Care and Justice in Social Service: Toward a Political Ethics of Care

Eun Jeong Kim 한국유통과학회 2016 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2016 No.-

This paper explores a new possibility of care ethics for social service. The related problems are getting major issues in Korean society such as health insurance, free child care, and basic old age pension. As the needs for the care have been growing rapidly in various social fields, 'care' has been an important concept in envisioning a welfare state. This paper examined the contemporary studies on care ethics and social policy. Particularly, Kittay's care ethics - a public ethics of care and political ethics care in Tronto were focused on in order to explore a new possibility of care ethics for social service. However, due to the lack of proper ethics and political stance applied to the newly arisen needs and challenges, there exist lots of confusions and difficulties. First, this paper will examine the relationship of care and justice in social service, and it will discuss on the necessity of a political conceptualization for an integrative approach to care. This paper attempted to introduce a new political ethics of care that takes into account both care and justice properly for social service policy.

A Caring Perspective on Teaching : 교수에 대한 대안적 관점 : 배려교육론

Minseong Kim(김민성) 한국열린교육학회 2007 열린교육연구 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 교수와 학습이 서로 관련을 맺고 일어나는 현상임에도 불구하고 그동안 이루어진 교수연구에서는 교수와 학습을 독립적인 별개의 과정으로 연구하려는 현상을 비판하고, 교수와 학습을 교사와 학생의 관계를 중심으로 바라보는 Noddings의 ‘배려’의 개념을 통해 교수에 대한 대안적 입장을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. Noddings는 ‘배려’를 배려하는 사람의 인품이나 성격으로 바라보기 보다는 배려자와 피배려자의 관계로 규정한다. 배려의 관계에서 배려자의 상태는 ‘몰입’과 ‘동기대체’로, 배려 받는 사람의 역할은 ‘상호성’으로 규정된다. ‘몰입’은 배려자가 피배려자가 느끼는 것을 느끼려고 애쓰며, 피배려자를 있는 그대로 받아들이려는 상태를, ‘동기대체’는 배려자가 피배려자의 필요나 동기를 우선시하고 그에 따라 행동하는 상태를 말한다. ‘상호성’은 배려관계에서 피배려자의 역할을 나타내는 개념으로, 배려관계에서 피배려자의 반응은 배려자의 배려가 의미있고 가치로운 것인지, 그렇지 않은 것인지를 규정한다는 점에서 배려관계 형성에 결정적인 역할을 한다. Noddings는 이러한 배려자의 배려가 일시적인 감정이나 태도에서 비롯된 것이 아니라 배려를 하고 배려는 받은 경험에서 형성된 ‘윤리적 이상(ethical ideal)"에 근거한 것으로 보았다. 학교라는 맥락에서 이러한 배려의 관계를 촉진해주고 윤리적 이상을 형성하기 위해, 모델링, 대화, 연습, 인정이라는 네 가지 방법이 소개되었다. Noddings에 의해 이루어진 배려에 대한 개념화를 바탕으로 배려교육의 관점에서 이루어진 연구를 검토하였다. 배려교육의 관점에서 연구된 연구결과물을 통해 교수-학습 상황에서 배려를 이해하는 두 가지 방식을 도출하였다. ‘교수로서의 배려(caring as teaching)’와 ‘교수 내 배려(caring in teaching)"라는 두 범주는 교수 연구에서 교사의 배려를 이해하는 방식을 드러내는 것으로, ‘교수로서의 배려’는 교사의 배려를 교수(teaching)의 본질적 측면과 연결시켜 이해하려는 관점이며, ‘교수 내 배려’는 교사의 배려를 교사의 특성이나 행동양식으로 바라보고 이렇게 드러난 교사의 배려가 교수나 학습에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴본 관점을 가리킨다. ‘교수로서의 배려’는 배려의 관점에서 바라볼 때 드러나는 교수의 본질을 세 가지 측면, 즉, 관계적 측면, 윤리적 측면, 인식론적 측면에서 기술하고 있다. ‘교수 내 배려’의 관점에서 파악한 교수연구들은 교사의 배려의 특징적인 부분들을 학생이나 교사의 관점에서 기술하고 있다. 이 연구는 배려의 관점에서 교수를 바라 볼 때, 교수를 어떻게 이해할 수 있을지에 대한 통찰을 제공한다. 배려의 관점에서 학생을 가르칠 때, 교사는 학생에 대해 지각하고, 알아가고, 그들과 관련을 맺는 방식의 모든 측면에서 변화를 경험하게 된다. 많은 연구에서 배려는 배려자의 행동이나 정서의 측면으로 설명하지만 이 연구는 ‘교수로서의 배려’와 ‘교수 내 배려’라는 두 관점을 통해 배려자의 특성으로 표현된 것들이 교수의 본질적 측면과 어떻게 연결될 수 있는지를 제시해 줌으로써 배려의 의미를 풍부하게 이해할 수 있도록 도와준다. This paper proposes Noddings" ethic of caring as an alternative view on teaching. Noddings describes caring as occurring in a relationship between a person giving care and a person receiving that care, the one-caring and the cared-for. In Noddings" view, caring is not simply determined by what the one-caring does, but also enriched by the reciprocity that the cared-for shows in return for the care that he or she has received from the one-caring. This perspective on caring allows us to look at teaching and learning from a relational point of view, indicating that a teacher and a student depend on each other in order for any meaningful learning and teaching to take place. In this paper, a critical review of recent research on teaching conducted from a caring perspective is presented under the two distinctive but complementary themes: c aring as teaching and caring in teaching. In terms of caring as teaching, three ways of examining the nature of teaching from a caring perspective are presented as an integrated framework: caring as relational, ethical, and epistemological aspects of teaching. With respect to caring in teaching, more practical issues of what characterizes caring teachers and how caring benefits both teachers and students are discussed. This study enriches the meaning of caring by incorporating these two themes of caring in the context of teaching, providing some insights about what teaching would involve when teachers take a stance of caring in their practice.

The Professional Quality of Life on Nursing Behavior and Difficulties in Endof-Life Care : Focused on the intensive care nurses

Kim Hui-Yeon,Ahn Hye-Young 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim(s): The purpose of this study is to identify the nursing behavior and difficulties in end-of-life care to the quality of professions’ life, and to analyze factors that affect caring behavior of end-of-life patient by intensive care nurses. Method(s): For this study a descriptive design with survey method was utilized. This study recruited 193 nurses who worked at 6 kinds of intensive care unit where have 500 sickbeds located in D city, C province, for more than 6 months as the research subjects. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Multiple regression analysis. Result(s): It is found that nursing behavior showed significantly positive correlation with empathy satisfaction (r=.524, p<.001) and negative correlation with burnout (r=-. 388, p<.001). Difficulties in end-of-life care showed positive correlation with burnout (r=.461, p<.001), secondary traumatic stress (r=.488, p<.001), and negative correlation with nursing behavior (r=-. 149, p=.039). Factors affecting nursing behavior were empathy satisfaction (β= .467, p<.001), which is a sub-field of the quality of professions’ life, confidence in difficulties of end-of-life care (β=-. 168, p =.004) and nursing experience in general (β= .246, p<.001). The variables explained about nursing behavior for 36.0%. Factors affecting the difficulties of end-of-life care included burnout (β=.420, p<.001), secondary traumatic stress (β= .318, p<.001), and empathy satisfaction (β= .189, p= .049), respect as a sub-field of nursing behavior (β=-. 363, p<.001), expert knowledge and skills (β= .242, p= .002) and intensive care in general (β= .148, p= .019). The variables explained about the difficulties of end-of-life care for 42.4%. Conclusion(s): It is found that the higher the difficulty of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit, the lower the frequency of nursing care. They experience empathy fatigue, which is difficult to end-of-life care and mandatory care that they have to keep caring. Empathy Fatigue increases the difficulties of end-of-life care and empathy satisfaction can be said as an important factor in increasing nursing care. Therefore, it can be said that intervention and education programs have to be developed and applied to reduce burnout, secondary traumatic stress in order to reduce the difficulties of end-of-life care in intensive care unit. In addition, empathy satisfaction has to be improved. Then we can expect an efficient nursing care for a end-oflife patient in the intensive care unit.

방문교육지도사들의 경험을 통해 본 다문화가족정책의 돌봄관리체계

정신희 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2018 여성학논집 Vol.35 No.2

돌봄이 공적 영역에서 다양한 방식으로 제공되고 있음에도 불구하고 돌봄은 여전히 여성과 가족의 모습을 한 ‘사적인’ 형태를 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 공적 돌봄이 양적 팽창에만 머물고 있는 이유는 돌봄이 특정 정책의 기조에 따라 도구적으로 수행되는 측면이 간과되기 때문이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 ‘돌봄’을 고정되고 실질적인 내용이 있는 것이기보다 조건에 따라 관계적으로 구성되는 것으로 정의하고 공적영역에서의 여성 돌봄이 특정 정책의 구조적 조건에 의해 재구성되는 방식을 드러내고자하였다. 이를 위해 오랫동안 가장 가까이에서 결혼이주여성과 그 가족을 돌보아 온 다문화가족 방문교육지도사(이하 지도사)의 경험에 주목하였다. 간병, 보육, 장애 등 특정 서비스를 제공하는 형태의 돌봄과 달리 자신의 가족을 ‘사적으로’ 돌보듯 다문화가족을 ‘공적으로’ 돌볼 책임을 암묵적으로 할당받은 이 여성들의 위치는 다문화사회담론이나 경력단절여성 일자리 프레임으로만 환원시켜 설명하기 어려운 돌봄의 정치학을 압축하고 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 다문화가족정책은 다문화가족을 돌보는 이주민-선주민, 두 명의 여성을 확보하고 이들을 통해 다문화가족의 돌봄 기능을 “회복”시키고 “사회통합”을 이루고자 다음과 같은 방식으로 지도사들의 돌봄을 재구성하였다. 첫째, 돌봄 관계 안에서 개인의 필요에 따라 대화적으로 응답되는 돌봄 방식을 비가시화하고, 전달될 수 있는 형태의 ‘전문적’ 서비스를 강화하고자 하였다. 둘째, 다양한 여성들의 다양한 돌봄 실천들을 “한국식 어머니노릇”을 중심으로 ‘위계화’하고자 하였다. 이는 지도사와 대상자의 관계에서 돌봄은 옳은 것/틀린 것이 되고 이는 대상자의 행위를 판단하는 근거가 되었다. 마지막으로 정책 당사자들인 지도사와 결혼이주여성의 다양한 돌봄 실천들이 각각 국가와 가족과의 관계 안에서 표준화된 하나의 돌봄 기능으로 소환되어 “발전된 국가”, “건강한 가족”을 위해 복무하도록 ‘도구화’ 하였다. Despite the fact that caring is provided in a variety ways in the public domain, it still remains a 'private' form of the image of women and families. The reason why public care is staying only in the quantitative expansion is that it is overlooked that caring is carried out instrumentally according to the condition of the specific policy. Therefore, in this paper, 'care' is explained to be constituted relationally rather than fixed and substantive contents, and the way in which women’s care in the public sphere is reconstructed by the the structural condition of specific policy. To this end I have paid attention to the experiences of 'home visiting supervisors' of multicultural family supporting programs who have been taking care of marriage immigrant women and their families for a long time. Unlike carings that provides specific services such as nursing, child care, and disability, these women, who are implicitly assigned to take care of their multicultural families 'publicly' as if they are 'private' in their own families, it cuts down the politics of care that is difficult to explain by reducing only the cutoff job frame. The results of the study are as follows. The multicultural family supporting program reconstructed the care of the supervisors in order to achieve "social integration" and "recovery" of the multicultural family’s caring function through securing the two immigrant-natives women who cares for multicultural families. First, the way of care-giving that used to be dialogically responsed according to individual’s needs has been asked to be more professionaly delivered. This means that the "multicultural" policy makes 'care-giving' invisible. Second diverse ways of caring practices based on different life styles have been hierarchically ranked and reduced into "Korean motherhood." In the relationship between the immigrant and the native, the care is right/wrong and it is the basis for judging the behavior of the immigrant. Finally, a variety of caring practices of both immigrant/native women who are policy parties, were recalled as one standardized "care function" in relation to the state and family, and 'instrumentalized' to serve the "healthy family" and "more developed fatherland."

보육교사가 사회적 관계 속에서 구성한 돌봄의 의미

최지수,최나야 한국영유아보육학회 2022 한국영유아보육학 Vol.- No.134

The purpose of this study was to examine how child-care teachers construct the meaning of care in social relationships. Participant observation, field material analysis, in-depth interview, photo-voice, and FGI were conducted for 6 child-care teachers with more than 3 years of childcare experience. For teachers, caring was a process of modulating through distancing between emotions, greed, authority, and job. Teachers form an organic community to care for each other by forming relationships with children, fellow teachers, parents, and daycare centers. In this way, teachers expanded the ‘meaning of caring' by caring for children with social relationships, and constantly reflecting on their own care. They realized through social relationships that caring was relational care that they could not do alone. This study reminds us of the need to practice ‘caring together' by examining the process of constructing the meaning of care in childcare teachers. 본 연구는 보육교사가 사회적 관계 속에서 어떻게 돌봄의 의미를 구성하는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 보육경력이 3년 이상인 보육교사 6명에 대한 현장 관찰, 현지문헌 분석, 심층면담, 포토보이스, 초점집단면담을 실시하였다. 보육교사에게 있어 돌봄은 자신의 감정, 욕심, 권위, 직업과 거리두기를 통한 조절하기의 과정이었다. 보육교사는 영유아, 동료교사, 학부모, 어린이집과 관계를 맺으며 서로를 돌보는 유기적인 공동체를 형성하고 있었다. 보육교사는 사회적 관계를 맺으며 영유아를 돌보고 끊임없이 자신의 돌봄을 성찰함으로써 돌봄의 의미를 확장해 나갔다. 이들은 돌봄이 보육교사 혼자서만은 할 수 없는 관계적인 돌봄임을 사회적 관계를 통해 깨달았다. 이 연구는 보육교사의 돌봄의 의미 구성과정을 살펴봄으로써 ‘함께 돌봄’을 실천해야 할 필요성을 환기한다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

팬데믹 시기, 한국사회는 아이들을 잘 돌봐왔는가? 초등 돌봄 제도와 원격교육을 중심으로

최이숙,황선영 한국언론정보학회 2022 한국언론정보학보 Vol.113 No.-

The situation of the pandemic has exposed the vulnerable parts of society. Caring, an essential activity in human life, is no exception. This article intends to examine the series of changes of school closures, partial school attendance, and distance education that have been repeated over the past two years from the perspective of ‘caring’. For this purpose, data were collected and analyzed through self-cultural descriptive journals of researchers, observation of participation in online group chat rooms, and interviews with care-givers in the lower grades of elementary school. Since the establishment of the public education system, schools have become an important social system where anyone can receive education. Schools were a system that alleviated care inequality intertwined with class, race, and gender, and an emotional space where teachers, students, and students could perform and benefit from each other's care. School closures and the implementation of distance education raised the caring functions (feeding school meals, child abuse monitoring, health care, etc.) As the media mediates learning and other activities that took place in the classroom at the same time, teachers and children are spatially separated. For the smoother education of children, a new care-giver was needed to play the role of a teacher. In particular, as media, which had previously been used as a tool for ‘play’ or entertainment’ or whose use was limited, was utilized in the context of ‘learning’, ‘caring’ was inevitably more necessary for children to immerse themselves in learning. As the boundaries between home and school are blurring through distance learning, the meaning and importance of practicing mutual care among educational entities (teachers, parents, and students) has grown. Based on the results of this analysis, the direction that our society should change to take good care of children in the post-pandemic situation was suggested.

치매노인의 생활의 질(QOL)을 결정하는케어제공자의 인식향상 연구-KOMI차트시스템을 적용한 사례연구-

김병순 한국임상사회사업학회 2005 임상사회사업연구 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구에서는 “치매노인의 생활의 질(삶의 질=QOL1)) 향상은, 제공되어지는 케어의 질 향상에 커다란 영향을 받고, 그 케어의 질 향상을 위해서는 케어제공자의 인식변화가 있어야 하며, ?KOMI(코미)이론 및 KOMI차트 시스템2)의 활용은 케어제공자의 인식변화를 도모하기 위한 유효한 도구가 되며, 이는 치매노인에게 제공되어지는 케어의 질 향상 및 치매노인의 생활의 질(QOL) 향상으로 이어 진다”라는 필자의 일본에서의 실천 및 연구결과를 토대로, 우리나라의 관련 현장에서도 적용가능함을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 즉, 치매노인의 생활의 질(삶의 질) 향상을 위해서는 케어제공자의 인식변화가 선행되어져야 가능하며, 사례연구를 통하여 KOMI의 적용이 치매케어 관련직원의 인식변화에 미치는 영향을 중점적으로 조사하였다. 이는 ?KOMI이론?이 인간을 생물학적인 차원(세포레벨)에서 주시하며, ?KOMI차트시스템?에서는 그러한 인간과 생활과의 근원적인 관계성 정립에 바탕을 두고 있어서 일본 뿐 만이 아니라 우리나라에서도 거의 동일한 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것이라고 판단했기 때문이다. 또한 ?KOMI이론?이 케어 대상자를 건강한 우리들과 동일한 생명체를 가진 인간으로 보고 케어 대상자의 추구하는 생활수준의 목표 또한 그 사람(인간)의 생리적인 레벨에 맞는 생활(최대한의 자립적인 생활)로 하고 있다는 점에서 케어의 원론에 해당한다고 말 할 수 있다. 이 점이 한 나라의 제도나 사회 시스템을 바탕으로 만들어진 그 어떠한 이론이나 툴 등과 달리 우리 사회에서도 적용 할 수 있다는 점이라고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 치매케어를 제공하고 있는 3개소 기관 4부서에서 실시하였다. 연구협력직원 8명이 연구자의 지도아래 ?KOMI차트시스템?을 사용하여 각각 1,2명씩의 치매노인을 대상으로 생활의 사정(assessment), 케어플랜입안, 케어실시, 그리고 평가라고 하는 일련의 개별케어메니지먼트 과정을 전개하였다. 실시기간은 약 4개월간 이었다. 결과, 우리나라의 치매노인관련현장에 있어서 KOMI이론 및 KOMI차트시스템의 활용은, 동 시설의 ”직원의 인식변화”는 물론 그 들로 하여금 제공 되어지는 케어의 질 향상을 도모하기 위한 수단으로서 각각 효과적이었으며, 나아가서 대상자의(치매노인)의 생활의 질 향상을 도모할 수 있는 유효한 수단이라고 판단할 수 있었다. This study is based upon research results and author’s experiences in Japan that “the quality of life”(QOL) of elderly with senile dementia affected heavily by the quality of care provided to them, and there must be change of understanding of care givers to provide high quality care to those people. Here, the KOMI theory and the application of KOMI CHART SYSTEM serve as useful tools to enhance care-givers’ recognition, thereby increase quality of care itself and further QOL of the elderly with this orientation problems. The purpose of this study is to confirm that the result and experiences are applicable to related field in Korea. Through a variety of case studies, this paper focuses on the impact of “KOMI theory” and the application of “KOMI CHART SYSTEM” on the care-givers’ understanding. This study demonstrates that KOMI theory looks at human being at biological level (cell level), and KOMI CHART SYSTEM focuses on establishing fundamental relationship between humans at biological level and their lives. Therefore, the theory and system can be applied in Japan as well as in Korea. We can also say that KOMI theory is one of basic theories of care work in that the theory regards care-receivers as normal and healthy human beings with dignity and takes its aim at providing care-receivers with QOL at their physiological level (the maximum level where they can stand on their own feet). We authors agree that due to this characteristic, KOMI theory is applicable in Korea as well unlike other theories and tools based on institutions and social systems of certain country. This study was carried out at 4 departments of 3 institutions where provide cares to those elderly. Under the guidance of this author, 8 assistants used KOMI CHART SYSTEM to conduct life assessment, draft care plan, provide care, evaluate the result, and deployed individual care management course to 1 or 2 elderly with senile dementia. The total time consumed by providing care was 4 months As a result, we found out that the application of KOMI theory and KOMI CHART SYSTEM in Korean setting of senile dementia’s care is effective as a tool to provide “better understanding to care givers” and improve “quality level of care”, and further to increase the quality of life of subjects (elderly with this orientation probloms).

돌봄효능감의 간호학적 함의와 개념적 틀 도출

최현주 알코올과 건강행동학회 2022 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.23 No.2

Objectives: In this study, the nursing implications of caring and caring efficacy were examined through literature review, and the complex concept of caring efficacy was analyzed by fusion of Watson and Bandura’s theories. Methods: In order to examine the nursing definition of caring efficacy, domestic and foreign literature and studies related to caring, self-efficacy, and caring efficacy were mainly explored and analyzed in three stages. Results: It was confirmed that the three common features of nursing definitions of caring are that they target ‘whole humans’, ‘relationship between nurse and subject’, and ‘process’. The attributes of caring efficacy were not composed of one but multiple attributes of caring. Compared with the definitions in other studies, the combined meaning of ‘self-efficacy for caring’ was similar, but it was found that the nursing definition in the meaning of ‘caring’ is a more comprehensive and multidimensional concept. Conclusions: Caring efficacy is not a single concept, but a complex concept, and it can be explained by a conceptual framework of caring efficacy derived from Watson’s human care theory and Bandura’s social learning theory.

Effect of the Awareness of Calling, Wisdom, and Job Satisfaction on the Quality of Services of Care Workers in charge of Visiting Care under the Care Center of the Elderly

Hee Kyung Kim 한국성인간호학회 2021 성인간호학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.8

Aim(s): The rapid aging of the population has led to a quantitative increase in the elderly population and a growing diversity of the elderly. Nursing care workers in charge of door-to-door care take care of patients or the elderly with poor physical function or cognitive function alone, and it is difficult to take responsibility for the health of the subjects with judgment and competent care services. Therefore, at a time when the role of care workers in the COVID-19 pandemic is becoming more important, it is urgent to identify the quality of care workers' services and bring about the development of practice through mediation and research to enhance them. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on the development of care programs that enhance the quality of car workers’ services by analyzing the impact of awareness of calling, wisdom and job satisfaction on the quality of services in charge of visiting care. Method(s): This is a correlation study. The subjects of the study were a total of 99 nursing care workers belonging to the 2 elderly home care facilities in D city. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlational coefficients, and multiple regression. Result(s): the subjects were nursing care workers with an average age of 60.74±7.24 years and 62.6% was aged over 60 or more. The quality of service of the subjects differed between groups at statistically significant levels, depending on the presence of religion (t=2.25 p=.027) and the degree of monthly income (t=-2.74, p=.007). The quality of the subject’s services was highly correlated to awareness of calling (r=.45, p<.001), wisdom (r=.63, p<.001), job satisfaction (r=.65, p<.001). The wisdom (β=.36, p=.001) and job satisfaction (β=.43, p<.001) were found to be important factors affecting the quality of services, and their variables accounted for 51.8 % of the quality of services. Conclusion(s): In order to improve the quality of care services for care workers in the elderly welfare center, care workers themselves need to make wise lives, and to increase job satisfaction. The head of the center needs to analyze the job itself, factors related to institutions, and factors related to the intention to change jobs and create an atmosphere to solve problems. It is necessary to develop and train a program to improve the quality of services considering these factors.

Life after Leaving Institutional Care: Independent Living Experience of Orphan Care Leavers of Mumbai, India

Keshri Ankit Kumar 한국사회복지학회 2021 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.15 No.3

Transitioning from institutional care to independent living is a complex process for orphan care leavers. Most of them struggle to adapt to independent living for longer periods after leaving institutional care. This study describes those challenges in the Indian context. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 orphan care leavers to explore their experiences and perceptions of independent living. Findings showed that orphan care leavers perceive independent living as both opportunity and challenge. Some orphan care leavers felt that after leaving institutional care, they have lived through difficulties at their workplace: while finding accommodation, in household management, and establishing their official identity. However, data suggest that even in adverse circumstances, these orphan young adults have kept hope and have positive aspirations about their lives with a very strong informal network of care leavers as their main source of support. But overall, it was confirmed that social exclusion based on personal and care background is persistent among the orphan care leavers. Therefore, for promoting a better independent living experience initiating changes in the approach to work with care leavers is recommended.