국내 해양에서 난분해성오염물질 측정을 위한 다양한 수동형채집기(Passive sampler)의 현장 적용

정해진(HaeJin Jeong),장유리(Yu Lee Jang),김나영(Na Yeong Kim),김기범(Gi Beum Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2021 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.5

수동형 채집기(passive sampler)는 오염물질이 샘플러에 화학적 활성 구배에 따라 확산되며, 초기 운동단계, 중간단계, 평형단계에 이르는 과정에서 흡착, 분배에 대한 기본적인 원리에 의해 동작 된다. 수동형 채집기는 해수 및 퇴적물 공극수 중 매우 낮은 농도의 오염물질에 대해 검출이 가능하며, 용존상에 포함되는 콜로이드나 용존유기탄소(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)의 간섭 없이 해양환경에서 직접적인 영향을 주는 ‘생물이용 가능한(bioavailable)’ 농도인 자유용존농도(freely dissolved concentration, C_free)를 측정한다. 수동형 채집기를 사용하는 방법(passive sampling)은 낮은 기술, 비용적 측면을 가지고 있는 효율적인 모니터링 도구로 미국, 유럽에서는 보다 정확한 위해도 평가를 위해 해양환경 모니터링에 수동형 채집기를 적극적으로 사용하는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 난분해성 유기오염물질을 분석대상으로 하여 다양한 방식의 수동형 채집기를 실제 국내의 해양환경에 적용하였으며, 이를 통해 난분해성 유기오염물질(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)의 자동측정망을 위한 수동형 채집기의 필요성 및 장점에 대해 소개한다. The passive sampler is operated by the basic principles of adsorption and distribution in the process of Kinetic phase (Linear regime), intermediate phase, and equilibrium phase, where contaminants are spread according to the chemical active gradient of the sampler. Passive samplers provide the freely dissolved concentration (C_free), which exists as a freely dissolved and bioavailable phase in the marine environment and is used by marine organisms and can directly affect bioaccumulation and toxicity. The passive sampler can be used for monitoring of organic contaminants with the very low pg/L concentrations in water and sediment pore water. Using passive sampler, C_free can be measured directly without interference from colloids or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, various types of passive samplers were applied to the marine environment based on the analysis of intractable organic pollutants, which introduces the need and advantages of passive samplers for automatic measurement networks of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

시화산업단지에서 주요 휘발성유기물질의 시간적, 공간적 농도 파악을 위한 능동식과 수동식 시료채취기 비교

변상훈(Sang Hoon Byeon),최현일(Hyeon Il Choi),문형일(Hyung Il Moon),이정근(Jung Geun Lee),김정근(Jung Keun Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2011 대한환경공학회지 Vol.33 No.11

본 연구에서는 시화지구의 공단과 주거 지역에서의 휘발성 유기화합물 농도를 능동식과 수동식 시료채취기를 이용해 측정하고 그 특성을 비교 분석하였다. TVOC의 평균농도는 패시브샘플러(passive sampler)의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 1.86배 더 높게 나타났다. 능동식 시료채취기의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 1.07배 더 높게 나타났다. Passive sampler를 이용하였을 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 대부분의 물질에서 농도가 높게 나타났지만 열탈착 흡착 튜브(thermal desorption tube)를 이용했을 경우는 트리클로로에틸렌, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 자일렌 등 일부 물질의 농도에 있어서 주거지역이 오히려 높게 나타났다. 전체 BTEX 비율 중에서 전반적으로 톨루엔이 차지하는 비율이 가장 컸으며, passive sampler의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 자일렌의 상대비율이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 열탈착 흡착 튜브의 경우는 오히려 주거지역이 더 높게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해서 대기오염 목적성분의 시간적, 공간적 농도 특성 파악을 위한 passive sampler를 이용하면 오염관리 혹은 역학적 연구에 도움이 되는 적절한 시료채취 방법이라는 사실을 알 수 있었다. In this study, we measured the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shiwha area by using active and passive sampler. We did a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the active sampler and passive sampler. In the case of the passive sampler, the average TVOC concentration of the industrial area was 1.86 times higher than that of the residential area. In the case of the active sampler, the average TVOC concentration of the industrial area was 1.07 times higher than that of the residential area. When using the passive sampler, the concentration of VOCs in the industrial area was noted to be higher than the concentration found in the residential area. However, when we used the thermal desorption tube, the concentration of residential area was higher rather than that of industrial area in some substances such as trichloroethylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Toluene was a larger percentage of the overall BTEX ratio. In case of the passive sampler, the relative ratio of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene was higher in the industrial area than in the residential area. In contrast in case of the thermal desorption tube, the ratio of these substances was higher in the residential area rather than in the industrial area. The passive sampling in this study showed an appropriate method to analyze the temporal and spatial concentrations of air contaminants. This assessment would prove to be useful for its observance of standards or epidemical study.

대기 중 이산화질소 측정을 위한 튜브형 및 뱃지형 패시브샘플러의 성능 비교

홍성주(Sung Joo Hong),김선태(Sun Tae Kim) 대전대학교 환경문제연구소 2016 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.20 No.-

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a tube and badge type NO₂ passive air sampler. The principle of the method is a colorimetric reaction of NO₂ with N-1-naphthylethylendiamine under acidic conditions. The sampling rates for the tube and badge type passive air samplers was determined 12.3 ± 4.4 mL/min and 27.3 ± 4.9 mL/min, respectively, as obtained from the slope of the linear correlation between the NO₂ mass collected by the passive air sampler and the NO₂ concentration with the NO₂ analyzer. The tube and badge type passive air sampler were moderately correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.9112. The measurement for the precision and accuracy of the passive air sampling was carried out with duplicate measurement of passive air samplers. The passive air sampler had good precision and accuracy for measuring NO₂ in atmosphere. A good correlation was observed between the passive air sampler and the NO₂ analyzer with a coefficient of determination of 0.9153 (tube type) and 0.9514 (badge type). This passive air sampler would be suitable for the NO₂ concentration monitoring in atmosphere.

해양환경에서의 수동형채집기(Passive Sampler)의 활용: 2. 현장노출시간 단축을 위한 개선법

장유리,이효진,정해진,김기범,JANG, YU LEE,LEE, HYO JIN,JEONG, HAE JIN,KIM, GI BEUM 한국해양학회 2019 바다 Vol.24 No.2

수동형채집기(passive sampler)는 해수나 퇴적물 내 공극수에서의 자유용존상 농도 (freely dissolved and bioavailable concentration, $C_{free}$)를 쉽고 보다 정확히 예측할 수 있는 유망한 방법 중 하나이다. 유럽이나 미국에서는 보다 정확한 위해도 평가를 위해 해양환경 모니터링에 수동형채집기를 적극적으로 사용하는 추세이지만, 현장 적용 시 노출시간이 길어짐에 따라 수동형채집기의 생물부착으로 인한 문제점으로 국내에서의 활용도는 매우 낮다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 난분해성 유기오염물질을 대상으로 하는 수동형채집기의 원리 및 기본적인 특징을 파악하고, 수동형채집기의 현장 적용을 위한 다양한 개선 사례를 조사함으로써 국내에서의 수동형채집기의 활용도를 높이기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. A passive sampler is one of the promising methods to easily and more accurately predict the free dissolved and bioavailable concentration ($C_{free}$) in seawater or pore water in sediments. In Europe and the United States, the use of passive samplers has been highly encouraged for more accurate marine environmental risk assessment. However, long deployment time in the field causes problems such as biofouling of the samplers, so there are few studies using passive samplers in Korea. Therefore, we review the principle and basic characteristics of the passive sampler for persistent organic pollutants, and introduce various improvement cases for the field applications of the passive sampler.

Passive Sampler를 이용한 암모니아(NH_3)의 공간농도 분포

박정호,김재일,김형갑 진주산업대학교 2001 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.8

본 논문에서는 A공장과 그 주변지역 총 35개 지점을 대상으로 NH_3 passive sampler를 이용하여 24시간 시료를 채취하고 분석 검토한 결과를 다음과 같이 요약하였다. 1. A공장과 그 주변지역의 암모니아 평균농도 0.0176 ppm으로 일반지역의 배출허용기준 2ppm보다도 낮은 농도로 나타났으나 지점별 농도 편차는 다소 큰 차이를 보이고 있었다. 2. A 공장내의 암모니아 주요 발생원 중에서 폐수처리장 각각 0.005, 0.012 ppm, 용수처리장 0.006 ppm, 냉각탑 0.016 ppm인 반면 옥상 수증기 배출구 지점이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 3. 주거·녹지 지역의 암모니아 농도는 0.00l~0.064 ppm의 분포를 보였으며, 특히 악취민원이 종종 제기되고 있는 수중보 지점의 농도가 0.064 ppm으로 가장 높은 농도로 나타났다. 한편, Passive Sampler를 제작하여 성능을 평가한 결과 재현성은 좋은 것으로 판단되어 그 이용 가능성을 나타내고 있으며, 향후 기존 측정법과의 비교 실험을 통한 농도 오차 범위의 산출등을 통한다면 효과적인 대기질 측정의 한 방법으로서 손색이 없을 것으로 판단된다. A simple measurement method of NH_3 concentration in the atmospheric during a long-term and over a wide-area was examined. The NH_3 passive sampler can be a useful method to evaluate distribution of a detailed concentration in large area. The sampling method for NH_3 passive sampler was as follows : a molecular diffusion sampler which was a chromatography filter treated with a mixed solution of 5 % phosphoric acid and 5 % glycerin was exposed in the atmosphere for a day. NH_3 in an aqueous extract of the filter was analyed with spectrometer at 640 nm. In this study , the distributions of NH_3 concentrations were investigated with passive sampler at 35 site in Chinju. The concentrations of NH_3 at the inside of A plant were appeared in the rage of 0.001~0.012 ppm. And the concentrations of NO_2 at around area of A plant were appeared in the rage of 0.001~0.022 ppm at residential site and 0.004~0.016 ppm at industrial site.

확산길이에 따른 수동식 유기용제 시료채취기의 시료채취성능에 관한 연구

이병규,장재길,정지연,Lee, Byung-Kyu,Jang, Jae-Kil,Jeong, Jee-Yeon 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.6

Passive samplers have been used for many years for the sampling of organic vapors in work environment atmospheres. Currently, all passive samplers used in domestic occupational monitoring are foreign products. This study was performed to evaluate variable parameters for the development of passive organic samplers, which include the geometry of the device and diffusive length for the sampler design. Four prototype diffusive lengths; A-1(4.5 mm), A-2(7.0 mm), A-3(9.5 mm), A-4(12.0 mm) were tested for adsorption performances to a chemical mixture (benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and n-hexane) according to the US-OSHA's evaluation protocol. A dynamic vapor exposure chamber developed and verified by related research was used for this study. The results of study are as follows. The results in terms of sampling rate and recommended sampling time test indicate that the most suitable model was A-3 (9.5 mm diffusive lengths on both sides) for passive sampler design in time weighted average (TWA) assessment. Sampling rates of this A-3 model were 45.8, 41.5, 41.4, and 40.3 ml/min for benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and n-hexane, respectively. The A-3 models were tested on reverse diffusion and conditions of low humidity air (35% RH) and low concentrations (0.2 times of TLV). These conditions had no affect on the diffusion capacity of samplers. In conclusion, the most suitable design parameters of passive sampler are: 1) Geometry and structure - 25 mm diameter and 490 $mm^2$ cross sectional area of diffusion face with cylindrical form of two-sided opposite diffusion direction; 2) Diffusive length - 9.5 mm in both faces; 3) Amount of adsorbent - 300 mg of coconut shell charcoal; 4) Wind screen - using nylon net filters (11 ${\mu}m$ pore size).

형광물질을 이용한 대기 중 오존 Passive Sampler의 개발

임봉빈,정의석,김선태 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.4

The purpose of this study is to develop an ozone passive sampler and to evaluate its performance, p-Acetamidophenol using as the reagent for ozone reacts specifically with the ambient ozone to produce a fluorescence material (p-acetamidophenol dimer). The volume of absorbent solution and the extraction time determined as suitable conditions for measuring ozone were 100 μL and 60 min, respectively. The changes of fluorescence were observed with increasing the storage period of passive samplers in ambient air, but the cool storage in a refrigerator did not remarkably influence the increase of fluorescence. The measurement for the precision of the passive sampling was carried out with duplicate measurement of passive samplers. The intra-class correlation coefficients of passive samplers using dry and wet filters were 0.992 and 0.962, respectively. The results from field validation tests indicated practical agreement (dry filter: r = 0.963, wet filter: r = 0.995) between the passive sampler and an UV photometric O₃analyzer. The limit of quantification of ozone passive samplers with sampling time of 8 hr(wet filter) and 24 hr (dry filter) were 8.0 ppb and 2.7 ppb, respectively.

대기 중 이산화질소 측정을 위한 튜브형 및 뱃지형 패시브샘플러의 성능 비교

홍성주,김선태 대전대학교 환경문제연구소 2016 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.20 No.-

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a tube and badge type NO2 passive air sampler. The principle of the method is a colorimetric reaction of NO2 with N-1-naphthylethylendiamine under acidic conditions. The sampling rates for the tube and badge type passive air samplers was determined 12.3 ± 4.4 mL/min and 27.3 ± 4.9 mL/min, respectively, as obtained from the slope of the linear correlation between the NO2 mass collected by the passive air sampler and the NO2 concentration with the NO2 analyzer. The tube and badge type passive air sampler were moderately correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.9112. The measurement for the precision and accuracy of the passive air sampling was carried out with duplicate measurement of passive air samplers. The passive air sampler had good precision and accuracy for measuring NO2 in atmosphere. A good correlation was observed between the passive air sampler and the NO2 analyzer with a coefficient of determination of 0.9153 (tube type) and 0.9514 (badge type). This passive air sampler would be suitable for the NO2 concentration monitoring in atmosphere.

Development of a highly sensitive sampler for atmospheric monitoring of 8-H ambient ozone concentrations

Gulnihal KARA 대한환경공학회 2020 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.25 No.6

A new passive sampler reinforced with a composite membrane was developed to determine the 8-h ozone (O₃) concentration in ambient air. The composite membrane"s water absorption capacity and porosity values were found analyzing its surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Ozone adsorption performance of this sampler was tested by a badge-type sampler and automated measurement results. The developed sampler gave results equivalent (R² = 0.85) to those of automated O₃ monitors, and its experimental sampling rate was determined to be 55 cm³/min, approximately two times higher than the rate of the badge-type sampler. The detection limit obtained (5.3 μg/m³, 8 h sampling) in the study was adequate for winter-period samplings where in the ozone concentration is low in urban and semi-urban areas. Multimedia sampling results revealed that the results of the developed passive sampler had a high repeatability (RSD < 20%). Passive samplers reinforced with composite membranes were tested by badge-type samplers performing simultaneous samplings in land conditions. Area sampling results indicated that badge-type samplers were not suitable for 8-h area samplings, but tube-type samplers could be used.

오염 토양 및 지하수에서 수동샘플러 적용 방안 연구

김필곤,박중호,문재경,권정환,김지희,한승희,홍용석 한국지하수토양환경학회 2021 지하수토양환경 Vol.26 No.2

Passive samplers are environmental monitoring devices that are accumulating pollutants in adsorbing medium bydiffusion. They are distinguished from active samplers which are generally required electric power to create artificial andadvective movements facilitating mass transport from environment to samplers’ adsorbing parts. Passive samplers havebeen applied to various environmental media such as air, water, sediment, groundwater, and soil with different but couldbe sometimes similar purposes. They have been primarily used to measure concentrations of pollutants in bothhomogeneous and heterogeneous environments with high resolution in space, i.e., millimeters. They also have been usedto quantify time weighted average concentrations without multiple sampling efforts at different times. Human andecological risk assessments are also a representative example for the application of passive samplers. However, it is hardto find a case study in Korea that passive samplers have ever applied in soil and groundwater with any of those purposes. In this research, extensive literatures are reviewed to identify the utility of passive sampler application on variousenvironmental media and diverse pollutants including VOCs, HOCs, heavy metals, and etc. Finally, the potential uses ofpassive sampling techniques to the area of soil and groundwater science and engineering are critically evaluated.