실내 포름알데히드 농도의 측정을 통한 공기환경의 평가 : 치과의원과 K 대학을 중심으로

박정균 경인여자대학 2000 경인논집 Vol.- No.8

Formaldehyde is released into the air as a pungent gas. It has a number of useful properties; it's good preservative and makes an excellent adhesive. Therefore, it is used widely in the building and fumshings industries. It is also found in small amounts in some textiles as an anti-wrinkle agent. Larger doses of formaldehyde can cause asthma attacks and long-term exposure to low level cause respiratory difficulty, eczema, and sensitization. Formaldehyde is classified as a human carcinogen and has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, and with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia. So we should be concerned about formaldehyde. This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of formaldehyde in indoor air environment, dental clinic and one of the college in Inchon metropolitan city. The relationship between two building measurement data was analyzed statistically by SAS package program. The results are as follows: 1. Airbome concentrations of formaldehyde for dental clinic ranged from 0.52 ppm to 0.95 ppm at lst samplings, ranged from 0.80 ppm to 1.28 ppm at 2nd samplings, which exceeds the current international standard(ACGIH) of 0.3 ppm 2. Concentrations of formaldehyde for dental clinic in indoor air showed statistically significant difference between 1st and 2nd samplings. 3. Assessment of formaldehyde exposure for K college was conducted among each buildings. Of the 15 samples monitored, most of all, except 2 samples had levels in below of the current international standard(ACGIH) of 0.3 ppm. 4. Concentrations of formaldehyde in indoor air were significantly difference between dental clinic and K college(P<0.05). But there was not statistically significant difference formaldehyde concentrations for dental clinic and K college between sampling areas(P<0.05). High humidity and elevated temperature cause formaldehyde release, so we might want to control humidity through air conditioning and dehumidifiers. Also, increase ventilation, particularly after bringing new sources of formaldehyde into the home. When remodeling and in new construction, select low formaldehyde materials.

화장품 중 포름알데히드 함유량 조사

정보경 ( Bo-kyung Jung ),박원희 ( Woon-hee Park ),김동규 ( Dong-gyu Kim ),최은정 ( Eun-jung Choi ),김연천 ( Yeon-cheon Kim ),황인숙 ( In-sook Hwang ),채영주 ( Young-zoo Chae ) 대한화장품학회 2012 대한화장품학회지 Vol.38 No.1

포름알데히드는 그 자체가 보존제로 또는 다른 보존제로부터 유리된 형태로 화장품에 일반적으로 존재한다. 포름알데히드는 낮은 농도로도 민감한 피부 반응을 일으킬 수 있으므로 화장품에서 그 사용을 규제하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 팩 및 마스크와 같은 화장품 114 품목을 시중에서 구입하여 포름알데히드의 함량을 분석하였다. 검사 품목의 36 %에서 0.3 ~ 9.7 μg/mL (ppm) 수준의 포름알데히드가 검출되었다. 포름알데히드 유리 보존제를 함유한다고 표시되어 있는 12개 제품의 포름알데히드 함량을 조사하였다. Imidazolidinyl urea를 사용한 화장품 10품목과 1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDM hyantoin)을 사용한 화장품 2품목에서 평균 1.7 μg/mL (ppm)의 포름알데히드가 검출 되었다. 식품의약품안전청 고시 최대 허용 포름알데히드 농도 0.2 % (2,000 ppm)을 고려할 때, 이번 조사에서 분석한 화장품에서는 비교적 낮은 수준의 포름알데히드 함량을 보였다. Formaldehyde is commonly present in cosmetic products as an ingredient intended to preserve cosmetic raw materials or as a liberated product from other formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Since even low level of formaldehyde can elicit a dermatological reactions in sensitized individuals, there has been a tendency to restrict and regulate the use of formaldehyde in cosmetic products. In this study, we determined formaldehyde content in 114 commercial cosmetic products such as packs and masks. Formaldehyde was detected at the level ranging from 0.3 to 9.7 μg/mL (ppm) in 36 % of the tested cosmetic products. We investigated formaldehyde content of twelve products specifying to contain formaldehyde-releasing preservatives on their labels. In eleven of ten imidazolidinyl urea-containing and two 1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDM hyantoin)-containing products, average of 1.7 μg/mL (ppm) formaldehyde level was detected. The formaldehyde levels detected in our tested products are low when compared with the maximum authorised concentration 0.2 % (2000 ppm) of formaldehyde in cosmetics according to the Korean Food and Drug Administration notice.

멜라민 수지 조리기구 중 formaldehyde 및 phenol의 이행에 관한 연구

오재명,안미경,김진철,신동우,박창원,김미혜 한국식품위생안전성학회 2014 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.29 No.3

멜라민수지 조리기구 제조에 사용되는 formaldehyde와 phenol의 경우 식품에 이행될 우려가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 멜라민수지 조리기구 222 건에 대하여 formaldehyde와 phenol의 식품유사용매로의 이행량을 조사하였다. 멜라민수지 조리기구는 컵(14), 공기(75), 접시(85), 숟가락(10), 젓가락(4), 식판(8), 주걱(4), 뒤지게(9) 및 국자(12)등을 수거하였다. 식품유사용매로는 물, 4% 초산, 20% 에탄올, n-헵탄을 사용하였다. 한국의 멜라민수지 기구 및 용기·포장 중 formaldehyde와 phenol의 용출기준은 각각 4 mg/L, 5 mg/L 이며, 수거된 222건 멜라 민수지 조리기구 모두 기준·규격에 적합하였다. 멜라민 수지 조리기구 중 formaldehyde와 phenol의 이행량은 각각 N.D~2,949 μg/L, N.D~78 μg/L이었다. 위 분석결과는 멜라민수지 기구 및 용기·포장의 안전관리의 과학적 근거 자료로 제공될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Formaldehyde and phenol used in the production of melamine-wares may be intended to come into foodstuffs. So this study investigated the migration of formaldehyde and phenol from 222 articles Articles were cups(14), bowls(75), plates(85), spoons(10), chopsticks(4), food trays(8), rice paddles(4), spatulas(9) and scoops(12). The food stimulants were 4% acetic acid, 20% ethanol, distilled water and n-heptane. Korea regulation (Standards and specifications for food utensils, containers and package) specifies migration limits for formaldehyde and phenol in food stimulants. Formaldehyde and phenol are restricted by 4 mg/L, 5 mg/L respectively. In all cases the migration of formaldehyde and phenol were below the limit set in Korea regulation. The level of formaldehyde and phenol migrated to food simulants were in the range of N.D~2.949 mg/L, N.D~0.078 mg/L respectively. These migration results of formaldehyde and phenol will provide a scientific basis for the safety management of melamine-wares.

Isoconversional Cure Kinetics of Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Resins with Additives

Park, Byung-Dae 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2012 慶北大農學誌 Vol.30 No.1

As a part of abating formaldehyde emission of urea-formaldehyde resin, this study was conducted to investigate the rmalcure kinetics of both neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins using differential scanning calorimetry. Neat urea-formaldehyde resins with three different formaldehyde/urea mol ratios (1.4, 1.2 and 1.0) were modified by adding three different additives (sodium bisulfite, sodium hydrosulfite and acrylamide) at two different levels (1 and 3wt%). An isoconversional method at four different heating rates was employed to characterize thermal cure kinetics of these urea-formaldehyde resins to obtain activation energy () dependent on the degree of conversion (). The values of neat urea-formaldehyde resins (formaldehyde/urea = 1.4 and 1.2) consistently changed as the increased. Neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins of these two F/U mol ratios did show a decrease of the at the final stage of the conversion while the of neat urea-formaldehyde resin (formaldehyde/urea = 1.0) increased as the increased, indicating the presence of incomplete cure. However, the change of the values of all urea-formaldehyde resins was consistent to that of the Ea values. The isoconversional method indicated that thermal cure kinetics of neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins showed a strong dependence on the resin viscosity as well as diffusion control reaction at the final stage of the conversion.

Genotoxicity and Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes of Formaldehyde in human Jurkat Cells

Kim, Youn-Jung,Kim, Mi-Soon,Ryu, Jae-Chun The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2005 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.1 No.4

Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant found in tobacco smoke, paint, garments, diesel and exhaust, and medical and industrial products. Formaldehyde has been considered to be potentially carcinogenic, making it a subject of major environmental concern. However, only a little information on the mechanism of immunological sensitization and asthma by this compound has been known. So, we performed with Jurkat cell line, a human T lymphocyte, to assess the induction of DNA damage and to identify the DEGs related to immune response or toxicity by formaldehyde. In this study, we investigated the induction of DNA single strand breaks by formaldehyde using single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). And we compared gene expression between control and formaldehyde treatment to identify genes that are specifically or predominantly expressed by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. The cytotoxicity ($IC_{30}$) of formaldehyde was determined above the 0.65 mM in Jurkat cell in 48 h treatment. Based on the $IC_{30}$ value from cytotoxicity test, we performed the comet assay in this concentration. From these results, 0.65 mM of formaldehyde was not revealed significant DNA damages in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. And the one differentially expressed gene (DEG) of formaldehyde was identified to zinc finger protein 292 using $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. Through further investigation, we will identify more meaningful and useful DEGs on formaldehyde, and then can get the information on the associated mechanism and pathway with immune response or other toxicity by formaldehyde exposure.

해부학 실습에 의한 의과대학생들의 formaldehyde 폭로 정도와 formaldehyde 과민반응에 대한 조사연구

조수현,김헌,남윤정,김용대 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 1993 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.3 No.1

Formaldehyde induces not only irritation symptoms of eyes and respiratory tract but hypersensitivity reactions, such as contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. To estimate the levels of exposure to formaldehyde during cadaver dissection in anatomy laboratory and to investigate the prevalence rates of irritation symptoms, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, air concentrations of formaldehyde within cadaver dissection room were measured, and self-administrative questionnaire and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) were performed upon medical(n=182) and premedical students(n=69). For measurement of air formaldehyde level, chromotropic acid method(NIOSH method 3500) was used. Formaldehyde was conjugated to human serum albumin, and used as antigen in ELISA after identification of conjugation with immunoelectrophoresis. Prevailing symptoms during cadaver dissection were soreness of eyes or throat(92.9%), lacrimation(74.3%), rhinorrhea(49.7%), and sneezing(32.2%). Mean titers of IgE and IgG antibodies specific to formaldehyde-human serum albumin conjugate(F-HSA) of medical students were higher than those of premedical students. However, there was no case whose titers of anti-F-HSA antibody were higher than the twice of those of anti-HSA antibody or higher than the twice of the mean titers of premedical students. These results suggest that medical students were exposed to relatively high concentration of formaldehyde, but few asthma or allergic rhinitis were induced by formaldehyde exposure during cadaver dissection practice.

축합형 탄닌을 이용한 친환경 건축마감재 개발에 관한 연구

조재민 ( Jae Min Jo ),박문수 ( Moon Soo Park ),정경호 ( Kyung Ho Chung ) 한국고무학회 2010 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.45 No.3

실내 건축내장재로 medium density fiberboard (MDF)는 널리 사용되는 재료이지만, MDF 합판과 표면재의 바인더로 사용되는 포름알데히드 수지의 유리 포름알데히드와 휘발성 유기화합물의 방산 문제점이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 포름알데히드 흡착성능이 있는 축합형 탄닌을 활용하여 표면재에 적용 하였다. 표면재에 사용되는 수지는 멜라민-포름알데히드 수지와 축합형 탄닌을 사용하여 합성하였으며 반응여부는 FT-IR 스펙트럼으로 확인하였다. 또한 전단응력, 충격강도, 테이프에 의한 접착력 실험, 연필경도, 광택도 그리고 접촉각 등과 같은 표면 물성을 측정하였고 미반응 포름알데히드를 분석하기 위하여 유리 포름알데히드 분석법과 소형챔버법이 이용되었다. 결과에 따르면 전단응력과 충격강도는 축합형 탄닌의 함유량이 10 wt.% 일 때 가장 우수한 접착물성을 나타내었지만, 연필경도와 광택도의 경우에는 축합형 탄닌의 함유량이 20 wt.% 일 때 최적의 물성을 발현하였다. 또한 포름알데히드 방산량은 59 ㎍/m2·h 로 축합형 탄닌의 첨가에 의해 포름알데히드 방산량을 약 3배 정도 감소 시킬 수 있었다. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) is widely used as an indoor building materials. However, formaldehyde resins, commonly used to bind MDF together, emit formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds that cause health risk at sufficient concentration. In this study, condensed tannin having formaldehyde absorption ability was used to solve the problem of formaldehyde emission generated from surface material. The synthesis of melamine-formaldehyde resin and reaction of melamine-formaldehyde and condensed tannin were analyzed by FT-IR spectrum. Also surface properties, such as shear force, impact strength, tape adhesion, pencil hardness and gloss retention were measured. Free formaldehyde analysis was performed to analyze remaining unreacted formaldehyde. According to the results, the optimum shear force and impact strength could be obtained by 10 wt.% usage of condensed tannin. In cases of pencil hardness and gloss retention, the optimum properties could be obtained at 20 wt.% of condensed tannin. The amounts of formaldehyde emission of surface material containing 20 wt.% of condensed tannin was 59 ㎍/m2·h. The amounts of formaldehyde emission could be reduced 3 times by using 20 wt.% of condensed tannin.

부산지역 지하상가 내 공기 중 Formaldehyde 농도에 관한 조사 연구

김연,문덕환,전진호,이채언,배기택 인제대학교 1992 仁濟醫學 Vol.13 No.3

부산시내의 5개 지하상가내의 formaldehyde 농도를 조사하고 이와 관련된 TSP 및 기후인자와의 비교 고찰을 실시하였다. In order to propose the fundamental data for control of formaldehyde pollution and to contribute health improvement of residents in Pusan area by assessing the formaldehyde level in underground shopping center, anthors measured HCHO, temperature, moisture and TSP level at the 5 shopping centers by site and time from July to August 1990. The obtained results were as follows : 1.The mean concentration of formaldehyde in the underground shopping center was 88.13±30.94ppb four times higher than that of ambient air which was 21.17±9.69ppb (p=0.0000) 2.The mean concentration of formaldehyde in the underground shopping center by measuring time was night, afternoon, and morning in descending order (p<0.01) 3.The mean concentration of formaldehyde in the underground shopping center by place was Pujeon<Lotte<Kolon<Daehyeon<Kukje in descending order. 4.As a result of correlation analysis, relationship between formaldehyde concentrations and temperature showed a negative correlation (p<0.01) but temperature and TSP (p<001), temperature and humidity (p<0.05) showed a positive correlation. 5.The mean level of temperature, moisuture and TSP in the underground shopping center was 29±2℃, 76±14%, 131±53㎍/m3, respectively

Isolation and Identification of Paracoccus sp. FD3 and Evaluation of Its Formaldehyde Degradation Kinetics

Haoyu Zhao,Yucong Geng,Jieyu Fan,Ke Tao,Taiping Hou 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.2

A formaldehyde-degrading bacterium strain,FD3, was isolated from contaminated soil and identified as Paracoccus sp. based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In batch culture, the bacterium metabolized 5,000and 8,000 mg/L formaldehyde completely within 16 and 18 h, respectively, at 30oC (pH 7.0) with agitation at 150 rpm. The degradation kinetics was found to follow a first-order model at all initial formaldehyde concentrations with regression values greater than 0.99. Formaldehyde degradation rates increased from 532.37 to 2283.04 mg/L/h as the initial concentration of formaldehyde was increased from 1,000 to 8,000 mg/L. The growth of strain FD3 on formaldehyde as a sole carbon and energy source was well described by the Luong model with a maximal specific growth rate of 0.1754/h, a half-saturation constant of 309.02 mg/L, and a maximum substrate concentration of 3875.53 mg/L. Due to its high tolerance and degradation capacity to formaldehyde, Paracoccus sp., FD3 is considered an excellent candidate for use in degrading formaldehyde in wastewaters.

제조 후 1년 경과된 Strand/Sliverr Particleboard의 F/U 몰비별 Formaldehyde 방출량에 관한 연구

朴 憲,劉永三 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1999 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.10 No.2

This study was conducted in order to measure formaldehyde emission with the passing of one year from particleboard(two kinds of raw material's shape - sliver and strand) bonded with Urea resin which was made of different F/U molar ratio. The Urea resin was manufactured six kinds of Formaldehyde/Urea molar ratio 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0. Formaldehyde emission values were compared at 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 90, 150, 250, and 365 days after board manufactured. The results were as follows : 1. I year after board manufactured, both Sliver and Strand Particleboard satisfied the emission limit (E₂: 5㎎/ℓ - F3140 classification) of KS standard with 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6. 2. The Partidcleboards with F/U molar ratio 1.4 and 1.6 satisfied E2 limit only in 150 days and 365 days respectively. 3. Formaldehyde emission amount of Sliver Particleboard was similar to Strand Particleboard depended on each F/U molar ratio. However, the formaldehyde emission pattern was influenced with the shape of raw materials(particle shape).