Evaluation of Food Labeling Policy in Korea: Analyzing the Community Health Survey 2014–2017

조희숙,정수미 대한의학회 2019 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.34 No.32

Background: As Koreans adopt more Westernized diets, consumer demands for processed food products are growing. The Korean government implemented a food labeling system to help people reasonably choose processed foods. This study investigated the utilization of these food labels among Koreans, as well as demographic differences between users and non-users of food labels, ultimately presenting foundational data for strategies to enhance dietary lifestyles by facilitating the use of food labeling. Methods: Data from the 2014–2017 Community Health Survey were used. The Cochran- Armitage trend test was performed to investigate whether food labeling awareness and utilization increase over time; a data mining technique called decision tree analysis was then used to examine the effects of sociodemographic factors on the use of food labeling for each of the 4 years. Results: Food labeling awareness increased by 4.5% over 4 years; the Cochran–Armitage trend test showed that this increase was statistically significant (χ2 = 1,068.21; P < 0.001). Food labeling utilization increased significantly but marginally, by 0.3%, over 4 years (χ2 = 20.154; P < 0.001). Decision tree analysis showed that food labeling users comprised mainly women in their 30s–50s currently in graduate school or with a graduate degree; the non- user group comprised mainly divorced/widowed/separated people in their 70s who were elementary school grads or below. Conclusion: Education level, which could be related to health literacy, substantially affected the use of food labeling. Education level is a typical socioeconomic index, and if people who are less educated tend not to use food labeling, it can lead to health inequity. Thus, food labeling should be reformed with consideration of health literacy among the less-educated social classes. From a health communication perspective, images and pictures can boost consumers' understanding, which should be considered to improve comprehensibility of food labeling.

고속도로 휴게소 영양표시 인식 여부에 따른 영양표시 만족도, 구매행동 변화 및 식생활관리에 관한 연구

공정은,문진아,김종욱,연지영,Kong, Jung-Eun,Moon, Jin-Ah,Kim, Jong-Wook,Yeon, Jeeyoung 한국식품영양학회 2015 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.28 No.6

This study was to investigate the association among satisfaction of nutrition labeling, change of purchase behaviors, and dietary life care, based on the awareness of nutrition labeling at expressway rest areas. The subjects (n=903) were divided into two groups, according to the awareness of nutrition labeling: Awareness of Nutrition Labeling (ANL) group, n=367; Non Awareness of Nutrition Labeling (NANL) group, n=536. Effort of health care and identification of nutrition labeling was significantly higher in the ANL group, compared with the NANL group. As for the main reason for not identifying nutrition labeling, 'not interested in nutrition labeling' was the highest in the ANL group, and 'Don't know nutrition labeling is provided' in the NANL group. Identification ratio of nutrition labeling in future was significantly higher in the NANL group, compared with the ANL group among the subjects who didn't identify nutrition labeling before. After their becoming aware, a change of food purchase after reading the nutrition labeling was significantly higher in the ANL group, compared with the NANL group. Health beliefs on the nutrition labeling were significantly higher in the ANL group, compared with the NANL group. Satisfaction of nutrition labeling was also significantly higher in the ANL group, compared with the NANL group. The ANL group also expressed a necessity of expansion of nutrition labeling, compared with the NANL group. In the ANL group, identification of nutrition labeling was significantly higher in the hard effort group, compared with the little effort group of dietary life care. Therefore, improvement and campaign of nutrition labeling for consumers at expressway rest areas, especially for the NANL group, will be effective in identifying nutrition labeling for their health care.

식품표시에 관한 외국의 입법 동향 및 시사점

이은영 한국소비자법학회 2022 소비자법연구 Vol.8 No.4

Food labeling is the only means by which consumers can obtain additional information about the product they intend to purchase. In the case of food, the importance of objective food labeling is further emphasized due to information asymmetry. The food labeling system is the most important information exchange channel that resolves information asymmetry between businesses and consumers. Accordingly, most developed countries are implementing food labeling systems for consumers’ right to know. However, since securing food safety and protecting the right to know, which the food labeling system aims for, have conflicting aspects with the protection and development of the food industry, appropriate compromise or harmonization is unavoidable in realistically enacting the food labeling system. As a result, food labeling legislations show different aspects by country and by era. In recent years, various legislative improvements have been made due to the new type of food labeling system and damage caused by it, such as the introduction of the expiration date system as well as the functional labeling system for general foods, post advertisements through SNS and back advertisements through famous influencers. The enactment and revision of the food labeling-related acts are being carried out from various angles not only in Korea but also abroad. In this regard, this article intends to examine the recent domestic and foreign legislative trends on food labeling and seek its implications. To this end, the current legislation related to food labeling will be reviewed, and the current legislation directly or indirectly related to food labeling, such as the Food Labeling and Advertising Act, which serves as the general act on food labeling and advertising, as well as the Labeling and Advertising Act and the Electronic Commerce Act, will be reviewed,(II.) trends in food labeling laws in the United States, EU, and Japan are reviewed as a comparative study to derive implications for Korea.(III.) Based on this, some legislative suggestions are presented in place of the conclusion.(IV.) 식품 표시(food labeling)는 소비자들이 구매결정을 내리려는 제품에 대한 추가적인 정보를 얻을 수 있는 유일한 수단이다. 식품의 경우 정보의 비대칭으로 말미암아 객관적인 식품표시의 중요성은 한층 더 강조된다. 식품표시제도는 기업과 소비자 간 정보의 비대칭을 해소해 주는 가장 중요한 정보 교류 채널이다. 그에 따라 대부분의 선진국에서는 소비자의 알 권리를 위한 식품표시제도(food labeling system)를 시행하고 있다. 다만 식품표시제도가 목표로 하는 식품 안전의 확보나 알 권리 보호는 식품산업의 보호 및 발전과 상충 되는 측면이 없지 않기 때문에 현실적으로 식품표시 제도를 법제화하는 데에는 적절한 절충 내지 조화가 불가피하다. 그 결과 식품표시 관련 법제는 각 국가별로, 또 시대별로 상이한 양상을 보인다. 최근 들어서는 일반식품에 대한 기능성 표시제도를 비롯하여 소비기한 제도의 도입, SNS를 통한 후기 광고나 유명 인플루언서를 통한 뒷광고 등 새로운 유형의 식품표시제도 및 그에 따른 피해발생으로 말미암아 다양한 입법적 개선이 이뤄지고 있고 이러한 식품표시 관련 법제의 제, 개정 움직임은 국내뿐 아니라 외국에서도 다각도로 진행되고 있다. 이에 이 글은 최근 식품표시에 관한 국내⋅외의 입법 동향을 살펴보고 시사점을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 식품표시와 관련된 현행 법제를 개관하되, 식품표시광고에 관한 기본법의 역할을 하는 식품표시광고법 뿐 아니라 표시광고법, 전자상거래법 등 식품표시와 직⋅간접적으로 관련된 현행 법제에 대해 간단히 개관하고(Ⅱ.), 시사점을 도출하기 위한 비교법적 고찰로서 미국, 유럽연합, 일본의 식품표시 관련 법제의 동향을 살펴본다(III.). 이에 바탕하여 몇 가지 입법론적 제언을 제시하는 것으로서 결론에 갈음한다.(IV.)

A study on the consumer's perception of front-of-pack nutrition labeling

Kim, Woo-Kyoung,Kim, Ju-Hyeon The Korean Nutrition Society 2009 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.2 No.3

The goal of this research is to investigate the present situation for front of pack labeling in Korea and the perception of consumers for the new system of labeling, front of pack labeling, based on the consumer survey. We investigated the number of processed foods with front of pack labeling in one retailer in Youngin-si. And we also surveyed 1,019 participants nationwide whose ages were from 20 to 49; the knowledge of nutrition labeling, the knowledge of 'front of pack labeling', and the opinion about the labeling system. The data were analyzed using SAS statistics program. The results were as follows: 13.4% of processed foods had front of pack labeling, and 16.8% of the consumers always checked the nutrition labeling, while 32.7% of the consumers seldom checked it. In addition, 44.3% of the consumers think that 'front of pack labeling' is necessary, and 58.3% of the consumers think it is important to show the percentage of daily value as a way of 'front of pack labeling'. However, 32% of the consumer think the possibility of 'front of pack labeling' is slim. Meanwhile, 58.3% of the consumers think that it is important to have the color difference according to contents. The number of favorite nutrients in the front of pack was four or five. It seems that the recognition of current nutrition labeling has the influence on the willingness of using the future 'front of pack labeling'. Along with our study, the policy for 'front of pack labeling' has to be updated and improved constantly since 'front of pack labeling' helps consumer understand nutrition facts.

Notes on Labeling Algorithm

Kwon, Kiyang(권기양) 새한영어영문학회 2014 새한영어영문학 Vol.56 No.3

In this paper, we consider properties of two types of labeling: labeling through movement in Chomsky (2013) and labeling through Transfer in Narita (2011) and Takita (2014). Pointing out the flaws of two types of labeling, we will suggest the interactive approach between two types of labeling as follows: First, following Chomsky (2013), Narita (2011), and Takita (2014), we assume that there can be no merger of two phrasal SOs, that is *{XP, YP}. Second, we assume a strict spell-out by each labeling operation, not a cyclic spell-out by phase in Chomsky (2000). Finally, following Narita (2011) and Takita (2014), labeling renders elements within the interior of the labeled phrase inaccessible to further syntactic operations. Given these proposals, we will propose the novel approach of the motivation of the possessor-raising in an Inalienable Possessor Constructions (IPC) and the illegal object scrambling in IPC in Korean. (Youngsan University)

외식 영양정보 표시의 이용과 속성에 대한 소비자 인식

함선옥 ( Sunny Ham ),이호진 ( Ho-jin Lee ),김서영 ( Seoyoung Kim ),박영민 ( Youngmin Park ) 대한영양사협회 2017 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine restaurant customers` use of menu labeling and their perception of menu labeling attributes. Further, the study investigated relations of menu labeling use behavior, and perception of menu labeling attributes with behavioral intentions toward menu labeling. Using a self-administered survey conducted for 2 weeks from the 2nd week of October, 2015, data were collected from restaurant customers who were exposed to menu labeling over 3 months at the time of the survey. A total of 426 respondents completed the survey. Respondents were asked about use of menu labeling, usefulness, ease of understanding, accuracy, and demographic information. There was a difference in menu labeling use behavior according to age, whereas respondents aged 50 years or over showed significantly higher use of menu labeling than those in 20s (P<0.001). Perceptions of menu labeling attributes positively affected behavioral intentions towards menu labeling. While all three menu labeling attributes, `usefulness`, `ease of understanding`, and `accuracy`, were positive factors for behavioral intentions towards menu labeling, usefulness was the biggest attribute explaining behavioral intentions (P<0.001). The study findings offer implications that can be applied to academics, the foodservice industry, and government in an attempt to nurture a healthy eating environment through provision of nutritional information at restaurants.

A study on the consumer’s perception of front-of-pack nutrition labeling

Woo Kyoung Kim,Juhyeon Kim 한국영양학회 2009 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.3 No.4

The goal of this research is to investigate the present situation for front of pack labeling in Korea and the perception of consumers for the new system of labeling, front of pack labeling, based on the consumer survey. We investigated the number of processed foods with front of pack labeling in one retailer in Youngin-si. And we also surveyed 1,019 participants nationwide whose ages were from 20 to 49; the knowledge of nutrition labeling, the knowledge of ‘front of pack labeling’, and the opinion about the labeling system. The data were analyzed using SAS statistics program. The results were as follows: 13.4% of processed foods had front of pack labeling, and 16.8% of the consumers always checked the nutrition labeling, while 32.7% of the consumers seldom checked it. In addition, 44.3% of the consumers think that ‘front of pack labeling’ is necessary, and 58.3% of the consumers think it is important to show the percentage of daily value as a way of ‘front of pack labeling’. However, 32% of the consumer think the possibility of ‘front of pack labeling’ is slim. Meanwhile, 58.3% of the consumers think that it is important to have the color difference according to contents. The number of favorite nutrients in the front of pack was four or five. It seems that the recognition of current nutrition labeling has the influence on the willingness of using the future ‘front of pack labeling’. Along with our study, the policy for ‘front of pack labeling’ has to be updated and improved constantly since ‘front of pack labeling’ helps consumer understand nutrition facts.

성인 소비자의 육류 안전성에 대한 우려도 및 육류 관련 표시제 이용 실태 분석

김효정(Hyochung Kim),김미라(Meera Kim) 동아시아식생활학회 2019 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of the study was to find out the level of worry about meat safety, use status of meat-related labeling and the factors determining the use of meat-related labeling using data from the ‘Food Consumption Behavior Survey in 2017’ conducted by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. The level of concern for food safety of the respondents was higher than the median value; there were significant differences according to gender (p<0.001), age (p<0.001), educational level (p<0.001), and monthly household income (p<0.001). The respondents were more worried about the safety of imported meat than that of domestic meat. Regarding the safety of domestic meat, respondents with ‘middle school graduates and less’ and ‘college graduates and over’ were more concerned than those with ‘high school graduates’ (p<0.05), while those with ‘middle school graduates and less’ and ‘high school graduates’ were more concerned about the safety of imported meat than those with ‘college graduates and over’ (p<0.05). In addition, the recognition of the meat-related labeling system was high in the order of country-of-origin labeling system, organic certification, HACCP, and manufacturing traceability system. For the recognition of the meat-related labeling system, there were significant differences according to gender (manufacturing traceability system: p<0.001), age (country-of-origin labeling system: p<0.01; organic certification, HACCP, manufacturing traceability system: p<0.001), educational level (country-of-origin labeling system, organic certification, HACCP, manufacturing traceability system: p<0.001), and monthly household income (country-of-origin labeling system, organic certification, HACCP, manufacturing traceability system: p<0.001). On the other hand, the use rate of meat-related labeling was high in the order of country-of-origin labeling, environmentally friendly product certification mark, HACCP mark, and traceability number, but the overall use rate of these labelings was generally low. The common variables determining the use of each meat-related labeling were concern for food safety and recognition of each meat-related labeling system. Therefore, it is necessary to provide education and information on each system in order to increase the settlement and effectiveness of meat-related labeling.

충북지역 고등학생의 학교급식 식재료 원산지 및 영양표시에 대한 인식

박순기(Soon Ki Park),이인선(In Seon Lee),김향숙(Hyang Sook Kim) 충북대학교 생활과학연구소 2011 생활과학연구논총 Vol.15 No.2

Currently, schools deal ingredient origin and nutrition labeling school lunch. But, the actual effectiveness for the students is being questioned. Accordingly, this study will look into the recognition on ingredient origin and nutrition labeling of high school lunch by student in Chungbuk area. Then offer the study data on the strategy for effective use ingredient origin and nutrition labeling of school lunch and nutrition labeling. They were not much aware ingredient origin and nutrition labeling, hardly identifying them. Their reason for identifying them was ‘to know the calories on weight watch basis’ and the reason for not identifying was ‘their indifference to the ingredient origin’. The causes for their unconcern for the ingredient origin and nutrition labeling were ‘there are all homegrown’ and the causes for their difficulty in understanding ingredient origin and nutrition labeling were ‘there are too many kinds of nutrition to understand’. Their perception of ingredient origin and nutrition labeling appeared significantly different between male and female students, the mean score of female students was higher than that of male students. In affiliation, the mean score of academic high school was higher than that of vocational high school. But the difference was insignificant level. In grade, the mean score of 2nd graders was higher than that of 1st, 3rd graders without significant differences. The proper spot for ingredient origin and nutrition labeling appeared to be ‘Homepage’. For the question whether the change of nutrition labeling once in a week into everyday would be appropriate, the mean score of female students was higher than that of male students in sex, and in grade, 3rd grade was the highest, and vocational high school was higher than academic high school in affiliation. But there weren’t any significant differences. Desirable nutritions labeling for school lunch was ‘the kinds of present nutrients are good enough’. The most interesting thing among nutrition labeling examples is the data of mixed nutrition labeling and data for nutrition education.

백서흉선세포에서 Apoptosis유발과 In Situ Labeling에 의한 DNA분절 검출

최종원,김정희,김시영,윤휘중,조경삼 大韓血液學會 1996 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.31 No.1