환경오염피해에 대한 원인자의 무과실책임 - 대법원 2017. 2. 15. 선고 2015다23321 판결 -

전경운 법조협회 2018 法曹 Vol.67 No.2

대상판결은 구환경정책기본법 제31조 제1항의 사업자의 무과실책임을 원인자의 무과실책임으로 개정(2011. 7. 21. 법률 제10893호로 전부개정, 2012. 7. 22. 시행)하여, 모든 환경오염피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임을 규정한 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항의 구체적 효력을 명시적으로 인정하고 있다. 그러므로 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항에 의한 원인자의 무과실책임의 의미와 입법상의 문제점 및 그 구체적 효력의 인정유무 등에 대한 그간의 논의현황 등에 대해서 검토하고, 과연 구체적 효력을 인정하는 것이 타당한 것인가에 대해서 살펴보았다. 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항에 의하면, 환경오염피해에 대하여 사업자의 무과실책임이 아니라, 모든 환경오염 내지 환경훼손피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임이 인정된다. 이러한 규정은 환경오염 또는 환경훼손으로 인한 피해자보호에 대단히 충실한 입법이라고 할 수도 있다. 하지만 ⅰ) 모든 피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임을 인정하여 그 적용범위가 너무나 광범위한 점, ⅱ) 국민의 일상생활로 인한 환경오염피해에 대해서는 과실책임의 원칙이 유지되어야 한다는 점, ⅲ) 특수한 환경오염에 대하여 특별법에 의하여 무과실책임을 인정하는 다수의 특별법의 의미를 퇴색시키고 심지어 무용지물로 만들 수 있다는 법체계적 관점, ⅳ) 원인자의 무과실책임의 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 환경오염피해구제법이 제정되었다는 점 등을 생각해 볼 때, 그 구체적 효력을 인정하는 것은 문제가 있다고 할 것이다. 책임주체가 비교적 한정적이었던 구환경정책기본법 제31조의 사업자의 무과실책임규정에 대해서도 환경정책기본법의 입법취지나 규정 등의 내용, 특히 일반조항적 구성요건으로 인한 광범위한 무과실책임의 인정 등의 이유로, 구체적 효력을 인정하기는 어렵고 환경정책의 지표를 제시하는 정책선언적 규정으로 보아야 한다는 입장이 있었다. 그런데 원인자의 무과실책임을 인정하고 있는 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항은 위에서 지적한 여러가지 문제가 있으므로 구체적 효력을 인정할 것이 아니라 정책선언적 규정으로 보아야 하지 않을까 한다. 물론 이러한 논란을 분명히 해결하기 위해서는, 환경정책기본법 제44조에 대한 입법적 조치가 필요하다고 할 것이다. The Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1 recognizes the strict liability of the polluter for all environmental pollution damages. In this Supreme Court ruling, however, explicitly recognizes the specific force of Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1. Therefore, this study examines the meaning of strict liability of polluter pursuant to the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1, its legislative problems, recognition of its specific force, and other relevant discussions, and it also examines whether it is feasible to recognize such specific force. According to the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1, it recognizes not the strict liability of the operators for environmental pollution, but recognizes the strict liability of polluters for all environmental pollution or environmental damages. Such regulations can be viewed as laws extremely faithful to victim protection caused by environmental pollution or environmental damages. However, i) it recognizes the strict liability of polluters for all environmental pollution damage, thus having an excessively broad scope of application, ii) that the Principle of fault liability should be maintained for environmental pollution caused by daily life of the people, iii) legal perspective that can erode the meaning of numerous special laws that recognize strict liability and even make them useless by a special law on specific environmental pollution, and iv) that the Act on Remedy for Environmental Pollution Damage was enacted to overcome the problems of strict liability of the polluter. When considering the above, it is necessary to reconsider recognizing specific force. Moreover, it is necessary to legislate the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 in order to clearly resolve such disputes.

1970년대 대한적십자사의 환경보호운동

강혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2022 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.- No.113

The slogan “People protect nature, nature protects people” is well known as a slogan representing the environmental protection movement in the 1970s. However, this slogan was conspired as part of the environmental protection campaign of the Korean Red Cross, and it is not well known that the Red Cross carried out an environmental protection movement in the 1970s. The United Nations Conference on Human Environment in 1972 and interest in global environmental pollution had some influence on Korean policies, but the government at the time neglected the environmental pollution problem while implementing heavy chemical industrialization policies. In the 1970s, in a situation where environmental problems were getting serious day by day, the Red Cross tried to fulfill its humanitarian role by enlightening the public on environmental pollution, gathering pollution prevention managers and conducting education on environmental problems. The direct opportunity for the Red Cross to develop the environmental protection movement from 1973 was the domestic environmental pollution problem caused by industrialization and the request of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment and the International Federation of Red Cross in 1972. At the Human Environment Conference held in Stockholm in June 1972, Henrik Beer, Secretary-General of the International Federation of the Red Cross, emphasized the role of the Red Cross in environmental issues through a speech. In November 1972, the International Federation of Red Cross demanded two things to the Red Cross in each country. First, in 1973, as the World Red Cross motto “You and your environment priority for Rrd Cross” claims, the Red Cross project should focus on environmental protection activities. Second, it was requested to submit the results and plans of the Red Cross in each country environmental protection activities by the end of February 1973. The Korean Red Cross also organized an environmental protection activity advisory committee and prepared an environmental protection action plan to develop an environmental protection movement. Since 1973, the Red Cross has carried out various environmental protection awareness campaigns, such as the Environment Day campaign, enlightenment using audio-visual textbooks, and environmental protection practice activities. At the time, the media evaluated the activities of the Red Cross as meaningful, if not more than arousing citizens' awareness of the problem. It is difficult to improve the environmental pollution problem to the level of enlightenment education at the non-governmental level, but it is highly evaluated in that it renews and expands social awareness about environmental pollution. Since 1973, the Red Cross has conducted volunteer and enlightenment activities for environmental protection nationwide, while recognizing that various emissions generated from industrial sites have a great impact on environmental pollution, and with the support of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, targeting pollution prevention managers at major industrial sites education was conducted. Participants pointed out that they were mainly in charge of administrative and technical tasks related to pollution prevention, and that most of the workplaces had environmental pollution prevention facilities, but they were not very well done. Also, the attendees thought that pollution from industrial facilities at the time was a serious problem that needed to be addressed. The training of pollution prevention managers (from 1977 nature conservation agent) by the Red Cross since 1973 was meaningful in that it could bring practical pollution prevention effects by providing education on pollution prevention and handling to the working-level workers in charge of pollution. However, as shown in the evaluation of the education participants, the lukewarm response of companies and government authorities has served as a limit to the prevention of pollution... ‘사람은 자연보호 자연은 사람보호’라는 표어는 1970년대 환경보호운동을 대표하는 표어로 잘 알려져 있다. 하지만 이 표어가 대한적십자사(이하 적십자사)의 환경보호운동의 일환으로 현상 공모한 것이며, 적십자사가 1970년대 환경보호운동을 전개하였던 사실에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 1972년 유엔인간환경회의와 세계적인 환경오염에 대한 관심은 한국의 정책에도 일정부분 영향을 미쳤으나, 당시 정부는 중화학공업화 정책을 펴면서 환경오염문제를 등한시하였다. 적십자사는 1970년대 환경문제가 나날이 심각해지는 상황 속에서 환경오염에 대해 국민들을 계몽하고, 공해방지관리인들을 모아 환경문제에 대한 교육을 실시하며 인도주의적 역할을 다하고자 하였다. 적십자사가 1973년부터 환경보운동을 전개하게 된 직접적 계기는 산업화에 따른 국내의 환경오염문제와 더불어 1972년 유엔인간환경회의와 국제적십자연맹의 요청에 의해서이다. 1972년 6월 스톡홀름에서 열린 인간환경회의에서 국제적십자연맹의 Henrik Beer 사무총장은 연설을 통해 환경문제에서 적십자의 역할을 강조하였다. 이후 1972년 11월 국제적십자사연맹은 각국 적십자사에 첫째, 1973년은 세계적십자 표어 “우리들의 자연보호 적십자가 앞장 선다.(You and your environment priority for Rrd Cross)”가 표방하듯이 환경보호활동에 적십자사업의 역점을 두도록 하고, 둘째, 각국 적십자사의 환경보호활동에 대한 실적 및 계획서를 1973년 2월 말일까지 제출하도록 요청하였다. 대한적십자사도 환경보활동자문위원회를 조직하고 환경보호활동계획안을 마련하여 환경보호운동을 전개하였다. 1973년 이후 적십자사는 환경의 날 켐페인, 시청각 교재를 이용한 계몽, 환경보호 실천활동 등 환경보호 계몽운동을 다양하게 전개하였다. 당시 언론에서는 적십자의 활동이 시민들의 문제의식을 일깨워주는 정도 이상의 것은 아니더라도 의의 있는 일이라는 평가를 하고 있다. 환경오염 문제가 비정부적 차원의 계몽교육 정도로 호전되기는 어렵지만, 환경오염에 대한 사회적 의식을 새롭게 하고 또 그것을 넓힌다는 점에서 높이 평가하고 있다. 1973년부터 적십자는 전국적으로 환경보호를 위한 봉사와 계몽 활동을 전개하는 한편 산업장에서 발생 되는 각종 배출물이 환경오염에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 인식하고 보건사회부의 후원으로 주요 산업장의 공해방지 관리인을 대상으로 교육을 실시하였다. 참석자들은 주로 공해방지와 관련된 행정과 기술업무를 담당하였으며, 대부분 직장에 환경오염방지 시설은 있으나 별로 잘되어 있지 않았다고 지적하고 있다. 또한 참석자들은 당시의 산업시설에서 나오는 공해가 대책을 세워야 할 심각한 문제라고 생각하고 있었다. 적십자가 1973년부터 전개한 공해방지관리인(1977년부터는 자연보호요원) 연수는 공해담당 실무자들에게 공해 예방과 처리에 관한 교육을 실시하여 실질적인 공해 예방 효과를 가져올 수 있는 의미가 있었다. 하지만 교육 참석자들의 평가에서도 나타나듯이 기업과 정부 당국의 미온적인 대처는 산업체의 공해 예방에 한계로 작용하였다.

환경오염피해에 대한 원인자의 무과실책임 - 대법원 2017. 2. 15. 선고 2015다23321 판결 -

전경운 ( Chun Kyoung Un ) 법조협회 2018 최신판례분석 Vol.67 No.2

대상판결은 구환경정책기본법 제31조 제1항의 사업자의 무과실책임을 원인자의 무과실책임으로 개정(2011. 7. 21. 법률 제10893호로 전부개정, 2012. 7. 22. 시행)하여, 모든 환경오염피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임을 규정한 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항의 구체적 효력을 명시적으로 인정하고 있다. 그러므로 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항에 의한 원인자의 무과실책임의 의미와 입법상의 문제점 및 그 구체적 효력의 인정유무 등에 대한 그간의 논의현황 등에 대해서 검토하고, 과연 구체적 효력을 인정하는 것이 타당한 것인가에 대해서 살펴보았다. 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항에 의하면, 환경오염피해에 대하여 사업자의 무과실책임이 아니라, 모든 환경오염 내지 환경훼손피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임이 인정된다. 이러한 규정은 환경오염 또는 환경훼손으로 인한 피해자보호에 대단히 충실한 입법이라고 할 수도 있다. 하지만 ⅰ) 모든 피해에 대해서 원인자의 무과실책임을 인정하여 그 적용범위가 너무나 광범위한 점, ⅱ) 국민의 일상생활로 인한 환경오염피해에 대해서는 과실책임의 원칙이 유지되어야 한다는 점, ⅲ) 특수한 환경오염에 대하여 특별법에 의하여 무과실책임을 인정하는 다수의 특별법의 의미를 퇴색시키고 심지어 무용지물로 만들 수 있다는 법체계적 관점, ⅳ) 원인자의 무과실책임의 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 환경오염피해구제법이 제정되었다는 점 등을 생각해 볼 때, 그 구체적 효력을 인정하는 것은 문제가 있다고 할 것이다. 책임주체가 비교적 한정적이었던 구환경정책기본법 제31조의 사업자의 무과실 책임규정에 대해서도 환경정책기본법의 입법취지나 규정 등의 내용, 특히 일반조항적 구성요건으로 인한 광범위한 무과실책임의 인정 등의 이유로, 구체적 효력을 인정하기는 어렵고 환경정책의 지표를 제시하는 정책선언적 규정으로 보아야 한다는 입장이 있었다. 그런데 원인자의 무과실책임을 인정하고 있는 환경정책기본법 제44조 제1항은 위에서 지적한 여러가지 문제가 있으므로 구체적 효력을 인정할 것이 아니라 정책선언적 규정으로 보아야 하지 않을까 한다. 물론 이러한 논란을 분명히 해결하기 위해서는, 환경정책기본법 제44조에 대한 입법적 조치가 필요하다고 할 것이다. The Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1 recognizes the strict liability of the polluter for all environmental pollution damages. In this Supreme Court ruling, however, explicitly recognizes the specific force of Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1. Therefore, this study examines the meaning of strict liability of polluter pursuant to the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1, its legislative problems, recognition of its specific force, and other relevant discussions, and it also examines whether it is feasible to recognize such specific force. According to the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 Paragraph 1, it recognizes not the strict liability of the operators for environmental pollution, but recognizes the strict liability of polluters for all environmental pollution or environmental damages. Such regulations can be viewed as laws extremely faithful to victim protection caused by environmental pollution or environmental damages. However, i) it recognizes the strict liability of polluters for all environmental pollution damage, thus having an excessively broad scope of application, ii) that the Principle of fault liability should be maintained for environmental pollution caused by daily life of the people, iii) legal perspective that can erode the meaning of numerous special laws that recognize strict liability and even make them useless by a special law on specific environmental pollution, and iv) that the Act on Remedy for Environmental Pollution Damage was enacted to overcome the problems of strict liability of the polluter. When considering the above, it is necessary to reconsider recognizing specific force. Moreover, it is necessary to legislate the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 44 in order to clearly resolve such disputes.

피해자 삶의 복원을 위한 환경오염피해의 사회모델 개발 : 오염공동체 사례를 중심으로

김도균,조공장,이재혁,진대용,서은주,김미숙,권오용 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 서론 ㅇ 오염공동체는 환경위해시설이 입지해 있거나 환경오염 사고가 발생한 우리 사회의 곳곳에서 발견되며, 주민의 건강과 삶의 질을 심각하게 훼손시키고 있음에도 정부와 사회의 관심이 상대적으로 부족한 편임 ㅇ 이에 본 연구에서는 오염공동체가 경험하는 오염피해의 다양한 양상과 복구과정을 분석하여, 오염피해자들의 삶을 지원할 수 있는 정책 수립을 위한 이론적·경험적 토대를 구축하고자 함 ㅇ 본 연구의 구체적인 연구과제는 아래와 같음 - 첫째, 환경오염의 다양한 피해양상 및 복구과정을 분석할 수 있는 환경오염피해의 사회모델 개발 - 둘째, 개발된 사회모델의 유용성을 확인하기 위하여 사례연구 수행 - 셋째, 위 두 연구결과를 바탕으로 오염피해자들의 삶을 복원하기 위한 정책방향 제안 Ⅱ. 환경오염피해의 사회모델 개발을 위한 이론 검토 및 분석 ㅇ 본 연구에서는 ‘환경오염피해의 사회모델’ 개발을 위해 사회영향평가, 피해의 사회구조론, 재난복원력, 기술재난 등에 관한 이론적 수준의 연구뿐만 아니라 사회학, 인류학 분야에서 수행된 다양한 선행연구, 국내 오염공동체의 통계적 특징 등을 활용할 계획임 ㅇ 관련 이론 및 경험적 연구의 활용방안을 제안해 보면 아래 표와 같음 Ⅲ. 환경오염피해의 사회모델(안) 1. 환경오염피해의 세 가지 경로 ㅇ 환경오염 사고의 오염피해(사회영향)를 종합적으로 이해하기 위해서는 아래와 같은 3개 경로를 확인해야 함 ㅇ 환경오염 사고의 오염피해는 생물리적 환경피해로부터 직접적인 영향(경로 1)을 받지만, 개인 또는 공동체의 복원력 및 취약성 변수에 따라 차별적으로 나타남(경로 2). 그리고 국가기관, 가해기업, 시민사회의 대응과정을 통해서도 영향을 받음(경로 3) 2. 오염피해 평가변수 ㅇ 오염피해 평가영역을 경제영역, 사회영역, 건강영역, 생명영역 등 네 개의 영역으로 구분해 볼 수 있음 ㅇ 경제영역(5개)은 생산활동, 생계수단의 변화, 소득과 지출, 재산권, 노동의 변화, 사회영역(7개)은 인구, 가족, 사회관계, 여가, 문화, 교육, 주거로, 건강영역(2개)은 신체적 건강, 정신적 건강, 마지막 생명영역(1개)은 생명피해 등 총 15개로 구분, 그리고 세부 평가항목 혹은 변수로 28개를 제안함 ㅇ 세부 평가항목은 환경오염 사고 및 지역사회의 특성에 따라 선택적으로 사용할 수도 있으며 변용 및 추가도 가능 ㅇ 평가를 위한 연구방법은 피해자들의 입장이 잘 전달될 수 있는 연구방법을 적극적으로 활용 3. 복구과정의 변수 ㅇ 환경오염 사고 이후에는 어떠한 형태로든 복구과정이 뒤따르며 복구과정에는 다양한 이해관계자들이 개입 ㅇ 복구과정에 개입하는 행위자들은 국가, 기업, 시민사회 영역으로 구분해 볼 수 있음 ㅇ 국가영역의 주요 행위자는 정부(중앙 및 지방), 의회, 법원, 시민사회의 주요 행위자로는 피해주민, NGO, 언론(보도), 관련 전문가, 자원봉사자 등을 상정할 수 있음. 그리고 산업자본주의 사회에서 환경오염이 기업 활동에서 기인한다는 점을 감안하면 기업은 또 다른 주요 행위자임 ㅇ 이들 사이의 상호작용이 갈등적이냐, 협력적이냐에 따라 복구과정이 신속하게 진행될 수도 있거나 오염피해가 장기화될 수도 있음 Ⅳ. 사회모델 적용: 익산장점마을 사례연구 ㅇ 앞서 구축한 ‘환경오염피해의 사회모델’을 ‘익산장점마을 사례’에 적용해 봄 ㅇ 전라북도 익산시에 위치한 작은 농촌마을인 장점마을은 마을 인근에 위치한 비료생산 공장(금강농산)에서 발생한 환경오염으로 생명 및 건강 등에 있어 극심한 오염피해를 경험했음 1. 환경오염의 다양한 피해 □ 환경오염의 경험 ㅇ 주민들은 일상생활 속에서 경험했던 매연, 악취, 폐수 등의 심각성을 시각 및 후각 등 자신들이 경험한 몸의 감각을 통해 표현 ㅇ 주민들은 냄새로 인한 후각 고통을 가장 심각하게 체험한 것으로 보임. “매캐한 연기”, “코를 찌르는 독한 냄새”, “마치 동물이 썩는 냄새” 등 후각을 통한 고통을 빈번하게 호소 □ 생명 및 건강영역 ㅇ 장점마을 주민들이 받은 가장 치명적인 피해는 생명 및 건강피해로 ‘암’의 형태로 나타남. 암으로 인한 사망과 건강 악화는 ‘돌이킬 수 없는 가장 심각한 피해’라고 할 수 있음 ㅇ 2018년 7월 5일 기준으로 암으로 인한 사망자 15명, 암 관련 투병자 11명으로 암으로 인한 생명 및 건강피해자는 총 26명 ㅇ 환경부는 암을 유발한 원인물질로 유기질 비료 생산공정에서 불법적으로 사용된 ‘연초박(燃草粕)’을 지적함 □ 경제영역 ㅇ 공장이 가동되면서 마을주민들의 주요 생업인 농업 분야에서 직간접적인 피해가 발생함. 농작물 생산 및 판매에 부정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 보임 □ 사회영역 ㅇ 공장이 가동되면서 나타난 눈에 띄는 사회 변화로는 이웃 간 그리고 가족 간 ‘일상적인 교류의 감소’를 들 수 있음. 주민들 사이에도 갈등이 발생했지만 갈등이 상대를 적대시하는 강렬한 대립 양상으로까지 격화된 것은 아님 ㅇ 환경오염 문제를 해결하려는 집단적 대응과정에서 협력적 사회관계도 나타남 2. 이해당사자들의 대응 ㅇ 암 발병의 원인 규명과 복구과정에 피해주민을 포함하여 정부, 기업, NGO, 전문가, 언론 등 다양한 관련 행위자들이 개입. 이들은 때론 갈등하고 협력하면서 장점마을 문제에 대응 ㅇ 지방정부, 지역 NGO 및 전문가, 피해주민 등 다양한 이해당사자가 참여하는 거버넌스가 중요한 역할 수행. 특히 거버넌스는 피해주민들이 동원하기 힘든 과학적 지식과 정보, 다양한 정치사회적 자원을 제공하여 문제 해결에 긍정적인 기여를 함 ㅇ 거버넌스에 참여한 지역 NGO 및 전문가들은 오염물질과 암 사이의 역학적 관련성을 인정받는 과정에서 결정적인 역할을 수행. 현재에는 주민과 주민, 정부와 주민 사이의 소통과 의견을 조율하는 조정자 역할 수행 Ⅴ. 결론 ㅇ 아래와 같은 정책적 시사점을 제안할 수 있음 ㅇ 첫째, 협력적 거버넌스 구축. 오염피해자 삶의 복원을 위한 거버넌스는 피해자들을 지원하기 위한 사회적 조정제도의 위상을 분명히 하고 기계적 중립이 아니라 피해자 중심주의 관점을 취할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 둘째, 피해 공론장의 활성화. 다양한 숙의민주적 방법론(공동사실조사, 시나리오 워크숍, 공론조사 등)을 활용하여 거버넌스와 오염피해(지역) 공론장 사이의 유기적 통합 필요 ㅇ 셋째, 환경오염피해 구제와 관련된 법 개선. 피해의 구제범위 확대하기 위한 환경책임 보험 의무가입 대상 시설을 확대할 필요가 있음 Ⅰ. Introduction ㅇ Contaminated communities are found throughout South Korea―in areas where environmentally hazardous facilities are located or environmental accidents had occurred. Although living in contaminated communities wreaks great havoc on the health of residents and their quality of life, the government and society have not given sufficient attention to these communities. ㅇ Thus, this study aims to build a theoretical and experiential foundation to formulate a policy for supporting the victims of contamination by analyzing various types of damages caused by pollution and the rehabilitation process that contaminated communities undergo. ㅇ The research objectives are as follows. - Develop “a model of society with environmental pollution damage” that can be used for analyzing various types of damage caused by environmental pollution as well as the rehabilitation process - Conduct a case study to confirm the usefulness of the developed model of society - Suggest the policy direction for rehabilitating the victims of contamination based on the study findings Ⅱ. Theory Review and Analysis for Developing the Model of Society with Environmental Pollution Damage ㅇ To develop a “the model of society with environmental pollution damage,” this study will utilize various previous studies from the fields of sociology and anthropology and statistical characteristics of contaminated communities in South Korea, along with theoretical studies on social impact assessment, social structure of damage, disaster resilience, and technical disaster. ㅇ The plan for utilizing the related theories and experiential studies is shown in the table below. Ⅲ. Model of Society with Environmental Pollution Damage(Plan) 1. Three paths to environmental pollution damage ㅇ To comprehensively understand the pollution damage resulting from an environmental pollution accident, it is imperative to check three pathways as follows. ㅇ Pollution damage from environmental pollution accidents primarily results from a compromised biophysical environment (pathway 1). Depending on the varied levels of resilience and vulnerability that the individuals or the community have, the pollution damage can manifest differently (pathway 2). In addition, the damage is affected by the countering process of the government organizations, the polluter business, and the civil society (pathway 3). 2. Variables of pollution damage assessment ㅇ The pollution damage assessment can be divided into four areas: economic, social, health, and life. ㅇ We suggested 15 variables: five in the economic area (production activity, changes in the way of earning a livelihood, income and expenditure, property rights, and changes in labor); seven in the social area (population, household, social relationship, leisure, culture, education, and housing); two in the health area (physical health and mental health); and one in the life area (damage to life). We suggested 28 items as sub-variables or assessment items. ㅇ Detailed assessment items can be altered, added, or selectively used based on the characteristics of the environmental accident and the local community. ㅇ The research method for assessment can be actively utilized by adopting the method that can convey the standpoint of the victims. 3. Variables of the rehabilitation process ㅇ After each environmental pollution accident, a certain form of rehabilitation process follows, which involves various stakeholders. The actors that become involved in the rehabilitation process can be divided into the central government, the business enterprise, and the civil society. ㅇ The main actors in the category of the government (the central and the regional government) include the council and court; the main actors of the civil society include the residents as victims, NGOs, the press (coverage), experts in the field, and volunteers. As environmental pollution originates from the business activities in the industrial capitalist society, business enterprises are also main actors. ㅇ Depending on whether the interaction between these actors is cooperative, the rehabilitation can progress rapidly, or the pollution damage can be prolonged. Ⅳ. Application of the Model: Case Study on the Iksan Jangjeom Village ㅇ We applied the developed “model of society with environmental pollution damage” to the Iksan Jangjeom village case. ㅇ Jangjeom is a small agricultural village located in the city of Iksan in Jeollabukdo province. The villagers had experienced extreme damage pertaining to life and health due to environmental pollution from a fertilizer factory (Geumgang Nongsan) located in the vicinity of the village. 1. Various types of damage from environmental pollution □ Experience of environmental pollution ㅇ The residents complained about the severity of smoke, foul odor, and wastewater they experienced in daily lives using their senses, including visual and olfactory senses. ㅇ The residents appeared to have experienced the olfactory discomfort the most as they frequently complained about the discomfort related to smell as follows: “smoke that makes eyes burn,” “pungent odor that pricks the nose,” and “smell resembling that of rotting animal carcass.” □ Area of life and health ㅇ The deadliest damage that the residents of the Jangjeom Village suffered has been that to their life and health, which manifested as cancer. Death and worsening health conditions associated with cancer can be seen as “the most severe damage that is irreversible.” ㅇ The number of people who suffered damages to life and health due to cancer as of July 5, 2018, is 26―15 people died from cancer, and 11 people were patients. ㅇ The Ministry of Environment identified tobacco leaf as the carcinogen that caused cancers. It had been used illegally in the process of manufacturing process of organic fertilizer. □ Economic area ㅇ During the operation of the factory, there was direct and indirect damage to agriculture, the main livelihood of the villagers. This appears to have exerted a negative impact on the production and sales of agricultural products. □ Social area ㅇ Noticeable social changes since the factory began to operate include “a decrease in daily interactions” with neighbors and family members. There were conflicts between villagers, but they did not escalate to the point of a strong enmity. ㅇ In the process of taking collective countermeasures to solve the problem of environmental pollution, a collaborative social relationship was also observed. 2. Responses of stakeholders ㅇ In the process of identifying the cause of cancers and the process of rehabilitation, various actors were involved―the residents as victims, the government, the business enterprise, regional NGOs, experts, and the press. They dealt with the problem of the Jangjeom Village through conflicts and collaboration. ㅇ The key role was played by the governance that consists of various stakeholders such as the regional government, regional NGOs and experts, and the residents as victims. The governance contributed positively to solving the problem by particularly providing the victimized residents with scientific knowledge and information and socio-political resources which the victimized residents have difficulty in mobilizing. ㅇ Regional NGOs and experts that participate in the governance play a decisive role in the process of verifying the epidemiological connection between the pollutant and cancer. Currently, they play the role of moderators between residents as well as between the government and the residents. Ⅴ. Conclusion ㅇ Some political implications can be suggested as follows. - First, it is necessary to build collaborative governance. The governance, which is meant to rehabilitate the victims of contamination, needs to take a clear stance as the social mediation system and adopt a victim-centered perspective rather than the perspective of mechanical neutrality. - Second, it is necessary to strengthen the public forum on pollution damage. It is essential to integrate the governance and the public forum on pollution damage (regional) by utilizing various methodologies that are deliberate and democratic (joint fact-checking surveys, scenario workshops, public opinion surveys, etc.). - Third, it is necessary to improve the laws related to providing damage relief to victims of environmental pollution. It is also essential to increase the facilities that require a mandatory environmental liability insurance to expand the scope of damage relief. ㅇ The significance of this study and the future research avenues are as follows. - This study is significant from academic and political perspectives as it developed a model of society with environmental pollution damage with a focus on the victims of environmental pollution by conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis on pre-existing theories and precedent studies. - The model of society in this study still needs to be tested and improved further through application to various environmental pollution cases domestically and internationally. In particular, it is necessary to conduct a follow-up study to examine whether the model can be applied to cases involving a large corporation or a large contaminated community and whether it can be utilized internationally in Asia where rapid industrialization is underway similar to South Korea.

An Empirical Study on Environmental Kuznets Curve in China

Hu, PengFei,정홍열,Princess Shahida Haque 중국지역학회 2022 중국지역연구 Vol.9 No.1

For economic growth and environmental pollution, we often only pay attention to the one-way effect of the economy on pollution but ignore the reverse effect of pollution on growth, which makes the form of Environmental Kuznets Curve diverse. In order to comprehensively investigate the two-way impact and dynamic relationship between them, based on the panel data of provinces and cities in China from 2000 to 2019, this paper first uses the three-stage least squares (3LSL) estimation simultaneous equations model to investigate the shape of China's Environmental Kuznets environmental curve, and the influence of pollution emission control variables on pollution emission and the output effect of three environmental pollution indicators are analyzed, then uses the state-space model to analyze further the dynamic correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution. Industrial pollution emission is closely related to industrial development, which plays a crucial role in China’s macroeconomic development. Therefore, this paper selects three indicators: industrial wastewater discharge, industrial sulfur dioxide discharge, and industrial solid waste to reflect the degree of environmental pollution. The empirical results show that the relationship between industrial wastewater discharge, industrial sulfur dioxide discharge, industrial solid waste production, and per capita GDP conforms to the Environmental Kuznets inverted U-curve. With economic growth and income level improvement, the environmental quality tends to deteriorate in the initial development stage. When the economy develops to a certain level, the state of environmental deterioration peaks, and then the environmental quality tends to improve. The direction and degree of the impact of various pollutants on economic growth are different. the two-way dynamic impact relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution is studied based on the state-space model. The empirical results show that there is a dynamic correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution. Especially after 2012, the elasticity of pollution to economic growth tends to be stable, while the elasticity of economic growth to pollution is increasing, indicating that China's pollutant control has achieved good results in recent years. The coordination between environmental protection and economic growth has been enhanced.

해양오염의 환경적 불평등 개선을 위한 법적 연구

최석문 한국환경법학회 2024 環境法 硏究 Vol.46 No.1

이 글은 해양오염으로 인한 환경적 불평등이 지속되고 있는 시점에서, 환경정의에 관한 법이론적 논의를 기초로 그 불평등을 개선하기 위한 법해석론적 방안을 제시하고자 작성되었다. 이를 위하여 해양오염으로 인한 환경적 불평등 현황을 파악하고, 법이론적 관점에서 환경권, 평등권, 환경법의 일반원칙으로 구분하여 환경적 불평등과 관련된 쟁점을 환경정의 관점에서 분석하며, 나아가 문제점 극복을 위한 법적 해결방안을 모색하고 있다. 환경정의 관점에서 지역주민, 미래세대 등 사회적 약자들은 해양환경이 제공하는 편익을 제대로 누리지 못한 채 해양오염 위험의 부담을 안고 있고, 해양오염과 관련된 충분한 정보를 제공받지 못하여 형식적으로 의사결정절차에 참여하고 있으며, 오염원인자는 해양오염 피해에 대한 배상 및 제거의무를 제대로 이행하지 않고 오히려 피해자는 해양오염 피해로부터 신속하고 충분하게 구제받지 못하고 있다. 이러한 해양오염으로 인한 환경적 불평등을 개선하기 위해서는 헌법재판소와 법원을 비롯한 사법부가 현행법 체계의 한계를 인식하고, 법률 해석에 있어서 (ⅰ) 환경권과 평등권의 효력 확대, (ⅱ) 해양환경영향평가 하자에 대한 적극적 심사, (ⅲ) 해양오염 피해에 대한 정보접근 보장, (ⅳ) 해양오염 피해 소송의 원고적격 인정범위 확대, (ⅴ) 해양오염 원인자에 대한 실질적인 책임 분배를 관철할 필요가 있다. 이 글에서 제시한 법해석론적 해결방안이 적극적으로 검토되어 우리나라에서 해양오염으로 인한 환경적 불평등을 해소할 수 있는 기반이 마련되길 기대한다. This article was written to suggest a legal interpretation method to improve the inequity based on legal and theoreical discussions of environmental justice when environmental inequity due to marine pollution continues. To this end, we are trying to identify the current status of environmental inequity caused by marine pollution, analyze issues related to environmental inequity from the perspective of environmental justice by dividing it into environmental rights, equal rights, and general principles of environmental law from the perspective of legal and theoretical perspective, and further seek legal solutions to overcome problems. From an environmental justice point of view, socially disadvantaged people, such as local residents and future generations, bear the risk of marine pollution without properly enjoying the benefits of the marine environment. And they participate in the decision-making process formally because they do not receive sufficient information related to marine pollution. Meanwhile the people who caused the pollution don't properly fulfill the obligation to compensate and remove damage from marine pollution, and rather, the victim does not receive prompt and sufficient relief from marine pollution damage. In order to improve environmental inequity caused by such marine pollution, it is necessary for the judiciary, including the Constitutional Court and the court, to recognize the limitations of the current legal system and interpret the law as follows. ; (ⅰ) to expand the effectiveness of environmental rights and equal rights in legal interpretation, (ⅱ) to actively review defects of marine environmental impact assessment, (ⅲ) to guarantee access to information on marine pollution damage, (ⅳ) to expand the scope of standing to sue for marine pollution damage, and (ⅴ) to distribute substantial responsibilities to the causes of marine pollution. It is hoped that the legal interpretation solution presented in this article will be actively reviewed, laying the foundation for resolving environmental inequity caused by marine pollution in Korea.

환경교육 전ㆍ후 학생들의 환경문제에 대한 태도와 인식변화에 관한 연구(Ⅱ)

박기학(Ki-Hark Park),이덕난(Duck-Nan Lee) 대한환경위생공학회 2007 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The research was conducted based on the 1012 cases questionnaire for the purpose of to evaluate the change effect of university student's consciousness and behavior before and after lecture on environmental problems. And this questionnaires were performed with self-administered by the university student who made a application for liberal arts related to environmental subjects. The results were as follows. According to the analysis results the most students responded that the most serious problem of environmental pollution before the lecture on environmental education was a genetic modified organism(3.64/4.00), but the most serious problem of environmental pollution was changed to the topic of water pollution(3.96/4.00) after the lecture on environmental problem. And also according to the analysis results dributed by gender were that boy students show a higher concerning(170%) than that of girl students(150%). The most good results obtained after lecture on environmental problem were water pollution(23.0%), air pollution(11.5%), waste material pollution(10.9%), food additives (10.0%), genetic modified organism(8.0%), endocrine disrupter(7.5%), respectively. And according to the analysis results distributed by a grade were that the concerning of a low grade(freshman, sophomore) were higher than that of a high grade(junior, senior) in the topic of water pollution, air pollution, waste material pollution. But there were high level of awareness on the topic of food additives, genetic modified organism, endocrine disrupter to the all students(freshman to senior). And according to the analysis results distributed by a major field of study were that students who major in art & athletics, liberal art and etc(public health) were show a deep concerning than that of science & engineering. Finally, the environmental education during the university class were effectively contribute to increase the awareness of the seriousness of environmental pollution problem(8.2%) and also contribute to the practical life after class also increase their consciousness of environmental problem(59.8%)

아상블라주 기법을 활용한 네일 디자인 연구

이지용 한국휴먼이미지디자인학회 2023 한국휴먼이미지디자인 Vol.5 No.2

최근 환경오염에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 환경오염에 대한 사람들의 인식이 높아지고 있다. 환경오염은 크게 수질오염, 대기오염, 토양오염으로 나누어 볼 수 있으며 우리의 삶에 매우 밀접한 관계가 있다. 하지만 아직까지 뷰티산업에서는 적극적으로 환경오염에 대한 인식개선이나 참여가 부족한 편이다. 특히 네일분야는 환경오염에 있어 분진이나 사용되는 재료의 폐기 등 구체적이고 안전하게 폐기하는 방법이나 노력을 기울여야 하지만 그에 따른 적극적인 방안을 찾고 있지 못하다. 이에 본 연구는 선행연구를 바탕으로 환경오염의 형태에 따라 주제를 정하여 각 오염 별로 환경을 오염시키는 주된 재료를 수집하였다. 그리고 폐품을 활용한 미술기법인 아상블라주 기법을 사용하여 실제 네일 팁에 적용하여 네일 디자인을 완성하였다. 그 결과 환경오염의 주된 재료를 통해 네일팁에 적용함으로서 환경에 대한 경각심을 보여주고 알리는 계기를 제공하였다. 또한 일상에서 사용되는 재료가 네일아트의 재료로서도 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 하지만 실제 네일샵에서 소비자들에게 디자인을 적용하고 소비자들의 인식을 바꾸기 위해서는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요해 보인다. 이에 조금 더 소비자에게 쉽게 다가갈 수 있는 재료개발과 환경오염에 인식개선과 관련한 연구가 이루어지길 바란다. Recently, as interest in environmental pollution increases, people's awareness of environmental pollution is increasing. Environmental pollution can be largely divided into water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution, and is very closely related to our lives. However, the beauty industry still lacks active awareness or participation in environmental pollution. In particular, the nail sector should make specific and safe disposal methods or efforts, such as dust or disposal of materials used in environmental pollution, but it is not looking for active measures accordingly. Therefore, this study collected the main materials that pollute the environment for each pollution by selecting a topic according to the type of environmental pollution based on previous studies. In addition, the nail design was completed by applying it to the actual nail tip using the art technique, an ensemble technique using waste products. As a result, it was applied to the nail tip through the main material of environmental pollution, providing an opportunity to show and inform the environmental awareness. It was also confirmed that the material used in everyday life can be used as a material for nail art. However, it seems that it takes a lot of time and effort to apply designs to consumers and change consumers' perceptions in actual nail shops. Accordingly, it is hoped that research on developing materials that can be more easily reached to consumers and improving awareness of environmental pollution will be conducted.

해양유류오염배상법제 개선을 위한 국내기금제도의 도입에 관한 연구

한상운,황의관 한국공법학회 2011 공법연구 Vol.40 No.1

After the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident, we recognized that some problems in our guarantee regime on the compensation for oil pollution damage were significant. These problems were categorized into different two characteristics which were comprised of not to remedy properly for victims and to delay payment for compensation. These problems were due to the international framework for the oil pollution damage compensation system. Therefore, this article reviews the international regimes and point out the problems. In addition, present regimes on the compensation for oil pollution damage exclude environmental damage caused by oil spill accident from oil pollution damages. Thus this article analyses environmental damage caused by oil spill and performs comparative legal study on the inclusion of environmental damage as a oil pollution damage in EU, U.S.A., and EU member states. In this analysis and comparative legal research, we found that there were legislative tendency to include environmental damage into the oil pollution damages. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems and environmental damages caused by oil spill, we emphatically recommend that the introduction of national oil pollution fund is a only resonable solution. Because existing oil pollution compensation system is a fundamental cause, independent national oil pollution fund is suitable for a policy alternative. When the national oil pollution fund is introducing, the method of collecting fund revenue is composed of government contributions, oil levy to be paid oil industry, existing enforceable related levy. The national oil pollution fund that receives funds from establishing new oil levy is a reasonable policy for Polluter-Pays Principal. Futhermore, operation of the national oil pollution fund have to follow the rule of korean financial law. It is a resonable that to operate the national fund trusts assigns the new establishing fund authority. Like legislative tendency to include environmental damage caused by oil spill into oil pollution damage, the national oil pollution fund is required to compensation for environmental damage caused by oil spill. However, available environmental damages is restricted to the extent that comprise primary remediation cost and complementary remediation cost. Both interim losses and assessing cost exclude available environmental damage caused by oil spill. As early stage of the introduction of national oil pollution fund, broad inclusion of environmental damage caused by oil spill may be used to reason for opponent to national oil pollution fund. Reclaimant for environmental damages caused by oil spill against the national oil pollution fund is only trustee that is composed of state and local government. 2007. 12. 허베이 스피리트호 사고가 발생한 이후 유류오염손해배상법제에 관하여 많은 문제점이 제기되어 왔다. 특히나 손해배상의 인정범위와 배상의 신속성에 많은 비판이 집중되었다. 현행 유류오염배상법제에 대한 이런 문제제기에 따라 본 논문에서는 유류오염배상법제의 근간을 이루고 있는 국제유류오염배상체제를 살펴보고 동 체제가 가지는 문제점을 지적한다. 그리고 현행 유류오염배상법제에서 사실상 배상범위에 포함되지 않고 있는 유류오염에 따른 환경손해에 관하여 검토한다. 환경손해의 정의와 유류오염배상법제와 환경손해의 관계에 대한 각국의 입법상황을 분석하고 유류오염에 따른 환경손해를 배상의 대상으로 인정하려는 각국의 입법추세를 확인한다. 이러한 일련의 분석을 통하여 현행 유류오염배상법제 개선을 위해서는 국제기금과는 별개의 국내기금을 도입하는 것이 필요하다는 점을 강조한다. 그리고 유류오염배상법제의 개선방안으로서 도입이 필요한 국내기금제도에 관하여 보다 상세한 정책적 제안을 한다. 여기에는 기금의 설치 및 재원조성방안, 기금의 관리주체 및 운영방안, 기금의 권한 및 관련된 분쟁해결수단 등이 포함된다. 그리고 국내기금에서 유류오염에 따른 환경손해도 원칙적으로 배상의 대상으로 포함하고 그러한 경우 누가 환경손해배상청구권을 가져야 하는지에 대하여 현행 헌법과 법률에 따라 국가와 지방자치단체가 청구권자가 되어야 함을 설명한다. 이와 같이 본 논문은 현행 유류오염배상법제의 문제점을 분석하고 그에 대한 개선방안으로서 국내기금제도를 제안하며 구체적으로 국내기금의 운영방안에 관한 정책적 제언을 하려고 한다.

Determinants of Environmental Pollution in Provincial Areas in China

왕보,이종열,강희찬,채드앤더슨 한국자치행정학회 2019 한국자치행정학보 Vol.33 No.3

Environmental pollution has become an issue in China following rapid economic development, especially in transitioning parts of China. The government has made environmental protection part of the national agenda. A knowledge of what factors affect pollution will help make policy. The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has been widely studied. Most studies have tried to explain the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth in China using just one province or national level data as the target of study. This paper investigated the relationship between urbanization level and air pollution based on province-level panel data over the time period from 2007 to 2014 in China. Two measures of pollution emissions are used in the empirical study: SO2 and soot. Most researchers link the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) that indicates an inverted U-shaped relationship. This study investigates the relationship between environmental pollution and development, as well as trade openness, urbanization level, energy consumption, expenditure on environmental protection, secondary industry, and local share of financial revenue by examining data for 30 provinces (covering all mainland province-level administrative units except Tibet) over eight years. The combination of cross-sectional and time series data allows for richer econometric model specifications and more accurate conclusions. The analysis found an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and air pollution is strongly verified in the case of SO2, supporting the EKC hypothesis, while soot had a U-shaped relationship. Urbanization level also had opposite relationships, negative for SO2 and positive for soot. Trade openness was associated with decreasing emissions for both pollutants. Electricity consumption was associated with increased emissions. Secondary industry had an unexpected effect of relating to decreased emissions of soot. Environmental expenditure was associated with decreases in both pollutants. Financial resource autonomy had a strong relationship with rising SO2 emissions but not with soot. There appears to be different processes involved in the two pollutants in spite of a number of common sources. The Chinese government at all levels has strong scope for addressing emissions of both pollutants investigated in the study.