Seasonal Variations in Tannin Profile of Tree Leaves

Rana, K.K.,Wadhwa, M.,Bakshi, M.P.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.8

Forest tree leaves (12 different species) of semi hilly arid region of Punjab State were collected at 30-day interval throughout the year to assess the seasonal variations in tannin profile. Tannins were extracted and fractionated from fat free samples and data were analyzed statistically by $12{\times}12$ factorial design. The leaves of Anogeissus latifolia had the highest (p<0.05) concentration of total phenols (17.4%), net (15.9%) and hydrolysable (16.9%) tannins, followed by leaves of Acacia nilotica. Majority of the tree leaves selected had moderate levels (2-5%) of net tannins. Leaves of Carrisa had the highest (p<0.05) concentration of condensed tannins (CT), whereas the leaves of Anogeissus had the lowest (p<0.05) concentration of condensed tannins. The protein precipitable phenols (PPP) corresponded well with the net tannin content present in different tree leaves. Seasonal variation data revealed that in summer, net tannins and PPP decline in leaves of Bauhinia and Zizyphus whereas the net tannin content of Anogeissus and that of Carrisa increased during summer. The CT and PPP content in the leaves of Pheonix, Leucaena, Zizyphus and Ougenia increased in winter till spring season. Tree leaves generally had higher concentration of HT during summer months. It was concluded that leaves of leaves of A. nilotica, A. latifolia and L. leucocephala could serve as an excellent alternate feed stuffs for ruminants. However, leaves of Phoenix, Carrisa, Bauhinia and Dodonea should be avoided.

생엽과 덖음녹차의 휘발성 향기성분 분석

이순임(Sun-Im Lee),전동복(Dong-Bok Jeon),김재성(Jae-Sung Kim),정인선(In-Sun Jung),홍영신(Young-Shin Hong),서혜영(Hye-Young Seo),박근형(Keun-Hyung Park),김경수(Kyong-Su Kim) 한국차학회 2011 한국차학회지 Vol.17 No.3

2010년 전남 보성군 ○○다원에서 재배한 녹차의 생엽과 생엽을 덖어서 제다한 덖음녹차의 휘발성 향기성분을 SDE로 추출하여 이를 농축한 후 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 생엽에서는 휘발성 향기성분 83종을 동정하였고 건시료기준 79.12 mg/kg으로 확인되었다. 풀냄새(green note)로 특정지어지는 (E)-2-hexenal이 다량 확인되었으며 linalool과 geraniol 등 monoterpene alcohol류 등이 주요 화합물로 분석되었다. 생엽의 주요 관능기적 분포는 leaf alcohol로 불리어지는 C6-alcohol 및 monoterpene alcohol류 등 alcohol류가 63%로 가장 많았고 23.3%인 aldehyde류가 다음을 차지하였으며, 이들 화합물이 생엽의 휘발성 향기성분에 영향을 끼쳤을 것으로 판단되었다. 특히 생엽에서는 지금까지 동정되지 않았던 theaspiran류가 동정되었으며 이는 osmanthus fragrance로 확인되었고 덖음 녹차에서는 동정되지 않았다. 이는 향이 진하고 독특하며 fruits, teas, 그리고 passionfruit에서 동정됨을 알 수 있었고 화장품과 식품 등에 사용되고 있다. 덖음녹차로 부터 확인된 향기성분은 총 73종으로 건시료 기준 87.40 ㎎/㎏로 확인되었다. 덖음녹차에서 확인된 주요 휘발성 향기성분으로는 4-VP와 1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde로 각각 총 향기성분의 6.8% 및 6.5%를 차지하였으며, benzyl alcohol, (E)-nerolidol, indole, ethyl acetate 등도 다량 분석되었다. 주요 관능기별 분포는 alcohol류가 대부분을 차지하였고 이는 주로 terpene alcohol이었다. 생엽과 덖음녹차에서 확인된 휘발성 향기성분을 비교한 결과, 생엽에서 확인된 (E)-2-hexenal과 (Z)-3-hexenol 비롯한 leaf aldehyde와 leaf alcohol 등 10여종이 덖음녹차에서는 현격하게 감소된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 ester류, ketone류 및 함질소화합물 등은 덖음녹차에서 생엽보다 많이 동정되었는데 이는 덖음과정에서의 열처리에 의한 반응생성물로 생각되었다. 덖음과정의 열에 의해 생성되는 카라멜 화합물이나 maillard product 등 한국인의 입맛에 길들여진 구수한 향기들이 확인되어, 이러한 화합물들의 변화를 고려하여 덖음과정의 조건을 수립하는데 활용함으로서 기호성 높은 차 가공 시 유익한 자료가 될 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과 기본 생엽과 덖음녹차의 향기성분을 기본으로 과학적 자료를 축적할 수 있었으며 가공 전 생엽의 향기성분에 대한 기초자료는 발효차나 반발효차 또는 덖음차 등 여러 유형의 가공된 다류와 비교 분석하여 기호에 맞는 차를 제다할 때 응용할 수 있는 객관적 자료를 제시하였다. Volatile flavor components from fresh and roasted leaves of Camellia sinensis L. were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE) method using the mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) as an extract solvent. The volatile extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. Identification of the volatile flavor components was mostly based on the RI of GC and mass spectrum of GC/MS. The total number of 83 volatile flavor components were identified in fresh leaves, and (E)-2-hexenal characterized as green note was the predominantly abundant component. Also, monoterpene alcohols such as linalool and geraniol etc. were identified as major compounds. Major functional group was alcohols including C6-alcohols and monoterpene alcohols accounting for 63%, and aldehydes followed by second functional groups. They were considered as important compounds contributing fresh leaves like flavor. But unlike roasted leaves, theaspirans which is identified in Osmanthus fragrance were detected in fresh leaves. Volatile flavor components of 73 were identified in roasted leaves of C. sinensis L., and the contents was 87.40 ㎎/㎏. 4-Vinyl phenol and 1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde were detected as the major volatile compounds accounting for 6.8 and 6.5%, respectively. Appreciable amounts of benzyl alcohol, (E)-nerolidol, indole and ethyl acetate were detected in roasted leaves. The major functional group was alcohols almost consisting of terpene alcohols. Leaf aldehyde such as (E)-2-hexenal and leaf alcohol such as hexanol detected in fresh leaves were significantly decreased in roasted leaves. Esters, ketones, and N-containing compounds produced during heating in roasting process were detected higher than in fresh leaves.

낙엽 이미지를 통한 심상(心象) 표현연구

황혜미,이재선 한국니트디자인학회 2008 패션과 니트 Vol.6 No.2

Human beings have researched nature as the object of art to find the matter of beauty for a long time, and persevered in his efforts to complete a work of art. In this manner, nature provide human beings with the primary element of art work and this is the reason why many artists have expressed their mental image through nature. Especially we, in modern society have to experience hollowness as well as a sense of futility in our life caused by both the feeling of helplessness and the sense of alienation generated by the sudden change of society. Sometimes, the hollowness and a sense of futility caused by the success or failure could get human beings discouraged but, on the other hand, it could be a first step of another commencement because it could bless human beings with strong intention of subjugation and ceaseless challenge. So, when made a plan for this trestise, surveyed various sided subjects of nature, in advance and finally selected fallen leaves as an object so to express a sense of futility by put the image of fallen leaves on a par with a sense of emptiness. Fallen leaves are made by the change of season and it the preparation of future. For this kind of fallen leaves` special feature, chosen it as the subject of my work so to express the sense of futility. In this treatise, tried to endow with the motive of self-reflection through the affirmative image of fallen leaves, and tried to visualize by the symbolical or formative restructuring on the view of beauty. Human beings have researched nature as the object of art to find the matter of beauty for a long time, and persevered in his efforts to complete a work of art. In this manner, nature provide human beings with the primary element of art work and this is the reason why many artists have expressed their mental image through nature. Especially we, in modern society have to experience hollowness as well as a sense of futility in our life caused by both the feeling of helplessness and the sense of alienation generated by the sudden change of society. Sometimes, the hollowness and a sense of futility caused by the success or failure could get human beings discouraged but, on the other hand, it could be a first step of another commencement because it could bless human beings with strong intention of subjugation and ceaseless challenge. So, when made a plan for this trestise, surveyed various sided subjects of nature, in advance and finally selected fallen leaves as an object so to express a sense of futility by put the image of fallen leaves on a par with a sense of emptiness. Fallen leaves are made by the change of season and it the preparation of future. For this kind of fallen leaves` special feature, chosen it as the subject of my work so to express the sense of futility. In this treatise, tried to endow with the motive of self-reflection through the affirmative image of fallen leaves, and tried to visualize by the symbolical or formative restructuring on the view of beauty.

산뽕잎 및 은행잎 차의 항산화 활성과 플라보노이드 함량

황인욱,김지은,정신교 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2010 慶北大農學誌 Vol.28 No.-

산뽕잎, 은행잎 및 혼합차의 침출시간에 따른 항산화 활성을 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 FRAP 방법으로 조사하였으며, 총 페놀 화합물의 함량은 Folin-Ciocalteu법, 플라보노이드 함량은 HPLC로 분석하였다. 침출시간에 따라서 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성과 FRAP 활성은 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 높게 나타났다. 총 페놀 성분 함량은 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 높았으며 산뽕잎에 은행잎을 2:1로 혼합하였을 때 항산화 활성이 증가하였다. 침출시간 3분 정도에서 산뽕잎차 및 혼합차는 비교적 항산화 활성이 높았으며 은행잎차는 6분 까지 활성이 증가하였다. HPLC로 분석한 플라보노이드 성분 함량은 quercetin이 모든 차에서 가장 함량이 높았으며, 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 플라보노이드의 총 함량이 높게 나타났다. 제조한 침출차 들의 항산화 성분 함량과 항산화 활성의 상관계수는 0.87 이상으로 상관성이 상당히 높았다. The antioxidant activities and flavonoid contents of the mulberry leaves and the ginko leaves teas were investigated. The antioxidant activities were examined by FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic content and the flavonoid contents by HPLC were also determined. The ginko leaves tea showed the highest antioxidant activities and antioxidant contents, while the wild mulberry leaves tea showed the lowest. The antioxidant activities of the mixture tea of wild mulberry leaves and ginko leaves were increased more than the wild mulberry leaves tea. The flavonoid contents of the leaves(ginko, wild mulberry and mixture) powders were higher than those of infusion teas. Compared with wild mulberry tea, the mixture tea showed a little increase of flavonoid contents. The total phenolic contents and the flavonoid contents of the teas showed good correlations with their antioxidant activities, such as FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging activities(). The antioxidant capacities of wild mulberry leaves tea could be enhanced by the addition of the ginko leaves.

Evaluation of Forest Tree Leaves of Semi-hilly Arid Region as Livestock Feed

Bakshi, M.P.S.,Wadhwa, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.6

Samples of 13 species of forest tree leaves fed to livestock in the semi-hilly arid zone of Punjab State in India were collected at 30 d interval for 12 months, in order to assess their nutritional worth for livestock. The ground samples were pooled for 4 different seasons viz. dry hot, hot humid, fall and winter. The chemical composition irrespective of the season revealed that CP content varied between 8.9 (Carrisa) to 22.0% (Leucaena). Globulin was the major protein fraction in most of the leaves. The lowest concentration of cell wall constituents was observed in Morus alba and Grewea. The leaves in general became fiberous and lignified during winter and fall as compared to summer season. The leaves of Grewea, Morus alba, Leucaena, Carrisa and Acacia were rich in Ca, P and most of the trace elements. The total phenolics ranged between 1.88% (Azardirachta) to 15.82% (Acacia). The leaves of Acacia had the highest concentration of hydrolysable tannins (14.6%) whereas that of Carrisa had that of condensed tannins (5.9%). The condensed tannins (more than 3%) were negatively correlated to the digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP). The digestion kinetic parameters for DM, NDF and CP revealed that leaves of Morus alba, Zizyphus and Ehretia had highest insoluble but potentially degradable fraction. The minimum rumen fill values also revealed that leaves of Grewea, Azardirachta, Morus, Ehretia and Leucaena had great potential for voluntary DM intake. The leaves of Ougeinia, Malha, Dodenia and Carrisa had significantly higher rumen fill value indicating poor potential for voluntary DM intake. Season did not have any significant impact on digestion kinetic parameters except that most of the leaves had low potentially degradable fraction, which was degraded at slow rate during winter. It was concluded that the leaves of Morus, Ehretia, Grewea and Leucaena had great potential as livestock feed, while feeding of Ougeinia, Malha and Dodonea leaves should be avoided.

Quantitative Analysis of Antioxidant Substances in Persimmon Leaves

Choi, Sang-Won,Kim, Ji-Hyun,Kim, Gwi-Young,Kang, Woo-Won 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1997 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.1

천연항산화물질의 소재로서 적합한 감잎을 선별하기위해 한국에서 자생하는 11종 (떫은감잎 6종, 단감잎 5종)의 감잎을 생육초기에 수확하여 항산화물질인 수용성페놀화합물, 비타민 C 및 플라보노이드 (quercetin & kaempferol)를 정량하였다. 떫은감잎의 수용성페놀화합물의 함량은 생체중량당 10.63-12.01mg이었으며, 단감잎은 9.11-10.66mg을 나타내었다. 비타민C는 떫은감잎에서는 5.90-8.10mg, 그리고 단감잎에서는 1.13-4.58mg으로 품종에 따라 상당한 함량 차이를 나타내었다. 한편, 감잎의 60%메탄올 추출물을 산가수분해한 후 플라보노이드 함량을 조사한 결과, 떫은감잎에서는 kaempferol이 327-568㎍인데 반해, 단감잎에서는 217-538㎍을 함유하였다. 그리고 떫은감잎에서 quercetin는 72-189㎍을, 단감잎에서는 92-312㎍을 각각 함유하고 있었다. To select the persimmon leaves suitable as potential sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidative substances in eleven different cultivars of persimmon leaves were quantified at the early stage of growth(6/4). The total souble phenolics of astringent persimmon (AP; Dungsi, Bansi, Kojongsi, Bongok, Weulhasi, Tabe) leaves ranged from 10.63mg/g to 12.01mg/g fresh weight, while those of nonastringent persimmon (Nap; Fuyu, Ido, Jiro, Sunsahwan, Sechonjosang) leaves ranged from 9.11mg/g to 10.66mg/g. The contents of L-ascorbic acid in AP leaves were very variable, ranging from 5.90mg/g to 8.10mg/g fresh weight, whereas those of NAP leaves ranged from 1.13mg/g to 4.58mg/g. After acid hydrolysis of 60% methanol extracts, AP leaves contained 327-568㎍ of kaempferol g^-1 fresh weight compared to 217-538㎍ g^-1 detected in NAP leaves. In addition, AP leaves contained 72-189㎍ of quercetin g^-1 fresh weight compared to 92-312㎍ g^-1 in NAP leaves.

식물 잎을 이용한 중금속 이온의 제거에 관한 연구

김종규(Jong-geu Kim),이장훈(Jang-hoon Lee),이수영(Su-yong Lee),나경원(Kyung-won Na),나규환(Kyu-hwan Ra),최한영(Han-young Choi) 대한환경위생공학회 2009 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.24 No.2

In this research, I carried out the adsorption and removal test of Pb, Ni, Co and Cu ions using organic substances spread out any where in the nature which can be obtained easily from our neighbor-such as Paulownia coreana, Pinus densiflora, Juniperus chinesis, Quercus dentata, Magnolia kobus, Platanus occidentalis, Gingko biloba, Diospyros kaki leaves. As the result of the research to find the best optional condition for the adsorption and removal, shows that the adsorption and removal ratio of Pb ion by a Paulownia coreana raw leaves is 99% at 70℃, those of Ni ion and Co ion by Magnolia kobus formalin treatment leaves are 79% at 70℃, 97% at 40℃ respectively. And that of Cu ion by Platanus occidentalis treatment leaves is 97% at 50℃ in mixed solution. As the result of comparing the removal ratio by raw leaves and formalin treatment leaves, the removal ratio of treatment is 30~90% more effective than raw leaves in most cases. And I concluded Pb > Cu > Co > Ni ion in multiple solution and Co > Ni > Cu >Pb ion in single solution after testing adsorption and removal ratio of mixed solution separately as time goes by. In general, the reactions were completed within first 5 minutes. The test result of measuring the hydrolysable tannin content of each leaf shows that an overcup Quercus dentata is 11.36%, a Diospyros kaki is 10.81% and the rest of them are 2.49~4.12% in raw leaves cases. In treatment leaves cases, an overcup Quercus dentata is 3.23% and the others are less than 1%.

Chemical Composition and Its Relationship to In vitro Gas Production of Several Tannin Containing Trees and Shrub Leaves

Kamalak, Adem,Canbolat, Onder,Gurbuz, Yavuz,Ozay, Osman,Ozkose, Emin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.2

The aim of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition of six commonly utilized fodder trees and shrub species in Turkey, namely Glycrrhiza glabra L, Arbutus andrachne, Carpinus betilus, Juniperus communis, Quercus libari L and Pistica lentiscus and its relationship with gas production and estimated parameters when incubated with rumen fluid in vitro. There were significant (p<0.001) differences between leaves in terms of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total condensed tannin (TCT), bound condensed tannin (BCT) and soluble condensed tannin (SCT). Crude protein contents ranged from 5.74% (Juniperus communis) to 12.59% (Glycrrhiza glabra L). Acid detergent fiber contents ranged from 25.14% (Glycrrhiza glabra L) to 39.23% (Juniperus communis). Total condensed tannin (TCT) contents of leaves ranged from 4.34% (Quercus libari L) to 20.34% (Juniperus communis). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total condensed tannin contents of leaves were negatively correlated with gas productions and some estimated parameters. Potential gas productions (A) of Glycrrhiza glabra L, Arbutus andrachne, Quercus libari L and Pistica lentiscus were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those of Carpinus betilus and Juniperus communis whereas gas production rate (${\mu}_{24}$) of Pistica lentiscus was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the others. Time (h) to produce 50% of total gas pool size ($T_{50}$) of Juniperus communis was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that of Carpinus betilus whereas time (h) to produce 90% of total gas pool size ($T_{90}$) of Juniperus communis was significantly lower than the others except for Pistica lentiscus. The metabolizable energy (ME) contents of leaves ranged from 8.86 to 10.39 MJ $kg^{-1}$ DM. The results obtained in this study suggested that browse species had a significant effect on chemical composition, gas production and estimated parameters of leaves. Leaves from Glycrrhiza glabra L with a considerable amount of CP had a high rank value in terms of ME. Therefore leaves from Glycrrhiza glabra L may have a high potential value for small ruminant animals in terms of rumen and whole digestibility. Leaves from other species studied require protein supplementation when they are the only feed consumed by ruminant animals.

나뭇잎 놀이에 나타난 3, 4세 유아의 수학적 탐구

황정숙,임영심 한국생태유아교육학회 2012 생태유아교육연구 Vol.11 No.4

The aim of this study is to determine how the activities of mathematical inquiry proceed among 3 to 4-year-old children as they play with leaves. The subjects in this study were 26 children who were 3-4 years-old at N nursery school in G city. For this study the researcher participated in the morning session(9:00 - 12:00 AM) at N nursery school 2 to 3 times per week(for a total of 32 times) over 4 months from September to December 2011. All of the records and materials were transcribed relating to situations in which the children played with leaves during free play time. After analyzing all the records and materials according to the standard of the national child care curriculum how mathematical inquiry was included, the following mathematical activities were shown in play with leaves among 3 to 4-year-old children. 1. Finding the leaves. 2. Using the leaves to express the student's own mathematical language. 3. Making rules related to playing with leaves. 4. Enjoying playing with the leaves using the developed rules. According to the results, spontaneous play with leaves is effective for acquiring mathematical inquiry and creating meaningful experiences among children. 본 연구는 만 3, 4세 유아가 나뭇잎으로 놀이를 하는 과정에서 어떠한 수학적 탐구활동이 일어나는지에 대해 알아본 것이다. 연구대상은 G시에 소재한 N어린이집의 만 3, 4세 유아 26명이다. 2011년 9월부터 4개월간 N어린이집의 오전 일과를 주 2-3회씩 총 32회 참여관찰을 하며 자유놀이시간에 나뭇잎으로 놀이를 하는 상황을 기록하고 촬영한 자료를 전사하였다. 이를 표준보육과정 자연탐구영역의 수학적 탐구내용에 근거하여 분석한 결과 3, 4세 유아는 나뭇잎으로 놀이를 하는 동안 다음의 수학적 탐구활동을 하였다. 첫째, 나뭇잎 발견하기. 둘째, 나뭇잎을 자신의 수학적 언어로 표현하기. 셋째, 규칙을 만들어 나뭇잎으로 놀기. 넷째, 규칙을 바꾸어 놀기. 이에 유아의 자발적인 나뭇잎 놀이는 만 3, 4세 유아의 수학적 탐구를 의미있게 촉진시킨다고 볼 수 있다.

국내 팥 육성계통의 잎과 종실의 무기질 및 항산화 특성 비교

오선민,송석보,김지영,이병원,이점식,최명은,추지호,한상익 한국식품영양학회 2022 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.35 No.6

This study compared the antioxidant and mineral properties of the leaves and seeds of fifteen Korean adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) breeding lines. This study was conducted in an attempt to expand the use of Korean adzuki bean leaves. The potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium contents of the leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, in particularly, the potassium content. The leaves had approximately 3.3 times higher potassium content than the seeds. For instance, the potassium content of YA1317 leaves was 21% higher than that of Arari. The total polyphenol content and ABTS activity of Adzuki bean leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, as opposed to the total flavonoid content and DPPH scavenging activity. Among the 15 breeding lines, YA1402 had 1.2~3.2 times higher antioxidant content and activity as compared to the Arari variety. It was concluded that adzuki bean leaves had higher mineral content, antioxidant component and activity as compared to the seeds. Therefore, adzuki bean leaves could be used an ingredient for dishes and as a medicine.