가스 크로마토그래피를 이용한 발암성 혼합 유기용제의 동시정량분석법 개발

문덕환,김종근,황용식,이용희,김정호,박명희,이종태,이채언 인제대학교 1998 仁濟醫學 Vol.19 No.2

산업장에서 사용되는 많은 유기용제 중 발암성 문제가 대두됨에 따라 발암성 유기용제들에 대한 폭로량 평가는 근로자들의 건강 관리와 작업환경 관리의 진보에 있어서 기본적이고 필수적인 과정이지만 이를 정성 및 정량적으로 정확히 분석하여 폭로 평가를 한다는 것은 어려운 점이 상당히 많다. 이에 본 연구자는 가스크로마토그래피를 이용하여 산업장 공기중 발암성으로 확인 및 추정된 혼합 유기용제 농도에 대한 동시정량방법을 개발하기 위하여 컬럼. 주입구 및 검출기의 온도를 변화시켜 14종의 발암성 혼합 유기용제의 최적 분리 조건을 제시하고, 이들 자료를 바탕으로 산업 장에서 직업성 폭로에 의한 직업병 예방과 발암성 혼합 유기용제 정량법의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. In order to prepare the fundamental data for determination method on carcinogenic substance of organic solvents and prevent to occupational disease of workers by assessing the occupational exposure in industry, the author developed a simultaneous determination method on 14 carcinogenic organic solvent by gas chromatography with changing the temperature of column, injector and detector. The results were as follows ; 1.The optimum condition of this method were 35-150℃ for colum temperature. 250℃ for injector and detector temperature with capillary OV -1 column at 0.2 kg/㎠ of inlet pressure. 2.The recovery rates of 8 carcinogenic organic solvent including 1,1.2-Trichloroethane were 90% and over.

도시지역 건강한 성인 여성의 뇨증 중금속 농도에 관한 연구

문덕환,송인혁 인제대학교 1999 仁濟醫學 Vol.20 No.1

1994년 1월 27일부터 1994년 2월 6일 까지 서울, 부산, 천안, 함암의 4개 도시에 거주하는 20세 이상의 비흡연 건강한 성인 여성 143명을 대상으로 인체에 유해한 중금속을 Graphite furnance atomic absorption spectrophotometry로 정량하고 그 분포를 구하여 각 중금속의 정상치를 산정하여 중금속으로 인한 건강장해를 조기진단, 예방 및 관리를 하는데 도움을 주고자 본 조사를 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.뇨중 중금속의 평균농도 1) Cr: 0.63±0.64㎍/ℓ 2) Cd: 1.68±1.50㎍/ℓ 3) Cu : 13.48±8.64㎍/ℓ 4) Mn : 7.33±8.78㎍/ℓ 5) Pb : 27.00±15.26㎍/ℓ 2.뇨중 중금속의 농도의 분포 1) Cr: 대수정규분포(왜도: -0.373, 첨도: -0.022, P>0.05) 2) Cd: 비정규분포(왜도: 1.202, 첨도: 0.579, P<0.05) 3) Cu: 대수정규분포(왜도: -0.016, 첨도: 0.301, P>0.05) 4) Mn: 비정규분포(왜도: 2.324, 첨도: 5.115, P<0.05) 5) Pb: 비정규분포(왜도: 0.671, 첨도: 0.541, P<0.05) 3.뇨중 크롬, 카드뮴, 구리, 망간, 연의 평균농도는 지역별로 유의한 차이가 있었으나(P<0.05), 연령별 차이는 없었다. 4.뇨중 구리와 뇨중 크롬이 뇨중 망간과 뇨중 카드뮴이 각각 정상관관계를 보였다(P<0.05, P<0.001). In order to provide basic data for early evaluation, prevention and management of health hazard caused by five heavy metals (chromium, cadmium, copper, manganese and lead), the author determined five heavy metals concentration in urine to 143 healthy matured nonsmoking females of 4 cities (Seoul, Pusan, Gheonan and Haman). The concentration of each heavy metal was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The urine sampling period was January 27 to February 6, 1994. The results were as follows. 1.The mean concentration of heavy metals in urine 1) Cr: 0.63±0.64㎍/ℓ 2) Cd: 1.68±1.50㎍/ℓ 3) Cu : 13.48±8.64㎍/ℓ 4) Mn : 7.33±8.78㎍/ℓ 5) Pb : 27.00±15.26㎍/ℓ 2.Tlle distribution of heavy metals concentration in urine 1) Cr : Lognormal distribution (Skewness : -0.373, Kurtosis : -0.022, P>0.05) 2) CD : Non-normal distribution (Skewness : 1.202, Kurtosis : 0.579, P<0.05) 3) Cu : Lognormal distribution (Skewness : -0.016, Kurtosis : 0.301, P>0.05) 4) Mn : Non-normal distribution (Skewness : 2.324, Kurtosis : 5.115, P<0.05) 5) Pb : Non-normal distributioon (Skewness : 0.671, Kurtosis : 0.541, P<0.05) 3.There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations in urine Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn and Pb by area(P<0.05). 4.Positive correlations were observed between correlations of Cr and Cu(P<0.001), Cu and Cr in urine(P<0.05). 5.The above results point out that the urinary heavy metals concentration of healthy adult women in urban area still hasn't reached the dangerous level. But if the degree of environmental pollution gets worse, the health hazard resulting from the overuse of heavy metal will increase. Therefore, more thoroughgoing measures to preserve our environment will be needed.

地下商街內 空氣汚染에 影響을 미치는 要因에 關한 調査 硏究

문덕환,이승민,한용수,전진호,김대환,이용희,이창희 인제대학교 1995 仁濟醫學 Vol.16 No.2

부산시내 지하상가의 공기 오염물질 중 인체에 인체에 대하여 유해한 것으로 알려진 SO2, NO2, TSP, CO, CO2의 농도를 조사하고 이러한 공기 오염물질에 영향을 미치는 온열인자인 온도, 습도, 기류, 평균 복사온도와 비교 고찰을 통하여 오염요인 등을 조사함으로써 공기 오염 물질들의 저감 대책 수립에 기초자료를 제공 하고자 함은 물론 시민들의 건강증진에 도움이 되고자 부산시내 일부 지하상가를 대상으로 하여 1994년 1월부터 2월까지 2개월간 지하상가 내.외부의 일중 농도를 측정하였다. For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data on air pollution in underground commercial floor and also contributing to the health improvement of residents, the authors measured the level of SO2, NO2, TSP, CO, CO2 and also some related factors as air temperature, air movement, relative humidity and mean radiation temperature at inside and outside of undergrouned commercial floor in Pusan from Jan. to Feb. 1994. The results were as follows : 1.The related factor of SO2 concentration in inside was SO2 concentration in outside(P<0.01). 2.The related factor of NO2 concentration in inside were air temperature in inside, total suspended particles and air movement in outside (P<0.05). 3.The related factors of total suspende particles in inside were relative humidity in inside and total susupended particles in inside (P<0.05). 4.The related factor of CO concentration in inside was air movement in outside(P<0.05). 5.The related factors of CO2 concentration in inside were air temperature and relative humidity in inside and air movement in outside(P<0.05).

조직판막을 이용한 대동맥판막치환술의 중기성적

문덕환,이재원,김윤석,조원철,정성호,주석중,정철현 대한흉부외과학회 2010 Journal of Chest Surgery Vol.43 No.6

Background: The durability of the tissue valve is important in choice between a mechanical valve and a tissue valve in cardiac surgery. We studied the mid-term results of tissue valve in the aortic position. Material and Method: The subjects were 380 patients who had undergone aortic prosthesis replacement between May 1990 and March 2009. We retrospectively analyzed hospital and outpatient records: the mean age was 69±9 years; the male to female ratio was 227:162; and the mean follow-up duration was 46.7±40.8 months (range 0∼196 months). Result: 389 surgical cases in total had been taken with 380 patients. Early death occurred in 15 patients (3.9%). Overall survival rate at 1, 5 and 10 years were 92.3%, 78.1% and 54.2% respectively. Freedom from reoperation at 1, 5 and 10 years were 98.4%, 97.1% and 91.7% respectively. Freedom from structural valvular deterioration at 1, 5 and 10 years were 96.1%, 92.3% and 88.0% respectively. In the multivariate analysis of preoperative risk factors, young age (p<0.001) was significant risk factor for reoperation. High peak velocity in the postoperative period (p=0.034) and young age (p=0.029) were significant risk factors for structural valvular deterioration. Old age (p=0.001), long bypass time (p=0.035), concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery (p=0.003) and preoperative low left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.003) were significant factors for early mortality. Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (<60 mL/min) (p=0.025) and persistent left ventricular hypertrophy (p=0.032) were the risk factors for late mortality. Conclusion: This study showed that the freedom from reoperation and the freedom from structural valvular deterioration in aortic tissue valve replacement were acceptable. It will be necessary to conduct further studies with long-term follow-up and more patients. 배경: 조직판막의 내구성은 심장 판막 수술에서 기계판막과 조직판막을 선택하는 중요한 기준이 된다. 본 연구는 조직판막이 사용된 대동맥판막치환술의 중기성적을 분석해 보았다. 대상 및 방법: 이연구는 1990년 3월부터 2009년 3월까지 조직판막을 이용하여 대동맥판막치환술을 시행한 380명의환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 술 후 평균 관찰 기간은 46.7±40.8개월(0∼196개월)이었으며 외래 경과기록과 의무기록을 통하여 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 총 380명의 환자에서 389예의 수술이 시행되었으며 환자들의 평균 연령은 69±9세, 남녀 비는 227:162였다 조기 사망은 15명(3.9%)이었다. 1년, 5년, 10년 생존율은 92.3%, 78.1%, 54.2%였다. 재수술의 1년, 5년, 10년 회피율(Freedom from reoperation)은 98.4%, 97.1%, 91.7%였으며 구조적 판막 손상 1년, 5년, 10년의 회피율(Freedom from structural valvular deterioration)은 96.1%, 92.3%, 88.0%였다. 수술 전 위험인자의 다변량 분석에서젊은 나이(p<0.001)가 재수술의 위험인자였으며 수술 후 판막 부하 최고속도(p=0.034)와 젊은 나이(p=0.029)가 구조적 판막 손상의 위험인자였다. 고령(p=0.001), 장시간의 심폐기사용(long bypass time) (p=0.035), 관상동맥 우회술을 동시에 실시한 경우(concomitant CABG) (p=0.003), 술 전 중등도이상의 좌심실 기능부전(Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF<40%) (p=0.003)이 조기 사망의 위험인자였으며 술 전 신기능저하(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR<60 mL/min) (p=0.025)와지속적인 좌심실비대(persistent left ventricular hypertrophy, LVH) (p=0.032)가 만기 사망의 위험인자였다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 조직판막을 이용한 대동맥판막치환술은 재수술과 구조적 판막 손상 회피율 등의 측면에서 만족할 만하다고 할 수 있으며, 향후 더 많은 환자에서 보다 장기적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

도금사업장의 작업환경의 유해인자 노출수준에 관한 연구

문덕환,도수영,이채관,황용식,선병관,손병철,김대환,이창희,김휘동,이채언 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.5

Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and assessing the status of exposure level of chemical substances and physical agents. Methods and Material : Such as noise, two types of dust, four types of metals, seventeen types of organic solvents, and four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances in 21 metal product plating factories classified by 28 processes. The author determined exposure level on those hazardous materials from Jan. to Dec. 2001. Results : The results were as follows: 1. The exposure level for noise was exceeded to Threshold Limit Value(TLV) in the process of 6 cases of Machining, 5 and 4 cases of pre and post-buffing, and 6 cases of waterdrop-removing, the mean noise level of all of processes was not exceeded to compliance level. 2. The exposure level for dust was not exceeded to TLV at all. 3. The exposure level for Chromium(Cr) was exceeded to TLV in Chromium plating process, metal exposure level including Zinc(Zn), Manganese(Mn), and Lead(Pb) was not exceeded to TLV. 4. The exposure level of toluene in case of organic solvents was exceeded to TLV in 1 case of finishing/cleaning, coating/developing process, respectively. 5. The exposure level of four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances were not exceeded to TLV. 6. The exposure level for dust and metal including Zn, Mn, and Pb was decreased in comparison with two results of air monitoring performed. There was no difference of the exposure level for Cr, noise, and four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances, and the exposure level for organic solvents was slightly increased. 7. The exposure level for noise in factories employing more than 21 workers was higher than that for noise in foadtories employing less than 20 workers. The more workers, the lower exposure level in metal including Zn, Mn. The exposure level for Cr was increasing in factories employing more than 51 workers, and the more workers the lower exposure level in organic solvents. Conclusion : According to above results, this study suggests positive work environment managements in processes exceeding exposure limit value as well as continuously consecutive work environment management in processes not exceeding exposure limit value and revealing no chronological difference of exposure level should be needed.

부산시내 대기중 중금속 오염도에 관한 연구 : 공단, 주거, 상업, 공업지역과 지하철 및 지하상가 내·외의 중금속 오염도

문덕환,이채언 인제대학교 낙동강환경연구소 1993 심포지움(인제대학교 부설 환경연구소 발표논문집) Vol.- No.2

부산지역의 대기중 중금속 오염도를 파악함으로써 대기오염의 저감대책을 수립의 기본자료를 제공함은 물론 시민들의 건강증진에 일조가 되고자할 목적으로 1985년, 1989년, 1991년에 걸쳐 공단, 주거, 상업, 공업지역과 지하생활권 내·외의 기증 중금속 농도를 Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Model 2380)로 정량하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기중 Pb의 평균농도는 주거 및 공원지역을 제외한 거의 모든지역에서 대기환경기준치 1.5ug/㎥를 초과하였으며, 조사연도별로 최근 일수록 점차 그 농도가 낮아지는 경향을 시현하였다. 2. 기중 Cd의 평균농도는 전 지역 공히 미국 ASHRAE 대기환경권고치에 훨씬 미달하였으며, 측정연도별로도 거의 차이가 없었다. 3. 기중 Cr의 평균농도는 공단 및 상업지역에서 미국 ASHRAE 대기환경권고치에 근접하거나 약간 상회하였으며 기타지역은 미달하였고 1989년의 평균농도가 1985년과 1991년에 비해 약간 낮은 수치를 시현하였다. 4. 기중 Mn의 평균농도는 공단지역이 주거지역 및 공원지역보다 훨씬 높은 수치를 시현하였다. 5. 기중 V의 평균농도는 전 지역 공히 미국 ASHRAE의 대기환경권고치에 미달하였으며 측정연도별로 큰 차이를 시현하지 않았다.

조선업 종사 용접공들의 망간 흄 폭로 정도와 건강 위해

문덕환,박용만,이채언,박명희,박수경,김정호,이용희,황용식 인제대학교 1998 仁濟醫學 Vol.19 No.2

1997년 5월 1일부터 3개월간 부산지역 모 조선소에서 용접작업을 하는 근로자 120명을 폭로군으로 하고 동일 업체 타 부서에서 근무하며 용접 경력이 전혀 없는 근로자 69명을 대조군으로 하여 이들의 혈중 및 뇨중 망간의 농도를 산정하고 이학적 검사, 임상 증상에 대한 설문조사 및 임상 검사를 실시하였다. 이들 결과를 이용하여 조선업종에 종사하는 용접 공들의 망간 폭로 정도와 이로 인한 건강 위해 정도를 파악함으로써 향후 이들 작업장에서 망간폭로를 미연에 예방할 뿐아니라 향후 이들 분야 종사자들의 건강증진 대책을 마련함에 있어 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. In order to evaluate the degree of manganese exposure and its heath hazards effect on welders in shipbuilding manufacturing industry, the author measured blood and urine concentrations of manganese and blood chemistry, and also observed clinical symptoms and signs on 120 welders for case and 69 non-welders for control working in shipbuilding manufacturing industry from May to July, 1997. The obtained results were as follows : 1.The mean values of blood and urine concentrations of manganese were 3.1±0.5㎍/dl and 2.6±1.1㎍/l for exposed group, 1.2±0.4㎍/dl and 1.4±0.7㎍/l for control group, and there was statistically significant difference between exposure and control group (P<0.05). 2.Symptoms in exposed group were fatigue(62.5%), excessive sweating (56.7%), amnesia(56.7%), nervousness(54.2%), arthralgia(50.0%), headache and weakness(49.2%) and so on, and there was statistically significant difference compared to control group (P<0.05). 3.Clinical signs in exposed group were tremor(21.7%), palmomental reflex(13.3%), grabellar sign(1.7% ), rigidity(0.8%) and arm swing(0.8%). 4.Manganese exposure effect on blood chemistry, liver function and grip-strength were not observed. 5.There was not statistically significant correlation between manganese concentration in blood, urine and laboratory findings include blood chemistry, liver function and so on. As abode results. the author suggest that further studies are followed to evaluate the status of welders whose blood and urine manganese concentrations were below normal reference level, and to establish the questionnaire and the diagnostic tools to detect the cronic manganese poisioning welders early.

도시와 농촌 비둘기 및 인체혈액중의 Vanadium 농도 산정에 관한 연구

문덕환,김준연,김정균 인제대학교 1985 仁濟論叢 Vol.1 No.1

This experiment determined the vanadium concentration in pigeon liver and lung tissues from rural and urban areas and .in bloods of workers (male 20, female 6) by carbon furnace Atomic Absorption spectrometry. The purpose of this experiment was in investigating the status of vanadium pollution in atmosphere. The summarized results were as follows : 1.The mean concentration of vanadium in pigeon liver and lung tissues from rural areas was 36.9±2.04ppb and 58.9±2.94ppb, respectively. 2.The mean concentration of vanadium in pigeon liver and lung tissues from urban areas was 64.0±2.62ppb and 91.7±4.26ppb, respectively. 3.The mean concentration of vanadium in pigeon liver and lung tissues from urban areas was more higher than that of rural (P〈0.05). 4.The mean concentration of vanadium in blood of workers(male 20, female 6) was 23.7±3.48ppb.

부산지역 일부 제조업 산업장의 작업공정별 공기중 특정 화학물질의 농도

문덕환,김정호 인제대학교 1999 仁濟醫學 Vol.20 No.1

특정 화학물질의 업종별, 작업공정별 사용 실태와 농도를 파악하기 위하여 부산시내 신평ㆍ장림공단에 소재하는 171개 사업장, 14개 업종, 29개 공정을 대상으로 특정화학물질인 암모니아(ammonia), 포름알데하이드(formaldehyde), 염화수소(hydrogen chloride), 디페닐메탄 디이소시아나이트(MDI), 페놀(phenol), 톨루엔-2, 4-디이소시아네이트(2,4-TDI) 및 황산(sulfuric acid)의 기중 농도를 1996년 1월 1일에서 1997년 12월 31일까지 2년 동안 측정하여 정량 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 암모니아, 염화수소, 페놀, 톨루엔-2, 4-디이소시아네이트에서는 허용농도를 초과하지 않았고, 포름알데하이드에서는 목재 및 나무제품 제조업(가구제외)의 샌딩공정에서 허용농도에 근접하는 비교적 높은 농도를 보였고, 황산에서는 조립 금속제품 제조업(기계 및 장비제외)의 수세공정에서, 디페닐메탄 디이소시아네이트에서는 가죽, 가방, 마구류 및 신발 제조업, 화합물 및 화학제품 제조업, 제1차 금속산업, 조립금속제품 제조업(기계 및 장비 제외), 자동차 및 트레일러 제조업의 발포공정에서 허용농도를 초과하였으므로 이들 공정에 대한 작업환경 관리가 특별히 요망된다고 사료된다. This survey was conducted to assess the status of the use of the specific chemical substances classified by types of working precess and industry. The subjected industry which dealed wish ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), phenel, toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate(2,4-TDI) and sulfuric acid was located in Sinpyeong-Jangrim industrial complex of Pusan area. The study period was from Jan. 1. 1996 to Dec. 31. 1997. The results were as follows ; Geometric mean concentration of ammonia, hydrogen chloride, phenol, 2,4-TDI in ambient air did not exceed the threshold limit values in all samples. Geometric mean concentration of formaldehyde was close to the threshold limit value in sanding process of manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork (except furniture) industry. Geometric mean concentration in ambient air at breathing zone exceeded limit value in washing process of manufacture of fabricated metal products industry (except machinery and equipment) for sulfuric acid, forming process of tanning and dressing of leather industry (manufacture of luggage, handbag, saddlery harness and footwear), manufacture of chemicals and chemical products industry, manufacture of basic metals industry, manufacture of fabricated metal produces industry (except machinery and equipment), manufacture of motor vehicle industry, trailers and semi-trailers industry for MDI. A special attention to the management of working environment would be need to sulfuric acid and MDI in over-exposed working process.

부산지역 제조업 산업장의 작업공정별 소음수준의 경시적 변화(1996∼1998)

문덕환,문귀수,황용식,강동묵,이용희,박수경,이창희,이채언 인제대학교 2001 仁濟醫學 Vol.22 No.1

Objectives: This survey was conducted to provide the fundamental data on trends of noise level to improve of noisy working environment and to prevent of hearing loss in the manufacturing industry. Materials and Methods: The subject of this investigation was noise level of the 34 noisy processes among 92 manufactories of 9 industries in Pusan area. Study period was Jan. 1 1996 to Dec. 31 1998. Results: Geometric mean concentration and standard deviation for several manufactories were as follows. Food products and beverages, 78.1±1.16dB(A); manufactories of textiles. 82.2±1.04dB (A) ; tanning and dressing of leather (manufactories of luggage, handbag, saddlery, harness and footwear), 83.0±1.04dB (A) ; manufactories of wood and products, of wood and cork, except furniture, manufactories of articles of straw and plaiting materials. 93.3±1.02dB (A) ; manufactories of rubber and plastics products, 81.8±1.04dB(A) ; manufactories of basic metals, 86.4±1.06dB(A) ; manufactories of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment. 84.3±1.05dB (A) ; manufactories of machinery and equipment, not especially classified, 84.8±1.05dB(A) ; manufactories of furniture (manufacturing not especially classified) 84.9±1.03dB(A). Geometric mean concentration of noise in the 1st lumbering(92.9±1.02dB(A)) and the 2nd lumbering(93.8±1.02dB (A)) process of manufactories of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture, sanding(92.4±1.04dB (A)) process of manufactories of basic metals industry were higher than the permissible noise exposures limit value. Conclusions: In the industrial hygienics aspect, special attention and management of working environment should be conducted for the manufacture of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture, manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials and manufacture of basic metals industry in Pusan area.