한국인 제1형 당뇨병에서 체도 세포질 항체의 양성률 : 항GAD항체, 항ICA512항체, 항phogrin항체의 조합 측정으로의 대체 가능성 Possible Replacement with Combined Measurement of Anti-GAD, Anti-ICA512, and Anti-phogrin Antibodies

김경아,김동준,정재훈,민용기,이문규,김광원,진동규,고경수,김상진,이명식 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.6

연구배경:최근 당뇨병의 분류를 새로 제정함에 있어 자가항체가 양성이면 임상형에 상관없이 제1형 당뇨병으로 분류하자는 제안이 나옴으로써 자가항체의 중요성은 더욱 커질 것으로 예상된다. 특히 우리나라와 같이 비비만형인 제2형 당뇨병이 많은 나라에서는 당뇨병의 병인 규명에 자가항체가 중요한 위치를 차지할 것으로 사료된다. 자가항체 중에서 전통적으로 측정되어온 췌도 세포질 항체(ICA)는 표준화하기 어렵고 기술적으로 제한점이 많으며 현실적으로도 췌장 공여자가 적은 점 등이 문제로 알려져 있다. ICA의 대응 항원들로는 GAD(glutamic acid decarboxylase), IA­2(islet­associaated antigen­2;ICA512), IA­2β(phogrin)등이 있다. 이러한 대응 항원에 대한 특이적인 자가항체의 측정은 ICA에 비해 표준화되었으며 최근에는 방사면역측정법(radioimmunoassay;RIA)키드까지 등장하여 손쉽고 정확히 이를 측정할 수 있게 되었다. 연구자들은 한국인 제1형 당뇨병에서 측정법이 표준화 되어 있는 항GAD항체 및 항ICA512항체 조합(combimation)의 조합으로 ICA의 측정을 대신할 수 있는지를 조사하였고 더 나아가 항phogrin항체의 조합 측정으로 임상적 유용성이 있는지 보고자 하였다. 방법: ICA는 면역조직화학 염색법을 이용하였다. 항 GAD항체는 상업화 된 키드(RSR??, United Kingdom)를 이용하였다. 항 ICA512항체와 항phogrin항체의 측정은 in vitro transcription&translation한 후 이를 이용해 방사면역 침전법을 이용하였다. 대상 환자로는 전형적 제1형 당뇨병 76명, 지진형 제1형 당뇨병 22명, 제2형 당뇨병 39명이었으며 각 군간의 연령은 각각 22.8±14.0, 37.9±13.9, 45.3±12.3세였다. 결과:1)전형적인 제1형 당뇨병에서는 ICA의 양성률이 30%, RIA조합만의(항GAD항체 또는 항 ICA512항체 또는 항phgrin항체 한가지에라도 양성인 경우)양성률이 57%이었다. 지진형 제1형 당뇨병에서는 각각 18%, 50%이었다. 제2형 당뇨병에서는 각각 7.7%, 5.1%이었다. 2)각 군에서 ICA가 양성인 군에서 RIA조합 양성률을 보면 전형적 제1형 당뇨병에서는 96%, 지진형 제1형 당뇨병에서는 100%에서 양성이었고 제2형 당뇨병에서는 RIA 조합 양성이 없었다. 각 군에서 ICA가 음성인 군에서도 RIA 조합시 전형적 제1형 당뇨병에서는 40%, 지진형 제1형 당뇨병에서는 39%에서 양성이었고, 제2형 당뇨병에서는 5.6%에서 양성이었다. 3)전형적 제1형 당뇨병에서 ICA가 양성인 군(n=23)에서 96%가 RIA조합 양성이었는데 이때 각각의 RIA유형을 보면 항GAD항체 양성이 87%였다. 한편 항 ICA512항체 양성이 48%, 항phogrin항체 양성이 44%이고 항GAD항체 도는 항ICA512항체 양성이 96%를 차지한다. 지진형 제1형 당뇨병에서는 ICA가 양성인 군(n=4)에서는 항 GAD항체 양성이 3명, 항ICA512항체 양성이 1명이었다. 따라서 기존의 ICA를 RIA조합으로 대체할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었는데 이때 항GAD항체와 항ICA512항체의 조합이 도움이 되겠고 항phogrin항체의 추가적인 검사는 일부의 환자에서만 도움이 되리라 사료된다. 4)이환 기간에 따라 ICA와 RIA조합을 비교시 ICA는 차이가 없었으나 RIA조합의 양성률은 지진형 제1형 당뇨병에서 4년 이상의 이환 기간이 지나면 그 이전보다 떨어졌다. 5)발병 연령에 따라 ICA와 RIA조합을 비교시 ICA 양성률이 전형적 제1형 당뇨병에서 15세 이전에 발병한 그룹에서 그 이후에 발병한 그룹보다 유의하게 높았다. 결론:이상의 결과를 요약하면 항GAD항체 및 항ICA512항체 측정의 조합은 ICA보다 민감도가 높아 기존의 ICA를 대체함은 물론 임상적 이용에서 현격한 우월성을 보이며, 성인에서 발병한 비전형적인 당뇨병의 분류에도 도움이 될 것으로 사료되었다. 추가적인 항phogrin항체의 측정은 임상적 유용성이 없었다. Background : Type 1 diabetes includes all forms of autoimmune-mediated and idiopathic beta-cell destruction leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. Evidence of an autoimune pathogenesis was assessed by studying cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA), antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), antibodies reacting with an islet tyrosine phosphatase-related molecule referred to as ICA 512 (ICA 512A), or its homologue phogrin (phogrin-A). In comparison with ICA, the best validation to assess the risk of type 1 diabetes, shows that a combination of antibodies to GADA with ICA 512A has the power to detect a majority of ICA and 97 ~ 100% of subjects who progressed to overt diabetes. These findings suggest the possibility of replacing the laborious ICA test in the screening programs to identify subjects at risk of progressing to type 1 diabetes or for classifying the stage of diabetes at the time of diagnosis. Up to now, it is unclear whether these results are applicable to the slowly progressive type 1 diabetes that appears to be more prevalent in Asian than in western countries. The prevalence of combined autoantibody testing (1≥ of GADA, ICA512A, or phogrin-A) was investigated in the patients with type 1 diabetes (typical and slowly progressive) and type 2 diabetes, and compared with that of ICA which is a more laborious and insensitive test. Methods : The ICA assay was performed using immunoenzymatic staining of frozen human (blood group O) pancreatic sections with serial dilutions of serum samples with peroxidase-labeled protein A. For the GADA determination, commercially available GADA radiommunoassay kits utilizing the ^125I-labeled recombinant GAD65 (RSR®, United Kingdom) as an antigen was used. Either ICA512A or phogrin-A were detected by a radioligand-binding assay after in vitro transcription and translation using the clone ICA512bdc or phogrin c DNA. Serum was obtained from 76 patients with type 1 diabetes(mean age 45.3± 12.3 years). Typical and slowly progressive type 1 diabetes patients had the disease for between 4.0±4.6 and 10.1±9.5 years, respectively at the earliest serum sampling. Results: 1) In typicaltype 1 diabetes, 30% of patients tested positive for ICA and 57% for the combined autoantibody test. In type 2 diabetes, 7.7% and 5.1% tested positive, respectively. 2) Ninety-six percent of ICA-positive patients expressed one or more of the 3 auto-antibody specificities in typicaltype 1 diabetes. Among the 53 ICA-negative patients with typicaltype 1 diabetes, 40% had one or more of these auto-antibodies. In the slowly pregressive type 1 diabetes, 100% of the ICA-positive and 39% of the ICA-negative patients expressed one or more of the 3 autoantibody specificities. 3) Of the 23 patients with ICA-positive typical type 1 diabetes patients, 87% had a positive result for GADA, 48% FOR ICA512A, 44% for phogrin-A, and 96% for GADA or ICA512A. Of the 4 patients with ICA-positive slowly progressive type 1 diabetes, three had a positive result for GADA, and 1 for ICA512A. 4) When the prevalence of combined autoantibody testing was analyzed according to the duration of diabetes, the prevalence in patients tested within 4 years after the diagnosis and more than 4 years after the diagnosis was 61% and 52%, respectively in typical type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, that for the ICA was 37% and 21%, respectively. In the slowly progressive type 1 diabetes, the prevalence of combined auto-antibody testing was 88% and 25%, respectively (p<0.05), while that of ICA was 25% and 13%, respectively. 5) In typical type 1 diabetes, ICA were detected more frequently in patients younger than 15 years of age (48%) than in older patients (23%) (p<0.05), while the prevalence of combined auto-antibody testing -was not different according to the onset age(65% vs 53%). Conclusion : Combined autoantibody testing for GADA and ICA512A is more sensitive that ICA in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, it could replace the laborious ICA measurement and may be useful for discriminating the etiology of adult onset a typical diabetes(J Kor Diabetes Asso 25 :430~445, 2001).

Age-dependent decrease of GAD65/67 mRNAs but normal densities of GABAergic interneurons in the brain regions of <i>Shank3</i>-overexpressing manic mouse model

Lee, Bokyoung,Zhang, Yinhua,Kim, Yoonhee,Kim, Shinhyun,Lee, Yeunkum,Han, Kihoon Elsevier 2017 Neuroscience Letters Vol.649 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons is considered a major pathophysiological feature of various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. The variants of <I>SHANK3</I> gene, encoding a core scaffold protein of the excitatory postsynapse, have been associated with numerous brain disorders. It has been suggested that abnormalities of GABAergic interneurons could contribute to the <I>SHANK3</I>-related disorders, but the limitation of these studies is that they used mainly <I>Shank3</I> knock-out mice. Notably, <I>Shank3</I>-overexpressing transgenic mice, modeling human hyperkinetic disorders, also show reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission, abnormal electroencephalography, and spontaneous seizures. However, it has not been investigated whether these phenotypes of <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice are associated with GABAergic interneuron dysfunction, or solely due to the cell-autonomous postsynaptic changes of principal neurons. To address this issue, we investigated the densities of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons, and the mRNA and protein levels of GAD65/67 GABA-synthesizing enzymes in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of adult <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. We found no significant difference in the measurements performed on wild-type versus <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice, except for the decreased GAD65 or GAD67 mRNAs in these brain regions. Interestingly, only GAD65 mRNA was decreased in the hippocampus, but not mPFC and striatum, of juvenile <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice which, unlike the adult mice, did not show behavioral hyperactivity. Together, our results suggest age-dependent decrease of GAD65/67 mRNAs but normal densities of certain GABAergic interneurons in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The densities of PV<SUP>+</SUP> and SOM<SUP>+</SUP> interneurons are normal in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> <LI> The protein levels of GAD65 and GAD67 are normal in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> <LI> The mRNA levels of GAD65 and GAD67 are age-dependently decreased in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> </UL> </P>

젠더와 개발에 있어서 WID/GAD, 성 주류화 접근방식에 대한 고찰

김은경(Eun Kyung Kim) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2015 아시아여성연구 Vol.54 No.2

이 논문은 젠더와 개발에 대한 UN의 접근방식인 WID와 GAD, 성 주류화 전략이 최근 다자개발은행기구(MDBs)의 성평등 개발원조에서 어떻게 반영되고 있는지를 비교분석하고, 국제사회에서 UN이 주도한 성 주류화 담론이 현실에서 어떻게 적용되고 있는지 고찰하고자 한다. 인권과 평등의 이념을 중시한 UN은 젠더와 개발 문제에 있어서도 개발에 여성을 포함하는 것(WID)에서 나아가 사회구조적 변화를 통한 젠더 불평등의 문제를 개선하고자 하는 패러다임(GAD)이 진정한 성평등을 가져온다고 보았다. 이에 반해 다자개발은행기구들은 기구설립의 목적이 경제발전을 통한 빈곤 퇴치에 있었고, 성평등을 다룬다 해도 경제발전을 위한 도구적 개념인 경우가 많았다. 이 논문에서는 이렇듯 기구성격이 다른 UN과 다자개발은행기구의 성평등 원조사업의 사례를 비교해보고 각각에서 WID/GAD, 성 주류화가 어떻게 반영되고 있는지 살펴보았다. 이같은 분석을 통해 이 논문에서는 성 주류화 사업이라는 것이 함의하는 것이 주류 남성중심 사회 속에서 일반사업에 여성을 부가하는 형식으로 전이되면서 성 주류화 전략의 본질이 퇴색되고, WID나 GAD의 특성도 갖지 못한 채 확산이 되고 있다는 것을 밝히고 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 일반사업에 여성이 대상자로 부가되는 사업이 확대되는 성 주류화 사업 보다는 여성의 역량강화가 절실히 필요한 개도국의 상황을 고려할 때 WID 중심의 여성대상 사업이 좀 더 확대되어야 함을 강조하고 있다. This article aims to analyse how WID(women in development), GAD(gender and development), and gender mainstreaming approaches of gender and development discourse were reflected in the development projects of both UN and multi-developmental banks (MDBs) and to explore the discourse of gender mainstreaming . Selecting UN Women and UNDP as the UN projects, and the World Bank and ADB as the MDBs, it explores, first what position they take on the concept and approach of gender equality; second, whether they show differences in terms of development projects on gender; and third, based on the above two findings, how the WID and GAD have been adopted in the projects and what problems have arisen from their implementation. This study attempts emphasize the importance of the WID approach in cases of developing countries where empowerment of women is separately required. In “the project of gender mainstreaming,” which seems to be an output of negotiation with male-dominant society, the inherent meaning of gender mainstreaming has been misunderstood with the addition of women in the general project.

범불안장애의 근거기반심리치료

김근향 한국임상심리학회 2017 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.36 No.4

본 논문의 목적은 GAD의 국내외 최근 심리치료 관련 연구들을 개관하고 그에 따라 근거기반 심리치료에 대한 권고안을 제시하는 것이다. 병리적 걱정과 범불안을 주요 특징으로 하는 GAD는 다른 정신장애와 공병하는 경우가 많으며 세계적으로 유병률이 증가하고 있지만 불안장애군 중에서 상대적으로 적은 관심과 더불어 연구도 적었다. 해외에서는 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Applied Relaxation (AR), Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT), Meta-cognitive Therapy (MCT), Mindfulness-based Therapy (MBT), Worry Exposure (WE) 등이 적용되어 왔고 그 중 CBT (strong), AR (modest)은 그 효과성이 경험적으로 지지되는 수준이었으며 MBT는 실험적 수준으로 그 효과성에 대해 확정하기가 곤란하였다. 국내에서는 심리치료의 종류와는 별개로 GAD 심리치료 효과성을 검증한 논문이 미미하여 근거기반의수준을 상정하는 것조차 불가하였다. 대신 국내연구는 일반인을 대상으로 GAD 관련 요인들(예, IU 등)에 관한 연구에 편중되어 있어 향후GAD 환자들을 대상으로 한 무선통제(RCT) 연구들이 이루어져야 할 것이며 그러한 자료가 누적되면 근거기반의 수준을 정할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 또한 GAD 치료 접근성을 높이고자 웹 및 앱 프로그램과 유용 사이트 등을 소개하였다. 마지막으로 GAD에 대한 근거기반 심리치료의 최종 권고안을 제안한 후 GAD 및 GAD 심리치료의 적용 및 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다

Association Between Asthma and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in Korean Adolescents

( Woon Kyung Shin ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2021 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.129 No.0

Background Asthma has been shown to be associated with a variety of psychological comorbidities such as anxiety, but its association with adolescent asthma and anxiety has not yet been investigated in detail. Methods We analyzed 3367 adolescent patients with physician-diagnosed asthma and 51,581 non-asthmatic adolescent participants from the 2019 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Anxiety status were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for multiple confounding variables (socioeconomic, health behavior, psychological factors), to explore the association between GAD-7 and adolescent asthma. (Table 1) Results Comparison between the adolescent asthma group and non-adolescent asthma group indicated higher rates of anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥ 10) (15.5% vs. 10.8%, respectively, p<0.001). (Table 2) After adjustment for multiple confounders, asthma was significantly associated with an increased risk of anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥10) (OR 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.39) compared to non-asthma adolescents. (Table 3) GAD-2 (uncontrollable worry; OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.36) showed most highest OR among GAD-7 subcomponents. Conclusions Anxiety is associated with an increased rate of asthma in Korean adolescents.

범불안장애의 지속 메커니즘에 관한 연구

김창중 동방문화대학원대학교 자연치유연구소 2019 자연치유연구 Vol.3 No.2

The purpose of this study was to understand the maintenance characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder(hereinafter GAD) by discussing the various maintenance mechanisms of GAD. Each mechanism explained the threat factors for the people who experience GAD differently, but explained in common that the people to experience GAD use the worry to avoid the threat factors. However, the understandings about function of worry were different. In addition, each mechanism explained in common that excessive worry disturbs the proper management of GAD, and resulted in the vicious circle mechanism to increase worry and anxiety. The significance of this study is in that it clarified theoretically the maintenance characteristics of GAD by discussing the various maintenance mechanisms of GAD. And this study also can be utilized for counselling and establishment of healing strategy for the people to experience GAD in the field of counselling. Moreover, it is required to verify this study results empirically in the counselling fields.

Influence of Light on the Free Amino Acid Content and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Synthesis in Brassica juncea Seedlings

Li, Xiaohua,Kim, Yeon Bok,Uddin, Md Romij,Lee, Sanghyun,Kim, Sun-Ju,Park, Sang Un American Chemical Society 2013 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.61 No.36

<P>Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is an important enzyme in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis. Here we report the influence of light on amino acid accumulation and investigate the molecular mechanism by which light influences GABA biosynthesis at the seedling stage of two mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars (green-leaf and purple-leaf). Gene expression profiles of four GAD-encoding genes (<I>GAD1</I>, <I>GAD2</I>, <I>GAD4a</I>, and <I>GAD4b</I>) and their impact on GABA biosynthesis were analyzed. Light exerted an obvious influence on amino acid accumulation in mustard seedlings. <I>GAD</I> gene expression was also significantly regulated by light/dark or dark treatment, which differentially regulated GABA biosynthesis in B. juncea seedlings. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the seeds of purple cultivars contain a higher amount of free amino acids and GABA than do the seeds of green cultivars. After seed germination, however, the accumulation of free amino acids peaked in dark-treated seedlings on day 9 in both cultivars, whereas GABA synthesis peaked at 9 days under light conditions. This study may provide a foundation for understanding the effect of light on amino acids, particularly GABA biosynthesis in Brassica plants.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jafcau/2013/jafcau.2013.61.issue-36/jf401956v/production/images/medium/jf-2013-01956v_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jf401956v'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Transient Increases of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 67 Immunoreactivity and Its Protein Levels in the Somatosensory Cortex after Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Gerbils

HWANG, In Koo,YOO, Ki-Yeon,LI, Hua,PARK, Ok Kyu,LEE, Choong Hyun,CHOI, Jung Hoon,KWON, Dae Young,WON, Moo-Ho Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 2008 The Journal of veterinary medical science Vol.70 No.9

<P>In this study, we investigated changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil somatosensory cortex after ischemia/reperfusion. GAD67 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in layers III and V of the somatosensory cortex 12 hr after ischemia/reperfusion. Thereafter, GAD67 immunoreactivity was decreased with time after ischemia/reperfusion. GAD67 immunoreactivity in the somatosensory cortex 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion was similar to that in the sham-operated group. In addition, GAD67 protein levels were also significantly increased 12 hr after transient forebrain ischemia. These results suggest that the transient increase of GAD67 immunoreactivity in layers III and V may be associated with responses to transient ischemia-induced neuronal damage.</P>

Immunoreactivity of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Isoforms in the Central Nervous System of the Barn Spider, Araneus cavaticus

문명진,EdwardK.Tillinghast 한국곤충학회 2013 Entomological Research Vol.43 No.1

The γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has long been considered as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and arthropods. Since the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has a restricted tissue distribution and catalyzes the conversion of L‐glutamate to GABA, immunoreactivity of GAD isoforms can reveal distribution of GABAergic neurons in the CNS. In the CNS of the spider Araneus cavaticus, immunoreactivity of GAD isoforms can be detected in the optic lobes including neurons and neuropiles of the supraesophageal ganglia. Strong GAD‐like immunoreactive cell bodies are concentrated in two bilaterally symmetric cell clusters of the protocerebrum. Some intrinsic cell bodies near the central body also show strong immunoreactivity. However, the intrinsic nerve masses and some of the longitudinal and transverse tracts within the supraesophageal ganglion are only lightly labelled, and the fibers transverse the hemisphere and the central fibrous masses are not labelled. Among the three basic types of cell bodies surrounding the central body, several clusters of the Type‐C cells show strong GAD‐like immunoreactivity, however both of the Type‐A and Type‐B cells are not labelled at all.

김치유래 Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59의 ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric Acid 생성 및 Glutamate Decarboxylase 활성

유진주,오석흥,Yu, Jin-Ju,Oh, Suk-Heung 한국미생물학회 2011 미생물학회지 Vol.47 No.4

김치로부터 분리한 유산균 Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59는 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 생성능력과 glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) 활성을 보유하고 있음이 확인되었다. Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59를 59.13 mM과 177.40 mM monosodium glutamate (MSG)가 함유된 MRS 배지에서 배양하면 균주의 성장을 위한 최적 온도범위와 pH는 각각 $25-37^{\circ}C$와 6.5였다. 59.13 mM과 177.40 mM MSG 함유 MRS 배지에서 배양온도 $25^{\circ}C$ 조건에서, 48시간 배양하였을 경우 MSG의 GABA 전환율은 각각 99.58%와 31.00%였다. 또한 Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 세포추출액을 이용하여 MSG를 GABA로 전환할 수 있었으며, 추출물에 의한 GABA 전환율은 $30^{\circ}C$, pH 5 조건에서 78.51%로 가장 높았다. 세포추출액에 의한 MSG의 GABA 전환에 미치는 무기염의 영향을 조사한 결과 $CaCl_2$, $FeCl_3$, $MgCl_2$를 첨가한 반응액에서 염을 넣지 않고 반응한 control보다 GABA 전환율이 2-3배 증진되는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 결과들은 김치 유산균 Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59의 GABA 생성능은 유산균 세포 내에 존재하는 GAD에 의한 것이며, GAD에 의한 GABA 전환율은 무기염에 의하여 증진될 수 있음을 제안해 주는 것이다. Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 isolated from kimchi was found to have ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing ability and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. When the Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 was cultured in MRS broth with 59.13 mM and 177.40 mM monosodium glutamate (MSG), the optimum temperature range and pH for growth were $25-37^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5, respectively. GABA conversion rates in MRS broth with 59.13 mM and 177.40 mM MSG were 99.58% and 31.00%, respectively at $25^{\circ}C$ and 48 h of cultivation. By using the cell free extract of Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59, MSG was converted to GABA and the conversion rate was 78.51% at $30^{\circ}C$, pH 5. Conversion of MSG to GABA was enhanced by adding salts such as $CaCl_2$, $FeCl_3$, $MgCl_2$. These data suggest that the ability of Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 to produce GABA results from the activity of GAD in the cells and GABA conversion by the cell extract containing GAD can be enhanced by $CaCl_2$, $FeCl_3$, $MgCl_2$.