정상 혈중 마그네슘치를 갖고 있는 입원환자에서의 마그네슘 결핍의 임상적 평가

고행일,강기혁,하근우,이승진,류정임,노승현 인제대학교 1998 仁濟醫學 Vol.19 No.2

마그네슘은 주로 세포질 내의 효소 작용에 조효소로 작용하는 전해질이므로 혈청내의 마그네슘보다는 체내 총마그네슘치가 더 중요하다고 알려져 있으나 실제 임상적으로 이를 측정하기는 어려운 상태이다. 이에 저자들은 정상 혈중 마그네슘치의 입원 환자를 대상으로 마그네슘 부하 검사를 실시하여 체내 마그네슘 결핍여부를 확인하고 이렇게 확인된 마그네슘 결핍 환자에게 충분한 양의 마그네슘(하루 6g)을 정주 후 나타나는 생물학적 효과를 spirometer에 의한 노력성 호흡능을 측정하여 확인하고자 하였다. Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation next to potassium, has several critically important roles in various enzyme reactions producing energy as a co-factor in the cytoplasm. Only 0.3% of total magnesium is in the extracellular fluid compartment. Moreover, magnesium is distributed unevenly with the greatest concentration in tissues having the highest metabolic activity, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidney. So the portion of intracellular is more important than that of extracellular fluid in the biologic function of magnesium. Because of theses reasons, serum magnesium level may not reflect intracellular magnesium content and the intracellular magnesium depletion may exist despite a normal serum magnesium concentration. Especially the magnesium deficiency with normal serum magnesium is frequently encountered in hospitalized patients and is see most often in patients admitted to intensive care units. The detection of magnesium deficiency can be increased by measuring magnesium concentration in the urine or using the parenteral magnesium loading test. So we designed the study to identify that intravenous 6g magnesium infusion can improve the biologic function which is mediated by intracellular magnesium in 7 hospitalized patients with magnesium deficiency having normal serum magnesium level, diagnosed by more than 50% retention of magnesium in loading test. We measured FEVI and FVC by spirometer to evaluate the biologic influence on respiratory muscle power of before and after magnesium infusion and could available below results. 1.The average retention % of magnesium after loading test was 78.9±15.35%. 2.The serum magnesium and potassium levels after intravenous 6g magnesium infusion were not changed significantly, compared to before the infusion(serum magnesium 1.87±0.33mg/dL vs 2.23±0.55mg/4L, p= 0.14, serum potassium 3.34±0.38mEq/L vs 3.50±0.38mEq/L, p = 0.23). 3.There were no significant urine electrolyte changes between before and after intravenous 6gm magnesium infusion(urine Mg++ 4.33±2.96mg/dL vs 8.07±3.21mg/dL, p=0.056, urine K+ 21.9±14.11mEq/L vs 14.47±6.41mSq/L, p=0.2, urine Ca++ 7.94±10.60mg/dL vs 12.35±11.08mg/dL, p=0.087, urine phosphate 12.63±17.35mg/dL vs 10.20±8.00mg/dL, p=0.61, TTKG 4.99±1.73 vs 4.87±1.43. p=0.81). 4.After intravenous 6g magnesium infusion, the predicted % of FEVI and FVC reflecting effort respiratory capacity become improved significantly, compared to before the infusion (FEV1 79.12±17.75% vs 92.26±16.59%, p=0.025, FVC 73.23±19.38% vs 82.55±18.29%, p = 0.017). In conclusion, normal serum magnesium level can be accompanied by the presence of intracellular magnesium depletion, which can be improved the effort respiratory capacity by the repletion of magnesium.

Relationship between the Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Magnesium Levels in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ( CAPD ) Patients using Low - magnesium Peritoneal Dialysate

(Min Seok Cho),(Kyun Sang Lee),(Youn Kyoung Lee),(Seong Kwon Ma),(Jeong Hee Ko),(Soo Wan Kim),(Nam Ho Kim),(Ki Chul Choi) 대한내과학회 2002 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.17 No.2

N/A Background : Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) have increased risk of low-turnover bone disease and relative hypoparathyroidism. Recently, it has been believed that magnesium plays an important role in regulating secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum PTH and serum magnesium as a factor increasing the frequency of relative hypoparathyroidism. Methods : We analyzed the data of 56 patients who had been on CAPD for more than 6 months without any significant problems. No patient had been previously treated with vitamin D or aluminum hydroxide. The patients had used peritoneal dialysate with the magnesium concentration of 0.5 m Eq/L. Biochemical parameters, such as BUN, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase bony isoenzyme, total protein, albumin, total calcium, ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone level were measured. Results : The mean serum magnesium level was 1.99±0.36 m Eq/L. Among total 56 patients, 15 patients (26.8%) showed hypermagnesemia (serum magnesium>2.2 m Eq/L) and 5 patients (8.9%) showed hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium 1.6 m Eq/L). Among all 56 patients, serum iPTH (intact PTH) level was not correlated with serum magnesium level. However, it was inversely correlated with serum total calcium and ionized calcium levels, respectively (r=-0.365, p=0.006; r=-0.515 p<0.001). Among 49 patients whose serum iPTH level was less than 300 pg/mL, serum iPTH level was inversely correlated with serum magnesium level (r=-0.295, p=0.039) and inversely correlated with serum total calcium and ionized calcium levels, respectively (r=-0.546, p<0.001; r=-0.572 p<0.001). Among 49 patients whose serum iPTH level was less than 300 pg/mL, lower iPTH group (serum iPTH 120 pg/mL) showed higher serum magnesium level (p=0.037), higher serum total calcium level (p<0.001) and lower bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase level (p<0.001) than those of higher iPTH group (120 pg/mL serum iPTH 300 pg/mL). Conclusion : Among the CAPD patients whose serum iPTH level was less than 300 pg/mL, there was a significant inverse correlation between serum iPTH level and serum magnesium level. This study indicates that not only serum calcium level but also serum magnesium level are important in the regulation of serum iPTH levels of CAPD patients who have been dialyzed by low-magnesium peritoneal dialysate.

Fatal Hypermagnesemia in Patients Taking Magnesium Hydroxide

( Da Hye Jou ),( Su In Kim ),( In Hong Choi ),( Su Hyun Song ),( Tae Ryom Oh ),( Sang Heon Suh ),( Hong Sang Choi ),( Chang Seong Kim ),( Soo Wan Kim ),( Eun Hui Bae ),( Seong Kwon Ma ) 대한전해질학회 2023 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.21 No.2

Hypermagnesemia is a rare but potentially fatal electrolyte disorder often overlooked because of its unfamiliarity. Magnesium is regulated through a balance of bone, intestinal absorption, and renal excretion. Hypermagnesemia typically arises from excessive magnesium intake or reduced renal excretion; however, it also occurs in patients with normal kidney function. Herein, we report two cases of hypermagnesemia in patients taking magnesium hydroxide for constipation. The first case involved an 82-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease who developed metabolic encephalopathy due to hypermagnesemia, after taking 3,000mg of magnesium hydroxide daily for constipation. Her magnesium level was 9.9mg/dL. Her treatment involved discontinuing magnesium hydroxide and continuing hemodialysis, which led to her recovery. In the second case, a 50-year-old woman with a history of cerebral hemorrhage and mental retardation developed hypermagnesemia despite having normal renal function. She was also taking magnesium hydroxide for constipation, and her magnesium level was 11.0mg/dL. She experienced cardiac arrest while preparing for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). After achieving return of spontaneous circulation, CRRT was initiated, and her magnesium level showed a decreasing trend. However, vital signs and lactate levels did not recover, leading to death. These cases highlight the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention for hypermagnesemia and the need to regularly monitor magnesium levels in individuals receiving magnesium-containing preparations, especially those with impaired kidney function.

Homocysteine as a Diagnostic and Etiopathogenic Factor in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Jan Jozefczuk,Wiktoria Kasprzycka,Rafa1 Czarnecki,Alfreda Graczyk,Pawel Jozefczuk,Krzysztof Magda,Urszula Lampart 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Journal of medicinal food Vol.20 No.8

Substantial characteristics of autism are cognitive and psychophysical disorders. Etiopathogenetic factors are thought to be responsible for development of autism in children with genetic predisposition as well as have their effect on the severity of the disorders. The main problem of early identification of patients affected by autism spectrum disorder is that there are no clear diagnostic criteria. The aim of our study was assessment of hair magnesium and serum homocysteine concentrations in children with autism. The presented work is a continuation of previous study in which we investigated the influence of disturbances in magnesium and homocysteine levels in children with autism, performed on a new, larger group of patients. One hundred and forty children had hair magnesium levels analyzed, as well as blood serum levels of homocysteine and magnesium. Hair magnesium analysis was performed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, blood serum homocysteine determination was performed using a radioimmunological method, and blood serum magnesium level was determined using a biochemical method. Our research showed normal magnesium blood levels and significantly high homocysteine levels and very low hair magnesium levels, low concentration of hair magnesium progresses with age. Our hypothesis is that magnesium deficiency, as a relevant epigenetic factor, might be decreasing methylation of homocysteine, therefore decreasing genome transcription and lowering the synaptic plasticity. We suggest that analysis of hair magnesium and serum homocysteine levels might be useful in identification of children with autism spectrum disorder, as well as control of its treatment. Obtained results and performed analysis might therefore justify supplementation of magnesium among children with autism.

습열 노화 및 산소 유량이 마그네슘 파우더의 열 화학적 성질에 미치는 영향 조사

이예준(Yejun Lee),오주영(Juyoung Oh),여재익(Ja-ick Yoh) 한국추진공학회 2023 한국추진공학회지 Vol.27 No.6

Magnesium is widely used in various fields due to its high energy density and low price. However, the degradation of thermochemical performance of magnesium subjected to hygrothermal aging has not yet been identified. Hygrothermal aging affects magnesium to form an oxide film consisting of magnesium oxide that retards the magnesium oxidation and magnesium hydroxide that accelerates it. The magnesium oxidation consists of surface oxidation and core oxidation. In long-term aging, the oxide film surrounds all magnesium surface, which results in the skip of surface oxidation. Because of this, the thermal behavior of long-term aged samples had a similar form to core oxidation, and form a high activation energy at a low reaction rate. In addition, as the oxygen flow rate increases, the magnesium-oxygen reaction changes from fuel-rich condition to fuel-lean condition. These changes increased the amount of magnesium that reacted, resulting in higher activation energy. Thus, this study investigated changes in the thermochemical properties of magnesium subjected to hygrothermal aging and identified the phenomenon that occurs when aging is prolonged.

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Magnesium/Steel Bimetal Using Compound Casting Assisted with Hot-Dip Aluminizing

Wenming Jiang,Haixiao Jiang,Guangyu Li,Feng Guan,Junwen Zhu,Zitian Fan 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.8

In this work, microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the magnesium/steel bimetal using compoundcasting assisted with hot-dip aluminizing were investigated, and the interface bonding mechanism of the magnesium/steelbimetal were also analyzed. The results indicate that the magnesium/steel bimetal obtained without hot-dip aluminizing hadlarger gaps through the whole interface without reaction layers between magnesium and steel, leading to a poor mechanicalbonding. After the steel substrate was hot-dip aluminized, an intermetallic layer along with an Al topcoat layer wereformed on the surface of the steel substrate, and the intermetallic layer was constituted by Fe2Al5,τ10-Al9Fe4Si3, FeAl3andτ6-Al4.5FeSi phases. In the case of the magnesium/steel bimetal obtained with hot-dip aluminizing, a compact and uniforminterface layer with an average thickness of about 17 μm that consisted of Fe2Al5,τ10-Al9Fe4Si3, FeAl3and Al12Mg17intermetalliccompounds was formed between the magnesium and the steel, obtaining a superior metallurgical bonding. The interfacelayer had much higher nano-hardnesses compared to the magnesium and steel matrixes, and its average nano-hardness wasup to 11.1 GPa, while there were respectively 1.1 and 4.2 GPa for the magnesium and steel matrixes. The shear strength ofthe magnesium/steel bimetal with hot-dip aluminizing reached to 23.3 MPa, which increased by 8.59 times than that of thecomposites without hot-dip aluminizing. The fracture of the magnesium/steel bimetal with hot-dip aluminizing representeda brittle fracture nature, initiating from the interface layer.

흰쥐 해마에서 Acetylcholine 유리에 미치는 Adenosine 및 Magnesium의 영향

최봉규(Bong Kyu Choi),윤영복(Young Bok Yoon) 대한약리학회 1993 대한약리학잡지 Vol.29 No.2

흰쥐 해마 (hippocampus)에서 acetylcholine(ACh) 유리에 미치는 adenosine 및 이에 미치는 magnesium의 역할에 관한 지견을 얻고자하여 [³H]-choline으로 평형시킨 해마 slice를 사용하여 [³H]-ACh 유리에 미치는 여러가지 약물들의 영향을 관찰하였다. Adenosine ^*0.3 ~ 100μM)은 전기자극 (3 Hz, 5 Vcm^-1, 2 ms, rectangular pulses)에 의한 [³H]-ACh 유리를 용량 의존적으로 감소시켰다. A₁-adenosine 수용체 차단제인 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 1-10μM)은 용량 의존적으로 [³H]-ACh 유리를 증가시켰으며, adenosine과 2μM DPCPX 동시 투여시 adenosine의 효과가 억제됨을 볼 수 있었다. A₂-수용체 흥분제인 5-(N-cyclopropyl)-carboxamidoadenosine (CPCA, 0.3 ~ 30μM)은 자극에 의한 [³H]-ACh 유리를 용량 의존적으로 감소시켰으며, 이 역시 2μM DPCPX 동시 투여시 그 효과가 차단됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 또다른 A₂-흥분약인 CGS 21680C는 [³H]-ACh 유리에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 한편 관류액내의 magnesium 농도를 변화시켰을때 magnesium 그 자체로는 [³H]-ACh 유리에 별다른 변화가 없었으며, magnesium을 4 mM로 증가시켰을때 adenosine의 효과가 크게 강화되어 용량 반응 곡선이 좌측으로 이동됨을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 실험 결과로 adenosine은 흰쥐 해마의 choline 작동성 신경에 presynaptic A₁-adenosine heteroreceptor를 통하여 ACh 유리 감소를 일으키며, 이러한 adenosine 작용은 magnesium이온에 의존적임을 알 수 있었다. As it has been reported that the depolarization-induced ACh release is modulated by activation of presynaptic A₁-adenosine heteroreceptor in hippocampus and various lines of evidence indicate the adenosine effect is magnesium dependent, the present study was undertaken to delineate the role of endogenus adenosine as a modulator of hippocampal acetylcholine release in this study. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with [³H]-choline and the release of the labelled product, [³H]-ACh, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3Hz, 5 V cm^-1, 2ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 100μM, decreased the [³H]-ACh release in a dose-dependent manner without changing the basal rate of release. DPCPX(1 ~ 10μM), a selective A₁-receptor antagonist, increased the [³H]-ACh release in a dose-related fashion with slight increase of basal tritium release. And the effects of adenosine were significantly inhibited by DPCPX(2μM) treatment. CPCA, a specific A₂-agonist, in concentration ranging from 0.3 to 30μM decreased evoked tritium outflow with increase of basal rate of tritium release, and these effects were also abolished by DPCPX(2μM) pretreatment. But, CGS(0.1 ~ 10μM), a recently introduced potent A₂-agonist, did not alter the evoked tritium outflow. When the magnesium concentration of the medium was reduced to 0 mM, there was no change in evoked ACh release by adenosine. In contrast, increasing the magnesium concentration to 4 mM, the inhibitory effects of adenosine were significantly potentiated. These results indicate that A₁-adenosine heteroreceptor is involved in ACh-release in the rat hippocampus and the inhibitory effects of adenosine mediated by A₁-receptor is magnesium-dependent.

적외선 열화상법 및 FE-SEM을 활용한 마그네슘 연소특성에 관한 실험적 연구

이준식,남기훈,Lee, Jun-Sik,Nam, Ki-Hun 한국산업융합학회 2020 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.23 No.6

Magnesium powder has been widely used in various industries because it is light weight and extremely high mechanical strength including aeronautics and chemicals. However, magnesium, as a combustible metal, poses serious safety issues such as fires and explosions if it is not managed properly. Especially, magnesium's max adiabatic flame temperature is 3,340℃ and it is impossible to extinguish it by using water, CO2 and Halonagents. The aim of this study is to identify the combustion characteristics of magnesium powder. We carried out a combustion experiment, using 1 kg of magnesium (purity > 99 %, particle < 150 ㎛). The features of the magnesium burning process were scrutinized using infrared thermal image analysis. Also, a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were used employed to analyze particulate composites and properties. It concludes the significant tendency of magnesium fire and light, combustion carbide's particle characteristics. This study contributes to make better prevention and response manners to magnesium fires, as well as fire investigation measures.

옻칠 기법을 활용한 마그네슘 장신구 제작

정세진,신광선 한국기초조형학회 2017 기초조형학연구 Vol.18 No.1

This research is about a jewelry production with magnesium, non-precious metal. Since magnesium is the lightest metallic material commercialized, it is appropriate for making voluminous but light and comfortable fitting jewelry. However, it has been used mainly in the field of large scale manufacturing industry such as automobile or electronic device so far, and cases used as material of jewelry can hardly be found. In this research, two problems in using magnesium as jewelry material were dealt; first was a matter of the forming process. Warm press forming process and dia-casting process used to work magnesium alloy presently are not proper to make jewelry which is sensitive to trends and value on diversity. So, the process to cut masses of magnesium alloy to various formed jewelry was researched. Second is the issue of surface treatment and coating suitable for jewelry. Since magnesium alloy has vary fast corrosion properties, it requires surface treatment and coating to improve the corrosion resistance. While film forming through chemical and electrical method or a chemical coating application is common, for jewelry contacted with human body, more eco-friendly and high value surface treatment and coating processes are needed. Therefore, Traditional Lacquer Techniques which can improve functionality and artistic value of jewelry are used. In this paper, pre-treatment processes to improve adhesive strength and durability of traditional lacquer on the magnesium surface are researched, and it is possible to get durable traditional lacquer films through proper chemical treatments to magnesium. But more research is needed about traditional lacquer techniques of new color and texture that can reflect unique aesthetic properties, since it is impossible to expose the magnesium surface. 본 연구는 일반(non-precious)금속인 마그네슘을 재료로 한 장신구 제작에 관한 것이다. 마그네슘은 상용화되어 있는 금속소재 가운데 가장 가볍기 때문에, 부피가 크지만 가볍고 착용성이 좋은 장신구의 재료로서 적합하다. 그러나 마그네슘합금은 지금까지 자동차 산업이나 전자기기 산업 등 규모가 큰 제조업 분야에서 주로 활용되어 왔으며, 장신구의 재료로 활용된 사례는 거의 찾아볼 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 마그네슘합금을 장신구 제작에 활용하기 위하여 두 가지 문제를 다루었다. 첫째, 성형공정의 문제이다. 현재 마그네슘합금의 가공에 주로 활용되고 있는 온간프레스, 다이캐스팅 등의 공정은 설비 및 금형 제작에 소요되는 비용이 매우 높기 때문에 트렌드에 민감하고 다양성이 중시되는 장신구 제작에는 적합하지 않다. 따라서 마그네슘합금 덩어리를 절삭 가공하여 다양한 형태의 장신구를 제작하는 방법을 연구하였다. 둘째, 장신구에 적합한 표면처리에 관한 문제이다. 마그네슘합금은 매우 빠르게 부식되는 특성이 있기 때문에 부식저항성을 높일 수 있는 표면처리가 필요하다. 일반적으로 화학적, 전기적 방식으로 피막을 형성하거나 화학적 도장을 적용하지만, 인체에 접촉하는 장신구에는 보다 친환경적이고 부가가치가 높은 표면처리방식이 요구된다. 따라서 마그네슘 소재 장신구의 기능성과 예술성을 향상시킬 수 있는 옻칠기법을 적용하였다. 본 논문에서는 마그네슘 표면과 옻칠의 접착력과 내구성을 향상시키기 위한 전처리 공정에 대해 연구하였으며, 마그네슘 소재에 적절한 화성처리를 적용하면 내구성이 뛰어난 옻칠도막을 얻을 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다만 마그네슘 소재를 직접 노출시키는 것이 불가하므로, 금속의 고유한 심미적 특성이 반영될 수 있는 새로운 색감과 질감의 옻칠기법에 대한 연구가 계속 필요하다.

Magnesium stannide as a high-capacity anode for magnesium-ion batteries

Nguyen, Dan-Thien,Song, Seung-Wan Elsevier 2017 Journal of Power Sources Vol.368 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Driven by the limited global resources of lithium, magnesium metal batteries are considered as potential energy storage systems. The battery chemistry of magnesium metal anode, however, limits the selection of electrolytes, cathode materials and working temperature, making the realization of magnesium metal batteries complicated. Herein, we report the development of a new magnesium-insertion anode, magnesium stannide (Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn), and demonstrate reversible electrochemical Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>-extraction and insertion of Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn anode at 0.2 V <I>versus</I> Mg, delivering discharge capacity of 270 mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> in a half-cell with the electrolyte of PhMgCl/THF and enabling of room temperature magnesium-ion batteries with Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn anode combined with Mg-free oxide cathode and conventional-type electrolyte of Mg(TFSI)<SUB>2</SUB>/diglyme. The combination of Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn anode with various cathodes and electrolytes holds great promise for enabling room temperature magnesium-ion batteries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn, a high-capacity anode material showing Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>-insertion and extraction at 0.2 V. </LI> <LI> Synthesis of microsized bulk Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn anode material using a simple ball-milling. </LI> <LI> Stable cycling performance of coin half-cell, delivering discharge capacity 270 mAhg<SUP>-1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> Studies of interfacial reaction behavior of half-cell Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn anode by XPS analysis. </LI> <LI> Initial cyclability of RT Mg-ion battery, Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Sn//V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB>, in conventional electrolyte. </LI> </UL> </P>