Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters: A review

Moon, Jong-Min,Thapliyal, Neeta,Hussain, Khalil Khadim,Goyal, Rajendra N.,Shim, Yoon-Bo Elsevier 2018 Biosensors & bioelectronics Vol.102 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Neurotransmitters are important biochemical molecules that control behavioral and physiological functions in central and peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the analysis of neurotransmitters in biological samples has a great clinical and pharmaceutical importance. To date, various methods have been developed for their assay. Of the various methods, the electrochemical sensors demonstrated the potential of being robust, selective, sensitive, and real time measurements. Recently, conducting polymers (CPs) and their composites have been widely employed in the fabrication of various electrochemical sensors for the determination of neurotransmitters. Hence, this review presents a brief introduction to the electrochemical biosensors, with the detailed discussion on recent trends in the development and applications of electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors based on CPs and their composites. The review covers the sensing principle of prime neurotransmitters, including glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, choline, acetylcholine, nitrogen monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the combination with other analytical techniques was also highlighted. Detection challenges and future prospective of the neurotransmitter sensors were discussed for the development of biomedical and healthcare applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Introduction to electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters. </LI> <LI> Comprehensive overview of conducting polymers for biosensors. </LI> <LI> Conducting polymer-based electrochemical neurotransmitters sensors. </LI> <LI> Future trends in point-of-care analysis. </LI> </UL> </P>

청소년 비행유발에 있어 신경전달물질에 관한 연구

함혜현(Hahm, Hye Hyun) 한국범죄심리학회 2011 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.7 No.1

Recently, by main considering the fields of pediatric psychiatry and neuropsychology, various studies have been executed based on the relation between such psychological and emotional disorders experienced by teenagers as anxiety, depression and obsession, and aggressiveness and violence. According to the study results, in some extreme cases, such psychological and emotional disorders can be directly related to such dreadful crimes as arson and murder. Also, it is said that the behavior-related problems are caused by the disorder of the neurotransmitters in the brain. For example, the teenagers who show such trends as anxiety, depression and aggressiveness have a less amount of serotonin in their brains compared to the ordinary teenagers. Also, it is believed that the teenagers experiencing the lack of serotonin often become criminals. It is reported that there is a relation with the case of psychopaths. Also, the field of ‘brain science’ has recently become a new academic field focusing on the disorder of brain functions in such advanced countries as the USA and Japan. In Korea, a brain science research center has been established at Gachon University of Medicine and Science. The field of brain science is a practical academic field focusing on the identification of the mysteries of the brain in order to deeply explore the physical and psychological functions of humans. The criminal psychologists and the criminal biologists have studies the relation between the disorder of the brain and criminal activities for a long time. However, such fields as the brain damage and the disorder of the brainwave have been mainly studied. The study on such neurotransmitters as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin, which influence the brain functions, has been executed in a very limited way. It is because the study on the disorder of neurotransmitters has a minor influence in the field of criminal psychology and such a study is close to the field of psychology rather than the one of social science. However, this study focuses on the enormous amount of stress received by the teenagers in Korea and the current state in which the level of juvenile delinquency becomes more brutal in addition to the correlation between anxiety or violence and neurotransmitters, which is emphasized by the field of neuropsychiatry in terms of the criminological point of view. Also, the results of this study state that it is difficult to execute practical studies including the clinical experiment related to the neurotransmitters without the help of the field of neuropsychiatry. By considering various study results which have been obtained in the field of neuropsychiatry, this study focuses on the connection between such a field and juvenile delinquency. Also, it deals with the issues drawn by such studies in the field of criminal psychology. First of all, in order to study the psychological process which causes juvenile delinquency more scientifically, it is necessary to deeply study the field of criminal psychology in connection with the field of brain science. Secondly, it is necessary for the field of criminal psychology to act as a bridge connecting the field of neuropsychiatry or brain science with the field of teenager jurisdiction. For such a purpose, it is important to study the relation among the fields of psychiatry, brain science and criminal psychology. Thirdly, such people involved in the criminal justice system as judges, prosecutors, prison officers and probation officers who deal with teenager jurisdiction must have certain expertise regarding the disorder of brain functions and the neurotransmitters. Also, it is important to establish the workplace training regarding such matters at various educational institutes. 최근 소아정신의학 및 신경정신의학 분야를 중심으로 청소년들의 불안․우울․강박 증 등 심리․정서적인 장애가 공격성․폭력 등을 유발하며, 극단적인 경우 방화․살인 등 흉악범죄로 직결된다는 연구결과가 발표되고 있다. 그리고 이러한 정서․행동상의 문 제가 뇌 속의 신경전달물질의 이상에서 비롯된다는 결과도 있다. 예컨대, 불안․우울․ 공격 성향을 보이는 청소년들이 정상적인 청소년들에 비해 뇌 속에 세로토닌이 부족 하며, 세로토닌 결핍 청소년들 중에 범죄자가 많다는 것이다. 사이코패스의 경우에도 이와 무관하지 않다고 보고되고 있다. 그리고 최근에는 미국․일본 등 선진국을 중심 으로 뇌 기능의 이상을 전문적으로 연구하는 ‘뇌과학’이 새로운 학문분야로 자리잡고 있고, 우리나라에도 최근 가천의과대학에 뇌과학 연구소까지 설립되기에 이르고 있 다. 뇌과학이란 뇌의 신비를 밝혀내서 인간의 물리적․정신적 기능을 심층적으로 탐구 하는 응용학문을 말한다. 범죄심리학자와 범죄생물학자들을 중심으로 오래 전부터 뇌의 이상과 범죄와의 관계가 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 주로 뇌손상 및 뇌파이상 등에 대한 연구가 주를 이루 어 왔고, 세로토닌․도파민․노르아드레날린 등 뇌 기능에 영향을 미치는 신경전달물질 에 관한 연구는 극히 일부에 한정되는 경향을 보였다. 이는 신경전달물질의 이상에 관한 연구가 범죄심리학에 있어 매우 지엽적인 부분을 차지하고 있다는 점과, 사회 과학보다는 정신의학의 영역에 가깝다는 점 등이 작용한 결과로 파악된다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 최근 우리나라 청소년들이 극심한 스트레스를 겪고 있고 청소년비행도 갈수록 흉포화하고 있는 현실에서 신경정신의학계에서 강조하고 있는 불안․폭력성 등의 문제와 신경전달물질과의 상관관계를 범죄학적 관점에서 새롭게 조명해 보는데 의미를 두었다. 특히 이 연구는 신경정신의학계의 도움 없이는 신경 전달물질에 관한 임상실험 등 실증적인 연구가 어렵다는 점에서, 그동안 신경정신의 학계에서 다루어진 연구결과들을 검토하고, 이를 우리나라의 청소년비행에 접목시키 고자 하였다. 그리고 이러한 연구들이 범죄심리학계에 던져주는 시사점을 도출해 보 았다. 첫째, 범죄심리학이 청소년비행을 유발하는 정신심리적인 프로세스를 보다 과 학적으로 연구하기 위해서는 뇌과학 분야에 대한 심층연구가 필수적으로 요구된다. 둘째, 범죄심리학이 신경정신의학 또는 뇌과학 분야와 소년사법 분야의 가교역할을 수행해야 하며, 이를 위해 정신의학․뇌과학 분야와 범죄심리학간의 학제적인 연구가 필요하다. 셋째, 소년사법을 담당하는 판사․검사․교도관․보호관찰관 등 형사사법기관 종사자들도 이러한 뇌기능의 이상과 신경전달물질에 관해 최소한의 전문지식을 가 져야 하며 각종 교육기관에 관련 직무교육이 개설되어야 한다.

16주간 트레드밀 운동이 난소절제 쥐 해마의 신경전달물질 및 신경가소성 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향

기태원(Tae Won Ki),김제원(Ze One Kim),윤진환(Jin hwan Yoon) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 16주간 트레드밀 운동이 난소절제 쥐 해마의 신경전달물질 및 신경가소성 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 관찰함으로써 운동이 뇌 기능 변화에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구는 25주령의 Sprague Dawley계 암컷 쥐를 대상으로 통제집단(n=12), 난소절제 통제집단(n=12) 및 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단(n=12), 총 세 집단으로 구분하였다. 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단은 16주간 주 5일, 1일 40분, 25 m/min의 속도로 트레드밀 달리기 운동을 실시하였다. 16주간 트레드밀 운동 후 해마의 신경전달물질, 신경가소성 단백질 발현 및 기억력 변화를 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Serotonin 함량은 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단은 난소절제 통제집단과 비교하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 AChE mRNA 발현은 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단이 난소절제 통제집단과 비교하여 유의하게 감소하였다. BDNF mRNA 와 synapsin Ⅰ mRNA 발현은 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단이 난소절제 통제집단과 비교하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 수동회피실험을 실시한 결과, 난소절제 트레드밀 운동집단은 난소절제 통제집단과 비교하여 조명이 켜진 방에 머문 시간이 유의하게 증가하여 기억력이 향상된 결과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 16주간 트레드밀 운동은 난소절제 쥐 해마의 뇌 신경전달 물질과 신경가소성 관련 단백질 발현에 긍정적 변화를 가져오며, 기억력 개선에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 트레드밀 운동이 신경전달 물질 및 신경가소성 단벡질 발현이 증가됨으로써 뇌 신경세포를 보호하고, 시냅스가소성에 영향을 주어 기억력 기능에 긍정적 영향을 미친 것으로 생각된다. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of 16 weeks treadmill exercise on neurotransmitter and neuroplasticity protein expression in ovariectomized rats. Twenty-six weeks+ old Sprague Dawley female rats were assigned to three groups(N= 36): healthy normal control group(CON, n=12), ovariectomized control group(OVX+ CON, n=12), and ovariectomized treadmill exercise group(OVX+TEX). The rats were forced to run on the treadmill (5 days/week) for 30 min daily for 16 weeks at a speed of 25 m/min. After 16 weeks of treadmill exercise, serotonin levels, BDNF mRNA, synapsin Ⅰ mRNA expression in the hippocampus were significantly increased in ovariectomized treadmill exercise group compared with ovariectomized control group. However, AChE mRNA was significantly decreased in ovariectomized treadmill exercise group compared with ovariectomized control group. Also, 16 weeks treadmill exercise improved the and short-term memory in the in ovariectomized rats. These results suggested that in ovariectomized rats, 16 weeks treadmill exercise may benefit short-term memory by improvement of hippocampus neuroplasticity related factors mRNA expression and neurotransmitter.

트레드밀 운동이 헌팅턴병 유발 쥐의 우울증과 신경전달물질에 미치는 영향

박지은(Ji-Eun Park) 한국생활환경학회 2016 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.23 No.5

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on depression and neurotransmitter(5-HT, TPH) in the huntington"s disease rat model. Male rats were divided into sham-operation group(n=10), sham-operation & treadmill exercise group(n=10), huntington"s disease group(n=10), and huntington"s disease & treadmill exercise group(n=10) at the age of 6 weeks. The rat in treadmill exercise group was made to treadmill exercise(5days/week, 30min/day) for 2 weeks. In the present results, treadmill exercise enhanced depression and neurotransmitter. Huntington"s disease & treadmill exercise group significantly enhanced depression-like behavior and 5-HT & TPH expression compared to the huntington"s disease group(p<0.05). These results indicate that treadmill exercise is effective for the depression improvement and brain functions of huntington disease"s rat model.

고양이 마디신경절에서의 면역조직화학적 연구

조정일,김영모,박재웅,한창준 대한이비인후과학회 1999 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.42 No.1

Zwitterionic neurotransmitter-sensitive gadolinium complex as a potential MRI contrast agent for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

Soyeon Kim,Byeong Woo Yang,김희경,성보경,양지웅,Dongseon Kim,Kichul Park,김민섭,박지애,장용민 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.117 No.-

An imbalance in neurotransmitters (NTs) is associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Glutamate (Glu), a zwitterionic NT, is strongly associated with AD and is highly concentrated in the brain. Therefore, Glu is a good target for the diagnosis of AD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In thecurrent study, we synthesized a gadolinium-based MR contrast agent (Gd-crown) that could detectGlu. Relaxivity measurements showed that Gd-crown has selectivity for zwitterionic NTs includingGlu. Furthermore, Gd-crown was successfully used to monitor MRI signal differences between APP/PS1transgenic AD mice and normal mice according to the concentrations of Glu in MRI experiments in vivo.

Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neurotransmitter-Mediated Regulation of Penile Erection

정준양,조현우,권현섭,정나영 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2014 International Neurourology Journal Vol.18 No.2

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has an adverse impact on men’s quality of life. Penile erection, which is regulated by nerves that are innervatedinto the erectile tissue, can be affected by functional or anatomical trauma of the perineal region, including specificstructures of the penis, causing ED. Penile erection is neurologically controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, it isof utmost importance to understand the neurogenic structure of the erectile tissue and the types of neurotransmitters involvedin the penile erection process. Here, we highlight the basic clinical anatomy and erectile function of the penis. Understandingthe clinical connotation of the relationship between penile erectile structure and function may provide fresh insights for identifyingthe main mechanisms involved in ED and help develop surgical techniques for the treatment of ED.

Review Article : Molecular mechanisms of general anesthesia

( Yong Son ) 대한마취과학회 2010 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.59 No.1

General anesthetics produce a widespread neurodepression in the central nervous system by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and reducing excitatory neurotransmission. However, the action mechanisms of general anesthetics are not completely understood. Moreover, the general anesthetic state comprises multiple components (amnesia, unconsciousness, analgesia, and immobility), each of which is mediated by different receptors and neuronal pathways. Recently, neurotransmitter- and voltage-gated ion channels have emerged as the most likely molecular targets for general anesthetics. The γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are leading candidates as a primary target of general anesthetics. This review summarizes current knowledge on how anesthetics modify GABAA receptor function. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59: 3-8)

Peptidergic Innervatiion of the Nasal Mucosa

Rha, Ki-Sang Korean Rhinologic Society 1997 Journal of rhinology Vol.4 No.1

돼지 위저부 평활근의 비아드레날린 비콜린성 신경전달물질에 관한 연구

김태완,나준호,이장헌,양일석,Kim, Tae-wan,Na, Jun-ho,Lee, Jang-hern,Yang, Il-suk 대한수의학회 1997 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

The relaxation of gastric fundus smooth muscles is the primary physiological event which induces the receptive relaxation of monogastric animals. L-arginine/Nitric oxide(L-arg/NO) system is known to mediate the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic(NANC) neurotransmission in various tissues including gastrointestinal smooth muscles. The longitudinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed fast relaxation during electrical field stimulation(EFS) and rebound contraction after EFS in NANC condition. So, the purpose of present study was elucidation of the neurotrasmitters related to the NANC relaxation and explanation of the relation between NANC relaxation and L-arg/NO system. The longitdinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus were hung in the organ bath and under the presence of guanethidine($5{\times}10^{-5}M$), precontraction was induced by carbachol($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). The muscle responses to EFS and drugs were isomerically recorded. The rusults were summarized as follows. 1. The longtudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed frequency-dependent relaxation and rebound contraction to electrical field stimulaton(1ms, 8V, 1~16Hz, 20sec, EFS). These responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). 2. The relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus to EFS were inhibited by L-NAME($2{\times}10^{-5}M$). The inhibitory effect of L-NAME was antagonized by L-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$), but not by D-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$). 3. Exogenous NO($NaNO_2$, $1{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-4}M$, pH=2.0) caused concentration-dependent relaxation as EFS did. 4. Methylene Blue($2{\times}10^{-5}M$), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, inhibited the relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus induced by EFS, but N-ethlmaleimide, a adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not. 5. 8-Br-cGMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cGMP analogue, induced dose-dependent relaxation. but 8-Br-cAMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cAMP analogue, did not. Both did not evoked rebound contraction. 6. ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin did not affect the relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus. 7. Reactive blue 2($1{\times}10^{-4}M$, 40min) siginificantly inhibited the rebound contraction induced by EFS and inhibited contraction caused by exogenous ATP($1{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-3}M$). These results suggests that NANC relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus mainly mediated by NO and the rebound contraction is related to NO and other neurotransmitters.