surgery procedures such as double eyelid surgery, breast enhancementt and nose surgery. First, our findings suggest that materialism is not just an antecedent of cosmetic surgery propensity (Henderson-King and Brooks, 2009), but also that cosmetic surgery influences materialist consumption practices (e.g. cosmetics, beach vacations) through changes to the self. Second, our findings indicate that individuals need to control influences how cosmetic surgery shapes the self. Specifically, consumers seek cosmetic surgery to bridge the discrepancy between the physical self (provided by nature) and their “sought” psychological self. Third, our findings illustrate the role of marketplace cultures and, in particular, socio-cultural driven factors that interact with the self in a cosmetic surgery context (Arnoud and Thompson, 2005). Fourth, our findings show that cosmetic surgery leads to various emotional outcomes through changes to the self (i.e. pride, self-satisfaction, subjective happiness, and increased guilt). We contribute to discourses of embodied practices (e.g. cosmetic surgery) related to the self and materialism (e.g., Richins, 2012; Schouten, 1991; Venkatesh et al., 2010).

THE DESIRE FOR A NEW FACE: THE EMERGENCE OF COSMETIC SURGERY TOURISM IN CHINA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH KOREAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

Hyun Jeong Min,Eric Ping Hung Li 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

“If you‟re ever found yourself wondering what to do during an annoyingly long layover (hi, hello, all of us), „get Botox‟ will soon join your list of possibilities – at least if you‟re traveling in South Korea”(MacKenzie, 2017). Introduction Cosmetic surgery has become a new attraction for Chinese tourists to visit Korea. According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea, 27,646 of 127,648 Chinese medical tourists who visited Korea in 2016 did so to obtain cosmetic surgery (Nam, 2017). This paper presents how external desire influenced the socio-historical development of the cosmetic surgery tourism in South Korea, focusing on Chinese crossborder consumption. In analyzing this relatively new phenomenon, we identified two intertwined desires. Specifically, while popularity of cosmetic surgery in South Korea is driven by the desire of individual Chinese consumers to obtain symbolic capital by achieving so-called K-beauty, this directly supports the collective desire of the Korean nation to construct a new Korean-ness. This trend has led to the promotion of Medical Korea, aiming to erase the former image of uncool industrial emerging country. In examining these complex practices, we employed the conception of “nation-ness” (Taylor, 1997) to elucidate the renewal of Korean national identity in the medical tourism industry and the global marketplace (Anderson, 1991; Appadurai, 1996; Lee, 2017). This paper commences with a brief outline of the socio-historical development of cosmetic surgery in Asian societies. We then discuss the connection of beauty and social capital among the Chinese consumer society and how Korean‟s cosmetic surgery industry has become the icon site for the achieving the ideal beauty. The paper closes with an illustration of the inter-relationship between the emerging consumer desire for beauty and the reconstruction of Korean-ness. Cosmetic surgery in contemporary asian consumer society Drawing on Giddens‟s (1991) notion of reflexivity, Belk (1988) and other consumer researchers have revealed that consumers consider their body as their possession and a reflection of their self. Consequently, some see it as a resource for constructing their desired identity through cosmetic surgeries (Askegaard, Gertsen, & Langer, 2002; Schouten, 1991; Thompson & Hirschman, 1995). While this phenomenon has mostly been examined in the context of contemporary Western consumer society, it is increasingly becoming more widespread. Such practices have resulted in human body no longer being viewed as a biological entity, but rather as “the finest consumption object” that can be further refined if needed (Baudrillard, 2005, p. 129). Altering one‟s body has traditionally been considered a taboo in many Asian cultures. In ancient Chinese society, there was a general perception that our bodies, down to a single hair and a flake of skin, are given to us by our parents. Therefore, any modification to the way our body looks and functions would be considered disrespectful to one‟s parents (Hua, 2013). However, in the world of cable TV and mass-circulation of Hollywood movies, in which social media has become an indispensable part of everyday life for most individuals, it is not surprising that Western beauty ideals have emerged as a dominant reference for the rest of the world. As the Westernized values and lifestyles become more easily accessible through media, they challenge these former social norms. Consequently, Asian women are increasingly seeking body modifications, such as plastic surgery, in an attempt to attain the elusive ideal beauty. In her research on body alternations, Orbach (2011) reported that 50 percent of teenage girls in South Korea planned to alter their faces or bodies through plastic surgery. According to the available evidence, in 2011, South Korea was rated first in the world in terms of the per capita ratio of aesthetic plastic surgeries (Shin, 2011). The success of South Korea‟s plastic surgery industry then made the country one of the best site for body alternations in the global beauty marketplace. Chinese desire for new face: beauty as capital Although it directly counters old Confucian doctrine of not tampering with one‟s body for filial piety, cosmetics surgery is very popular in China. In her book Buying Beauty, Hua (2013) noted that the increasingly brutal competition for jobs has prompted Chinese women to regard beauty as capital. It is thus not uncommon for Chinese parents to finance their daughters‟ cosmetic surgery, as they have come to perceive a pretty face as a worthwhile long-term investment, as it may increase the future career and/or marriage prospects of their daughters. For this reason, Chinese women are undergoing cosmetic surgery at a much younger age than do their Western counterparts. “Being good-looking is capital” has become the epitome of Chinese young girls. They consider attractive appearance that a cosmetic surgery may proffer as a form of capital, which they believe can give them a competitive advantage in the increasingly fierce job market (Hua, 2013). This attitude is prevalent among women, as gender and appearance discrimination is widespread in Chinese job market even in occupations where outward appearance usually has no relevance, such as civil service and government institutions (Hua, 2013). Owing to the increasingly widespread access to popular and social media and TV as a result of China reopening its doors, Chinese beauty standards have changed, whereby the perception of ideal image is heavily influenced by Western movies, pop culture, and the fashion and beauty industry (Hua, 2013). As Luo‟s (2012) research demonstrated, however, these newly adopted Western beauty ideals are coming into conflict with those that have traditionally been held by the Chinese. Yet, as Li et al. (2007) have shown, not all recent changes to the perceptions of and attitudes toward external appearance can be attributed to the Western influence. In their cross-cultural study on skin-whitening practices in four Asian markets, the authors reported that the desire for “white skin” in many Asian cultures (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Indian) has a long history. Saraswati (2010) concurred with this finding, stating that, in the non-Western context, the desire for “whiteness” cannot be equated to the desire for “Caucasian whiteness,” implying that the concept of whiteness may be context-dependent. This tension seems to be relieved by the adoption of Korean beauty ideal, which blends the Western and Korean physical traits and has resulted in Hallyu or the Korean Wave. Since the late 1990s, the term “Hallyu” has been used to describe the influx of South Korean popular culture in Asia. Korean TV dramas, movies, and popular music (K-pop) have in recent decades become staples in Asian markets formerly dominated by Japan and Hong Kong (Seabrook, 2012). Since the Korean Wave hit China, the visual appearance, fashion trends, hairstyle choices, and make-up styles of Korean stars have become highly popular. Consequently, many Chinese people regard Korea as the cosmetic surgery hub of Asia, as Korean beauty is admired by Chinese people who thus aspire to attain it by undergoing various surgical and non-surgical procedures. This growing trend was spurred by the success of the TV drama, Jewel in the Palace, which resulted in the popularity of the lead actress Lee Young Ae among Chinese women, who would ask plastic surgeons to make them look like her (Hua, 2013). The popularity of Korean pop culture and the widespread adoption of the Korean beauty ideals can be interpreted as counter-standard against the Western beauty. Yet, as Hua (2013) and others argue, the rise of Korean influence in the Asian markets can also be viewed as an indication of the submission to the Western beauty imperialism. This tension exists, as their Mongolian heredity with more prominent noses and lighter skins than other Asians gives Koreans certain “Western” features (Fairclough, 2005). The new face and desire for the new national identity Not long ago, Korea had the reputation as an emerging industrial nation that manufactures low-cost cars and appliances (Fairclough, 2005; Seabrook, 2012). South Korea has a long history and reputation as an industrial hub in East Asia. Some of the top global brands, such as Samsung, Hyundai, and LG, began as the key manufacturing partners of Western brands in the early and mid-twentieth century. Korea is also often associated with the Korean War, as described in US motion pictures, such as MASH (Preminger & Altman,1970). However, in the late 1990s, this image began to change with the increasing popularity of aforementioned Hallyu entertainment contents (Fairclough, 2005). In fact, the latest “Korean Wave” has ushered a brand-new transnational representation of Korea into the global marketplace. Following a highly successful cultural Hallyu, Korea has recently launched medical Hallyu, promoting cosmetic surgery (Eun, 2013). In the 2000s, Korean cosmetic surgery emerged as a successful byproduct of the Korean Wave. This growing trend has since become a source of great national pride in South Korea (Holliday, Bell, Cheung, Jones, & Probyn, 2015). While Korean entertainment products were generating enormous revenues, cosmetic surgery was recognized as a profitable addition to the already lucrative export industry, as foreign tourists were willing to travel to the country in order to undergo operations that would make them look like Korean Hallyu stars. In recognition of this change in attitudes towards physical appearance and beauty ideals, “Korean cosmetic surgery” (Hanshi zhengxing) and “Korean-style beauty” (Hanshi meirong) became key words in the cosmetic surgery advertisements in China (Davies & Han, 2011). Cosmetic surgery clinics in the trendiest Gangnam and Apgujeong districts of Seoul often provide medical tourism packages targeting foreign tourists coming from China and other Southeast Asian countries (Eun, 2013). As Hallyu boasts a creative integration of the Western and Korean elements in its entertainment contents (Shim, 2006), Korean cosmetic surgeons are attempting to achieve the same. According to a doctor that took part in Shim‟s (2009) study, Korean surgeons have the best skills to operate on Asian patients, as they have smaller physique and denser subcutaneous tissues compared to their Western counterparts. Although Korean surgeons used to travel to the U.S. to obtain training for the popular procedures, such as eyelid surgery, they subsequently modified the American techniques, realizing that they were inappropriate for the “Korean Body.” For instance, removing too much fat from the eyelids created an unnatural Western eyes that were not suitable for Korean facial structure. Such specialism, which is now internationally recognized, makes aspirant youths from neighboring China and Korean diaspora more than willing to travel to Korea to undergo elective cosmetic procedures that would improve their visual appearance (Holliday, Bell, Cheung, Jones, & Probyn, 2015). The Korean government‟s active support for the export of cultural products has also helped the proliferation of cosmetic surgery tourism. In 2009, the Korean National Assembly passed an amendment to the medical law, enabling hospitals to advertise their services and promote medical tourism (Eun, 2013). Korea Tourism Organization (KTO), a subsidiary organization of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, runs an online medical tourism platform website, visitmedicalkorea.com, to provide foreign tourists with information about Korean medical tourism. It also supports the overseas marketing of companies and hospitals as a means of attracting more tourists to the country (Korea Tourism Organization, n.d.). While the KTO website is not solely dedicated to cosmetic surgery tourism, Visit Medical Korea‟s website boasts the massive number of cosmetic surgery operations performed every year in Korea. The country is now the third largest cosmetic surgery market after the U.S. and Brazil, as the recognition of the high skill level of Korean surgeons and their use of modern technology motivates many individuals to visit Korea for their beauty enhancement (Korea Tourism Organization and Korea Health Industry Development Institute, n.d.). The fact that Korea has achieved economic progress through rapid modernization but did not give up many of its traditions is another allure to many Asian tourists (Fairclough, 2005). This is emphasized in the promotional video published by KTO through the juxtaposition of the beauty of traditional porcelain making inherited from Joseon dynasty with cutting edge medical technology and skills of Korean medical industry (Korea Tourism Organization, 2016). Conclusion: renewing “Korean-ness” in the global marketplace Desire to be beautiful and prolong one‟s youth is not unique to modern times. Yet, medical advances now make even extending one‟s height by breaking and separating the thigh bone to prompt growth possible. While this sounds scary and can be highly dangerous, it is a very popular operation in Shanghai. Cosmetic surgery is no doubt a popular service high on many Chinese consumers‟ list. Although it may be cynical to say that our desire for beautiful body is perpetuated and exploited by the style industries, it is true that the beauty, cosmetic, fashion, media, and celebrity industries are playing an important role in shaping our beauty standards and promoting the ideal body size/shape in the contemporary marketplace (Orbach, 2011). In this study, we connected Chinese consumers‟ desire for new facial features with the emerging plastic surgery tourism in South Korea as an exemplar of the reconstruction of national identity. The term “nation-ness” is comprehensive and links disparate phenomena, such as nation, nationalism, and nationality by including “everything from the bureaucratic fact of citizenship to the nationalist‟s mythical construction of nation as an eternal entity” (Taylor, 1997, p. 277). In this study, we argued that cosmetic surgery has become a new Korean national identity, which is not solely reflected in the rise of Korean beauty and style in the Pan-Asian (Cayla & Eckhardt, 2008) or even global marketplace. The new identity has also inherited the techno-industrial past, as the preciseness and high quality of Korean “industry” are valuable traits to transfer to this new medical field. In this paper, we demonstrated that the creation and promotion of ideal beauty and body is part of a broader political strategy, in which governments, corporations, and key cultural stakeholders are actively, and sometimes collectively, shaping and monitoring individuals‟ bodily practices.

유리체절제술 및 백내장수술을 시행한 군과 백내장수술만 시행한 군의 장기 수술 유발 난시도 비교

변지윤(Zee Yoon Byun),이정현(Jung Hyun Lee),이상목(Sang-Mok Lee),황덕진(Duck-Jin Hwang) 대한안과학회 2021 대한안과학회지 Vol.62 No.8

목적: 유리체절제술 및 백내장수술을 함께 시행한 환자와 백내장수술만 시행한 환자에서 수술 유발 난시의 장기 변화를 비교해 보았다. 대상과 방법: 백내장수술만 받은 군(1군)과 23게이지 무봉합 유리체절제술 및 백내장수술을 함께 시행 받은 군(2군)에서 술 후 1년간 수술 유발 난시의 변화를 후향적으로 비교하였다. 수술 전과 수술 후 1, 3, 6, 12개월 각각 자동각막곡률계검사를 이용하여 편평한 축 및 가파른 축의 각막곡률과 난시축을 측정하였다. 벡터분석법을 이용하여 수술 후 수술 유발 난시를 계산한 후 각 경과 관찰 시점별 값이 두 군 간 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 결과: 총 86명 86안이 본 연구에 포함되었고 1군은 45안, 2군은 41안이었다. 수술 후 1, 3, 6, 12개월 경과 관찰 시의 수술 유발 난시 평균 값(diopter)은 1군에서 0.83 ± 0.37, 0.69 ± 0.39, 0.60 ± 0.33, 0.59 ± 0.33이었고, 2군에서 0.82 ± 0.47, 0.69 ± 0.38, 0.62 ± 0.28, 0.61 ± 0.30이었으며 시간 경과에 따라 수술 유발 난시는 두 군 모두에서 감소하는 추세를 보였다(모두 p<0.001). 각 경과 관찰 시점마다 두 군의 수술 유발 난시는 서로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(모두 p>0.05). 결론: 유리체절제술 및 백내장수술을 함께 시행한 경우의 수술 유발 난시는 백내장수술만 시행한 군과 차이가 없었고, 이를 통해 23게이지 무봉합 유리체절제술이 각막난시에 유의한 영향을 주지 않음을 알 수 있었다. Purpose: To compare the long-term changes in surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) in patients who underwent 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and cataract surgery together with patients who underwent cataract surgery only. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed SIA changes for 1 year after surgery in patients who received only cataract surgery using phacoemulsification (group 1) and patients who underwent 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and cataract surgery together (group 2). Flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), and astigmatism axis were measured with automatic keratometry before and after the surgery. Vector analysis was used to calculate SIA at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. We then examined whether the SIA values at each time point were different between the two groups. Results: A total of 86 eyes were included in this study (group 1, n = 45; group 2, n = 41). The mean SIA values calculated at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery in group 1 were 0.83 ± 0.37, 0.69 ± 0.39, 0.60 ± 0.33, and 0.59 ± 0.33, respectively. In group 2, the values were 0.82 ± 0.47, 0.69 ± 0.38, 0.62 ± 0.28, and 0.61 ± 0.30, respectively. Over time, SIA decreased in both groups (all p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean SIA between the two groups at each follow-up time point after surgery (p = 0.296, p = 0.728, p = 0.361, and p = 0.356, respectively). Conclusions: When 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and cataract surgery were performed together, the astigmatism change caused by surgery did not show a significant difference compared with that of the group who received cataract surgery only. Thus, 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy may not significantly affect corneal astigmatism.

연령별로 본 여성의 미의식 및 미용성형수술에 대한 인지도 연구 - 수도권 거주 여성을 중심으로 -

최미혜 ( Mi Hye Choi ),김주덕 ( Ju Duck Kim ) 한국미용학회 2007 한국미용학회지 Vol.13 No.2

This study has conducted a comparative analysis on degrees of recognition and the actual status of the concept of ideal appearances and plastic surgery to achieve them through comparing women`s awareness of beauty by age and according to whether or not they have plastic surgery, by making a survey of general women in from their 20s to 50s living in the National Capital region. The purpose of this study is to help make up for problems caused by indiscreet surgery through making women have proper aesthetic consciousness and be aware of ideal appearances in a right way and finding out the reality of plastic surgery accurately. In addition, by delivering knowledge about plastic surgery, it aims at making one understand plastic surgery, one of axis of the cosmetic industry precisely. This study was conducted by employing literature review and a questionnaire survey and it made the survey by distributing 100 survey sheets per an age group (50 sheets to ones with plastic surgery and 50 sheets to ones without it) and 400 survey sheets in total and 389 returned sheets except 11 unavailable sheets were used as final data. To summarize the results of the study is as below. 1. In a survey on aesthetic consciousness, all the women were thinking that beauty is given inherently and it is closely related to appearances and even beautiful appearances affect the formation of personal relationship. However, it was found that they regard individual beauty rather than general beauty as important. 2. In a survey on appearances, in all the age groups, they considered that appearances are important in social life and also they considered appearances as a necessary factor for success in life and it was found that they had experiences in being discriminated due to appearances. In addition, the percentage of women who thought that appearances are changeable depending on one`s own efforts as much as they want was high in every age group equally and especially the percentage was higher in the younger age groups. 3. In a survey on plastic surgery, in all the age groups, they regarded it positively and had interest on the surgery. In acquiring the information about the surgery, the younger age groups often use the Internet and as problems they take into consideration most when they decide the surgery, the younger age groups considered economic factors rather than the side effects of the surgery. However in all the age groups, they thought that their appearances would change positively after the surgery. 4. In a survey only of ones having plastic surgery, as persons who recommend the surgery, in the younger age groups, the answers of by themselves and their parents were most. As merits after having plastic surgery, in the younger age groups, the answers of good personal relationship and getting rid of a sense of inferiority were most. In addition, in degrees of satisfaction after having the surgery, in all the age groups it showed relatively high and the reaction of people around them was positive but the people didn`t recognize what they had done with their appearances. Moreover, about the side effects of the surgery, they were not informed sufficiently and it was found that they had the surgery without worrying about particular side effects.

What factors encourage the acceptance of cosmetic surgery? Diferences in sociopsychological infuences contingent upon cosmetic surgery experience

김선우 한국의류학회 2022 Fashion and Textiles Vol.9 No.1

While numerous sociopsychological factors afect one’s acceptance of cosmetic surgery, little is known about the sociopsychological infuences that lead to cosmetic surgery acceptance based on one’s prior experience with cosmetic surgery. The present study identifed the diferences between two groups: women with cosmetic surgery experience and women without prior cosmetic surgery experience. A research model was developed with fve hypotheses to identify the four sociopsychological infuences on cosmetic surgery acceptance: upward appearance comparison, awareness of an emphasis on beauty ideals, internalization of beauty ideals, and body surveillance. Data were collected from 651 South Korean women in their 20 s to 40 s and were analyzed using second-order confrmatory factor analysis and multi-group structural equation modeling. In the cosmetic surgery group, upward appearance comparison, awareness of an emphasis on beauty ideals, and body surveillance had a positive efect on cosmetic surgery acceptance. Internalization of beauty ideals and body surveillance also had a positive efect on cosmetic surgery acceptance in the no cosmetic surgery group. Additionally, the efects of upward appearance comparison, awareness of an emphasis on beauty ideals, and internalization of beauty ideals on cosmetic surgery acceptance varied signifcantly between the two groups. The fndings add insights on the design of therapeutic programs to prevent cosmetic surgery addiction and education programs to increase body appreciation.

여성의 자기의식, 신체이미지가 반복되는 미용수술행위에 미치는 영향

최미혜 ( Mi Hye Choi ),김경희 ( Kung Hee Kim ),김주덕 ( Ju Duck Kim ) 한국미용학회 2009 한국미용학회지 Vol.15 No.2

This research was conducted to check the reason why women are repeating cosmetic surgery including a second-surgery for self-consciousness and the body to the target of a teen-ager to fifty-ager 200 women who experienced cosmetic surgery in the Seoul metropolitan area. There is no pathological diagnosis of performing cosmetic surgery itself, but intended to help you clear up the risk of addiction to cosmetic surgery by understanding the nature of people relying on repeating cosmetic surgery simply because of a psychological reason, social inferiority and unrealistic expectation. In addition, intended to help you understand cosmetic surgery as a last choice of the appearance management actions and take with a correct aesthetic sense and appearance escaping from the reckless and repeating cosmetic surgery. Referenced previous paper that because of the wide availability of cosmetic surgery cosmetic surgery, it is hard to find out pathological diagnosis to just one-time experienced people. we analyzed and compared the reasearch divded from two groups-one had performed cosmetic surgery just one time and the other had performed cosmetic surgery several times more than 2 times. The survey results that is concluded through the questionnaire is like that. other had performed cosmetic surgery several times more than 2 times, self-consciousness especially in public self-consciousness had a meaningful positive(+) influence to the individual`s body image. The group that had performed cosmetic surgery several times more than 2 times is higher and more positive in public self-consciousness and body image than the group that had performed cosmetic surgery just one time.

Analysis of Pediatric Surgery Using the National Healthcare Insurance Service Database in Korea: How Many Pediatric Surgeons Do We Need in Korea?

Oh Chaeyoun,이상훈,장혜경,Ahn Soo Min,Chae Kyunghee,Kim Sujeong,Kim Sukil,Seo Jeong-Meen 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.18

Background: In the past, general surgeons (GSs) without a pediatric surgical subspecialty often performed surgery on children and, even now, GSs are performing many pediatric surgeries. We aimed to investigate the involvement of pediatric surgeons (PSs) and GSs in pediatric surgery, compare the outcomes of surgery in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and estimate the appropriate PS workforce in Korea. Methods: We used surgical data from the National Health Insurance Service database that was collected from patients under the age of 19 years in hospitals nationwide from January 2002 to December 2017. In this database, we found 37 hospitals where PSs worked by using the index operation (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Hirschsprung's disease, abdominal wall defect, jejunoileal atresia, malrotation, anorectal malformation, and biliary atresia). It was assumed that the surgery in the 37 hospitals was performed by PS and that the surgery in other hospitals was performed by GS. Mortality was analyzed to compare the outcomes of acute abdominal surgery in the NICU. We estimated the number of PS currently needed in Korea for each situation under the assumption that PS would perform all operations for the index operation, main pediatric diseases (index operation + gastroesophageal reflux disease, choledochal cyst, inguinal hernia, and appendicitis), acute abdominal surgery in the NICU, and all pediatric surgeries. Additionally, we estimated the appropriate number of PS required for more advanced pediatric surgery in the future. Results: The number of pediatric surgeries from 2002 to 2017 increased by 124%. Approximately 10.25% of the total pediatric surgeries were performed by PSs, and the percentage of the surgery performed by PSs increased from 8.32% in 2002 to 15.92% in 2017. The percentage of index operations performed by PSs annually was 62.44% in average. It was only 47.81% in 2002, and increased to 88.79% in 2017. During the last 5 years of the study period, the average annual number of surgeries for main pediatric diseases was approximately 33,228. The ratio of the number of surgeries performed by PS vs. GS steadily increased in main pediatric diseases, however, the ratio of the number of surgery performed by PS for inguinal hernia and appendicitis remained low in the most recent years. The percentage of the number of acute abdominal surgery performed by PS in the NICU was 44% in 2002, but it had recently risen to 89.7%. After 30 days of birth, mortality was significantly lower in all groups that were operated on by PS, rather than GS, during the last 5 years. In 2019, 49 PSs who were under the age of 65 years were actively working in Korea. Assuming that all pediatric surgeries of the patients under the age of 19 years should be performed by PS, the minimum number of PS currently required was about 63 if they perform all of the index operations, the main pediatric surgery was about 209, the NICU operation was about 63, and the all pediatric surgeries was about 366. Additionally, it was determined that approximately 165 to 206 PS will be appropriate for Korea to implement more advanced pediatric surgery in the future. Conclusion: The proportion of the pediatric surgery performed by PS rather than GS is increasing in Korea, but it is still widely performed by GS. PSs have better operative outcomes for acute abdominal surgery in the NICU than GSs. We believe that at least the index operation or the NICU operation should be performed by PS for better outcome, and that a minimum of 63 PSs are needed in Korea to do so. In addition, approximately 200 PSs will be required in Korea in order to manage main pediatric diseases and to achieve more advanced pediatric surgery in the future.