Hair follicle stem cells and mitochondria

Chang-Deok Kim(Chang-Deok Kim) 대한미용의학회 2023 대한미용의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Hair is a skin appendage that protects the skin from external factors such as physical stimuli, temperature changes, and ultraviolet light. Since hair also plays an important role aesthetically, many people are interested in hair growth and loss. Hair growth is a complex process, which is finely regulated by interactions between the various cells that make up the hair follicle. In particular, hair follicle stem cells are present in the bulge area of the hair follicle and since these cells can differentiate into various cells constituting the hair follicle, they play a pivotal role in maintaining the hair growth cycle. Hair follicle stem cells usually remain quiescent, but under certain circumstances, they become activated, start dividing, and migrate to the lower part of the bulge to form anagen hair follicle. Along with many genes involved in the process of quiescence and activation of hair follicle stem cells, energy metabolism can also affect hair follicle stem cell activity. In this regard, the role of mitochondria, energy-generating organelles, in hair follicle stem cells should be emphasized.

Oocyte Degeneration Associated with Follicle Cells in Female Mactra chinensis (Bivalvia: Mactridae)

Sung Han Kim,Ee-Yung Chung,Ki-Young Lee 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4

Ultrastructural studies of oocyte degeneration in the oocyte, and the functions of follicle cells during oocyte degeneration are described to clarify the reproductive mechanism on oocyte degeneration of Mactra chinensis using cytological methods. Commonly, the follicle cells are attached to the oocyte. Follicle cells play an important role in oocyte degeneration. In particular, the functions of follicle cells during oocyte degeneration are associated with phagocytosis and the intracellular digestion of products. In this study, morphologically similar degenerated phagosomes (various lysosomes), which were observed in the degenerated oocytes, appeared in the follicle cells. After the spawning of the oocytes, the follicle cells were involved in oocyte degeneration through phagocytosis by phagolysosomes. Therefore, it can be assumed that follicle cells reabsorb phagosomes from degenerated oocytes. In this study, the presence of lipid granules, which occurred from degenerating yolk granules, gradually increased in degenerating oocytes. The function of follicle cells can accumulate reserves of lipid granules and glycogen in the cytoplasm, which can be employed by the vitellogenic oocyte. Based on observations of follicle cells attached to degenerating oocytes after spawning, the follicle cells of this species are involved in the lysosomal induction of oocyte degeneration for the reabsorption of phagosomes (phagolysosomes) in the cytoplasm for nutrient storage, as seen in other bivalves.

Oocyte Degeneration Associated with Follicle Cells in Female Mactra chinensis (Bivalvia: Mactridae)

Kim, Sung Han,Chung, Ee-Yung,Lee, Ki-Young The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4

Ultrastructural studies of oocyte degeneration in the oocyte, and the functions of follicle cells during oocyte degeneration are described to clarify the reproductive mechanism on oocyte degeneration of Mactra chinensis using cytological methods. Commonly, the follicle cells are attached to the oocyte. Follicle cells play an important role in oocyte degeneration. In particular, the functions of follicle cells during oocyte degeneration are associated with phagocytosis and the intracellular digestion of products. In this study, morphologically similar degenerated phagosomes (various lysosomes), which were observed in the degenerated oocytes, appeared in the follicle cells. After the spawning of the oocytes, the follicle cells were involved in oocyte degeneration through phagocytosis by phagolysosomes. Therefore, it can be assumed that follicle cells reabsorb phagosomes from degenerated oocytes. In this study, the presence of lipid granules, which occurred from degenerating yolk granules, gradually increased in degenerating oocytes. The function of follicle cells can accumulate reserves of lipid granules and glycogen in the cytoplasm, which can be employed by the vitellogenic oocyte. Based on observations of follicle cells attached to degenerating oocytes after spawning, the follicle cells of this species are involved in the lysosomal induction of oocyte degeneration for the reabsorption of phagosomes (phagolysosomes) in the cytoplasm for nutrient storage, as seen in other bivalves.

치수, 치주인대 및 치낭에서 얻어진 성체줄기세포의 조골세포로의 분화능력 평가에 관한 연구

이중규(Joong-Kyou Lee),이재훈(Jae-Hoon Lee) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2010 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Complex human tissues harbor stem cells and precursor cells, which are responsible for tissue development or repair. Recently, dental tissues such as dental pulp, periodontal ligament (PDL), dental follicle have been identified as easily accessible sources of undifferentiated cells. These tissues contain mesenchymal stem cells that can be differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat or muscle by exposing them to specific growth conditions. In this study, the authors procured the stem cell from pulp, PDL, and dental follicle and differentiate them into osteoblast and examine the bone induction capacity. Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC), periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC), and dental follicle precursor cell (DFPC) were obtained from human 3rd molar and cultured. Each cell was analyzed for presence of stem cell by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACs) against CD44, CD105 and CD34, CD45. Each stem cell was cultured, expanded and grown in an osteogenic culture medium to allow formation of a layer of extracellular bone matrix. Osteogenic pathway was checked by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test and RT-PCR for ALP and osteocalcin (OCN) gene expression. According to results from FACs, mesenchymal stem cell existed in pulp, PDL, and dental follicle. As culturing with bone differentiation medium, stem cells were differentiated to osteoblast like cell. Compare with stem cell from pulp, PDL and dental follicle-originated stem cell has more osteogenic effect and it was assumed that the character of donor cell was able to affect on differential potency of stem cell. From this article, we are able to verify the pulp, PDL, and dental follicle from extracted tooth, and these can be a source of osteoblast and stem cell for tissue engineering.

연두금파리(Lucilia illustris Meigen) 난소의 초기 발생시 여포형성에 관한 연구

이응희,강성훈,김지현,김우갑 한국곤충학회 1995 Entomological Research Vol.25 No.1

연두금파리 초기 난소발생시 여포형성과정중에 일어나는 난모세포, 영양세포, 여포세포로의 분화과정과 초기 여포내에서 관찰되는 물질이동양상을 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 난소발생 초기에 증식구에 있는 cystoblast로 부터 cystocyte로 분화되었고 이들은 다시 난모세포와 영양세포로 분화되었다. 분화 초기에는 영양세포가 될 cystocyte의 세포질에서 전자밀도가 높은 치밀한 호염기성 물질들이 관찰되어, 영양세포가 성숙 되면서 전자밀도가 높은 띠 구조물로 핵주위를 둘러싸고 있는 반면 난모세포의 경우에는 이런 양상을 나타내지 않았다. 영양세포와 난모세포사이에서 환상관이 관찰되었는데 인시목과는 다르게 환상관내에 분포한 미세소관은 관찰되지 않았다. 초기 여포세포에서 영양세포로 세포외유출작용에 의하여 물질 이동이 일어났으며, 여포세포와 난모세포의 경계부에는 미세융모가 형성되기 시작하였다. 여포세포의 막에는 부착소대가 형성되었으며 여포세포들사이에서는 환상관과 유사한 터널구조도 형성되어 있어 물질이동을 위한 통로로 이용될 것이라고 사료된다. This study was focused on how to construct a oocyte, nurse cells and follicle cells as well as what guarantees to transport components between each cells as while a ovary of Lucilia illustris is reaching full growth. At a early ovary, the cystocytes grew out of the cystoblast in the germarium and then differentiated into a oocyte, nurse cells and follicle cells. Interestingly, a cystocyte, destined to be nurse cells, had high electron dense basophilic substances in it's cytoplasm and these substances edged up to the nucleus and then surrounded it completely. But, a oocyte didn't retain any substances like that. The ring canal located between a oocyte and nurse cells didn't compose of microtubles, being compared with the ovary of the Lepidoptera. The follicle cells, by the exocytosis, transport any components to nurse cells and the ring canal like structures putting between follicle cells were supposed to work as a tunnel for the transportation and neighboring cell membrane at the basal surface of the follicle cells constructed zonula adherens.

난포세포가 생쥐 난자의 Chymotrypsin에 대한 내성에 미치는 영향

김성임,배인하,김해권,김성례,Kim, Seong-Im,Bae, In-Ha,Kim, Hae-Kwon,Kim, Sung-Rye 대한생식의학회 1999 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.26 No.3

Objective: Mammalian follicle cells are the most important somatic cells which help oocytes grow, mature and ovulate and thus are believed to provide oocytes with various functional and structural components. In the present study we have examined whether cumulus or granulosa cells might playa role in establishing the plasma membrane structure of mouse oocytes during meiotic maturation. Design: In particular the differential resistances of mouse oocytes against chymotrypsin treatment were examined following culture with or without cumulus or granulosa cells, or in these cell-conditioned media. Results: When mouse denuded oocytes, freed from their surrounding cumulus cells, were cultured in vitro for $17{\sim}18hr$ and then treated with 1% chymotrypsin, half of the oocytes underwent degeneration within 37.5 min ($t_{50}=37.5{\pm}7.5min$) after the treatment. In contrast cumulus-enclosed oocytes showed $t_{50}=207.0$. Similarly, when oocytes were co-cultured with cumulus cells which were not associated with the oocytes but present in the same medium, the $t_{50}$ of co-cultured oocytes was $177.5{\pm}13.1min$. Furthermore, when oocytes were cultured in the cumulus cell-conditioned medium, $t_{50}$ of these oocytes was $190.0{\pm}10.8min$ whereas $t_{50}$ of the oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $25.5{\pm}2.9min$. Granulosa cell-conditioned medium also increased the resistance of oocytes against chymotrypsin treatment such that $t_{50}$ of oocytes cultured in granulosa cell-conditioned medium was $152.5{\pm}19.0min$ while that of oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $70.0{\pm}8.2min$. To see what molecular components of follicle cell-conditioned medium are involved in the above effects, the granulosa cell-conditioned medium was separated into two fractions by using Microcon-10 membrane filter having a 10 kDa cut-off range. When denuded oocytes were cultured in medium containing the retentate, $t_{50}$ of the oocytes was $70.0{\pm}10.5min$. In contrast, $t_{50}$ of the denuded oocytes cultured in medium containing the filtrate was $142.0{\pm}26.5min$. $T_{50}$ of denuded oocytes cultured in medium containing both retentate and filtrate was $188.0{\pm}13.6min$. However, $t_{50}$ of denuded oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $70.0{\pm}11.0min$ and that of oocytes cultured in whole granulosa cell-conditioned medium was $156.0{\pm}27.9min$. When surface membrane proteins of oocytes were electrophoretically analyzed, no difference was found between the protein profiles of oocytes cultured in M16 alone and of those cultured in the filtrate. Conclusions: Based upon these results, it is concluded that mouse follicle cells secrete a factor(s) which enhance the resistance of mouse oocytes against a proteolytic enzyme treatment. The factor appears to be a small molecules having a molecular weight less than 10 kDa.

Fabricating Composite Cell Sheets for Wound Healing: Cell Sheets Based on the Communication Between BMSCs and HFSCs Facilitate Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wound Healing

Li Gongjian,Wang Qin,Liu Hao,Yang Zuojun,Wu Yuhan,He Li,Deng Xiaoyuan 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2024 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.21 No.3

Background: Insufficient angiogenesis and the lack of skin appendages are critical challenges in cutaneous wound healing. Stem cell-fabricated cell sheets have become a promising strategy, but cell sheets constructed by a single cell type are inadequate to provide a comprehensive proregenerative microenvironment for wound tissue. Methods: Based on the communication between cells, in this study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) were cocultured to fabricate a composite cell sheet (H/M–CS) for the treatment of full-thickness skin wounds in mice. Results: Experiments confirmed that there is cell–cell communication between BMSCs and HFSCs, which enhances the cell proliferation and migration abilities of both cell types. Cell–cell talk also upregulates the gene expression of pro-angiogenic-related cytokines in BMSCs and pro-hair follicle-related cytokines in HFSCs, as well as causing changes in the properties of secreted extracellular matrix components. Conclusions: Therefore, the composite cell sheet is more conducive for cutaneous wound healing and promoting the regeneration of blood vessels and hair follicles. Background: Insufficient angiogenesis and the lack of skin appendages are critical challenges in cutaneous wound healing. Stem cell-fabricated cell sheets have become a promising strategy, but cell sheets constructed by a single cell type are inadequate to provide a comprehensive proregenerative microenvironment for wound tissue. Methods: Based on the communication between cells, in this study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) were cocultured to fabricate a composite cell sheet (H/M–CS) for the treatment of full-thickness skin wounds in mice. Results: Experiments confirmed that there is cell–cell communication between BMSCs and HFSCs, which enhances the cell proliferation and migration abilities of both cell types. Cell–cell talk also upregulates the gene expression of pro-angiogenic-related cytokines in BMSCs and pro-hair follicle-related cytokines in HFSCs, as well as causing changes in the properties of secreted extracellular matrix components. Conclusions: Therefore, the composite cell sheet is more conducive for cutaneous wound healing and promoting the regeneration of blood vessels and hair follicles.

Oocyte Degeneration Associated with Follicle Cells in Female Mactra chinensis (Bivalvia: Mactridae)

김성한,이기영,Ee-Yung Chung 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4

Ultrastructural studies of oocyte degeneration in the oocyte, and the functions of follicle cells during oocytedegeneration are described to clarify the reproductive mechanism on oocyte degeneration of Mactra chinensis usingcytological methods. Commonly, the follicle cells are attached to the oocyte. Follicle cells play an important role in oocytedegeneration. In particular, the functions of follicle cells during oocyte degeneration are associated with phagocytosis and theintracellular digestion of products. In this study, morphologically similar degenerated phagosomes (various lysosomes), whichwere observed in the degenerated oocytes, appeared in the follicle cells. After the spawning of the oocytes, the follicle cellswere involved in oocyte degeneration through phagocytosis by phagolysosomes. Therefore, it can be assumed that folliclecells reabsorb phagosomes from degenerated oocytes. In this study, the presence of lipid granules, which occurred fromdegenerating yolk granules, gradually increased in degenerating oocytes. The function of follicle cells can accumulatereserves of lipid granules and glycogen in the cytoplasm, which can be employed by the vitellogenic oocyte. Based onobservations of follicle cells attached to degenerating oocytes after spawning, the follicle cells of this species are involved inthe lysosomal induction of oocyte degeneration for the reabsorption of phagosomes (phagolysosomes) in the cytoplasm fornutrient storage, as seen in other bivalves.

미성숙 매복지치의 치낭, 치수, 치근유두 조직에서 다능성 줄기세포의 분리와 특성화에 대한 연구

송정호,박봉욱,변준호,강은주,노규진,신상훈,김욱규,김종렬,Song, Jung-Ho,Park, Bong-Wook,Byun, June-Ho,Kang, Eun-Ju,Rho, Gyu-Jin,Shin, Sang-Hun,Kim, Uk-Kyu,Kim, Jong-Ryoul 대한구강악안면외과학회 2010 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.36 No.3

Introduction: The first aim of this study was to isolate the dental tissue-derived stem cells from the dental follicle (DF), dental pulp (DP), and root apical papilla (RAP) of the extracted wisdom teeth. Second was to evaluate their characterization with the expressions of transcription factors and cell surface markers. Finally, their ability of the in vitro multi-lineage differentiations into osteogenic and adipogenic cells were compared, respectively. Materials and Methods: Dental tissues, including dental follicle, dental pulp, and root apical papilla, were separated in the extracted wisdom teeth. These three dental tissues were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with supplements, respectively. After passage 3, the homogeneous shaped dental tissue-derived cells were analyzed the expression of transcription factors (Oct-4, Nanog and Sox-2) and cell surface markers (CD44, CD90 and CD105) with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. In order to evaluate in vitro multi-lineage differentiations, the culture media were changed to the osteogenic and adipogenic induction mediums when the dental tissue-derived cells reached to passage 3. The characteristics of these three dental tissue-derived cells were compared with immunohistochemistry. Results: During primary culture, heterogenous and colony formatted dental tissue-derived cells were observed in the culture plates. After passage 2 or 3, homogenous spindle-like cells were observed in all culture plates. Transcription factors and mesenchymal stem cell markers were positively observed in all three types of dental tissue-derived cells. However, the quantity of expressed transcription factors was most large in RAP-derived cells. In all three types of dental tissue-derived cells, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiations were observed after treatment of specific induction media. In vitro adipogenic differentiation was similar among these three types of cells. In vitro osteogenic differentiation was most strongly and frequently observed in the RAP-derived cells, whereas rarely osteogenic differentiation was observed in the DP-derived cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that three types of human dental tissue-derived cells from extracted wisdom teeth were multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, have the properties of multi-lineage differentiations. Especially, stem cells from root apical papilla (SCAP) have much advantage in osteogenic differentiation, whereas dental follicle cells (DFCs) have a characteristic of easy adipogenic differentiation.

Effects of the Cell-to-Cell Communication between Oocyte and Cumulus Cells on the Quality of Oocytes

신창숙,윤세진,박창은,이경아 한국발생생물학회 2001 발생과 생식 Vol.5 No.2

난자와 난포세포는 gap junction channel을 통해 긴밀한 연락을 주고받음으로써 난자의 발달이나 난포의 성장에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 같은 크기의 난포에서 나온 난자라고 하여도 cumulus cell(난구세포)들이 붙어있는 상태가 다르다는 것을 관찰, 이렇게 난구세포와의 서로 다른 연결상태를 갖는 난자의 재질에 차이가 있을 것으로 가정하고, 난자의 competence와 이때 난자와 난구세포 사이의 cell-to-cell communicat Production of a mature oocyte is a complex process that requires the close association between oocyte and follicular cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the difference between oocytes with and without close junctional communication with cumulus cells and the involvement of two connexins(CXs) in the interactions. Follicles at different sizes(small: 200~400 ㎛; large:>450 ㎛) were mechanically isolated from PMSG-primed mouse ovaries, and punctured to get cumulus-oocyte complex(COC). Oocytes were released themselves(denuded), with partially attached(partial), or with tightly attached(intact) cumulus cells. Maturation and fertilization capacity of the COCs were measured. Expression of CX 37 and CX 43 was examined by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. The ratio between intact COC and denude/partial oocytes was 30%(SI) and 70%(SPD) in small follicles, while 55%(LI) and 45%(LPD) in large follicles, respectively. Maturation and fertilization rates of the released oocytes were similar among SI, LPD, LI groups, but those were significantly lower in SPD oocytes. In oocytes, CX 37 was the major CX and CX 43 was not expressed, whereas in the cumulus cells, CX 43 was the major, and CX 37 was the next. Results of the present study suggest that 1) immature oocytes from small follicles with intact cell-to-cell communication with cumulus have the similar quality to that of the oocytes from larger follicles, 2) gap junction between oocyte and cumulus cells may be the heterotypic channel, and 3) we could not explain the difference in the cell-to-cell communication between intact and partial/denuded COCs through the expression of the two CXs.