Combination of Genistin and Fructooligosaccharides Prevents Bone Loss in Ovarian Hormone Deficiency

Shirin Hooshmand,Shanil Juma,Bahram H. Arjmandi 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.2

We have reported that soy isoflavones are capable of preventing loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in rats due to ovariectomy. The intestinal microflora is important in rendering soy isoflavones bioavailability by facilitating their conversion to equol. Hence, substances that can modulate the intestinal microflora could affect the bioavailability of isoflavones. The purpose of this study was to examine whether combination of genistin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), a prebiotic, can enhance the effects of soy isoflavones on bone in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Forty-eight 90-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham; one group) or Ovx (three groups) and were placed on dietary treatment for 50 days. The Sham and one Ovx group received a control diet, and the remaining Ovx groups received genistin-rich isoflavones diet (Ovx+G) or genistin-rich isoflavones and FOS diet (Ovx+G+FOS). After 50 days, blood and bone specimens were collected for analysis. The genistin-rich isoflavones diet was able to significantly increase the whole-body, right femur, and fourth lumbar BMD by 1.6%, 1.48%, and 1.3%, respectively in comparison with the Ovx control. The combination of genistin-rich isoflavones diet and 5% FOS further increased whole-body, right femur, and fourth lumbar BMD more compared to the genistin-rich isoflavones diet. Our findings suggest that although a genistin-rich isoflavones diet can increase the BMD in rats with Ovx-induced bone loss, combination of genistin-rich isoflavones and FOS had greater effect in preventing bone loss in this rat model.

Antioxidant action of soy isoflavones on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in exercised rats

Gun-Ae Yoon,Sunmin Park 한국영양학회 2014 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.8 No.6

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Isoflavones are widely believed to be beneficial to human health, in relation to their antioxidant potentials. Exercise can cause an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. This study was conducted in order to investigate the ability of isoflavones in amelioration of oxidative stress induced by exercise. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four groups: isoflavone-free with no exercise (CON-sd), isoflavone-free with exercise (CON-ex), isoflavone-supplemented with no exercise (ISF-sd), and isoflavone-supplemented with exercise (ISF-ex). Animals exercised on the treadmill for 30 minutes per day, five days per week. TBARS as a marker of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity, including SOD, GSH-px, and catalase were determined in liver tissue. Serum lipid profile was also examined. RESULTS: A significant effect of isoflavone alone was observed on abdominal fat pad mass. ISF-ex had significantly less abdominal fat pad than CON-ex. Both exercise and isoflavone treatment had significant effects on lowering plasma triglyceride (TG), thus, the ISF-ex group had a significantly lower TG level than the CON-sd group, by 30.9%. However, no differences were observed in plasma cholesterol, HDL-C, and cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. Exercise, isoflavone, and exercise-isoflavone interaction effects were significant on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P = 0.001, 0.002, and 0.005, respectively). The CON-ex group showed a higher TBARS level than the other three groups. By contrast, in the ISF-ex group, TBARS was restored to the level of the ISF-sd or CON-sd group. Isoflavone had a significant effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P = 0.022) and catalase activities (P = 0.049). Significantly higher SOD and catalase activities were observed in ISF-ex than CON-ex. SOD and catalase activities showed an inverse pattern of TBARS. Taken together, isoflavones increased the activities of SOD and catalase with concomitant decreases in TBARS, indicative of decreased oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Isoflavone supplementation enhances antioxidant action with attenuation of exercise-induced oxidative stress, as measured by decreases in TBARS, and inhibits body fat accumulation and plasma TG increase. Antioxidative effects ascribed to isoflavones may be partially exerted via enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities.

나물용 콩 품종의 종실 및 콩나물 함유 Isoflavone 변이

김영진,오영진,조상균,김정곤,박명렬,윤성중 韓國作物學會 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.1S

우수한 기능성을 가진 나물콩을 생산하기 위하여 isoflavone함량이 높은 품종을 선발하고, 재배적 방법에 의한 원료콩 종실의 isoflavone함량의 증진 가능성을 조사하는 한편, 콩나물의 재배 일수에 따른 콩나물 부위별 isoflavone 함량의 경시적 변화 양상을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시한 나물콩 21품종의 종실에 함유된 daidzein과 genistein의 총 함량은 756~1,682ug/g 으로 품종간 차이가 컸으며, 특히 익산 13호(1,682ug/g) 및 남원재래(1,500ug/g) 에서 함량이 높았다. 2. Daidzein 함량은 익산 13호(924ug/g) 및 IT 160996 (828ug/g) 에서 높았으며, genistein 함량은 익산 13호(758ug/g) 및 남원재래(756ug/g) 에서 높았다. 3. 풍산나물콩의 영양생장기에 식물생장조절제인 안티폴(2,472ug/g) 과 후라스타(2,052ug/g) 를 처리하였을 때 daidzein과 genistein의 총 함량이 대조군(1,800ug/g) 에 비하여 각각 37%와 14% 증가하였다. 4. 은하콩의 콩나물 재배일수 경과에 따른 isoflavone 함량은 자엽의 경우 변화가 미미하였으나, 배축의 경우 daidzein이 치상 후 3일까지 증가하다 4일째부터 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 배축의 genistein함량은 콩나물 재배기간이 경과할수록 감소하였다. 5. 풍산나물콩의 콩나물 재배일수 경과에 따른 isoflavone 함량은 은하콩과 달리 자엽의 경우에는 변화가 미미하였으나, 배축의 경우 daidzein이 치상 후 1일에 5,154ug/g 까지 증가했으나 재배일수가 경과함에 따라 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 배축의 genistein함량은 큰 변동을 보이지 않았다. 6. 콩나물재배 6일째부터 발생한 잔뿌리에는 isoflavone 함량이 4,416ug/g~5,232ug/g 으로 매우 높았다. 7. 고기능성 나물용 콩을 육성하기 위해서는 원료콩 종실의 isoflavone함량이 높고, 콩나물이 식용으로 이용되는 시기까지 isoflavone함량이 크게 감소하지 않는 특성을 가진 품종의 육성이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Biofuctionality of soybean seeds and soy-bean products have been fortified by the uncovering of the multifuctional beneficial effects of isoflavones. As one way to fully utilize beneficial effects of isoflavones in soybean sprout is through the enhancement of isoflavone contents in soybean seeds, genetic selection for higher isoflavone and cultivational measures to increase isoflavone content in soybean seeds were attempted. Isoflavones (daidzein, gemstein) contents in soybean seeds and soybean sprouts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Total isoflavone contents in soybean seeds ranged from 756 to 1,682~mug/g and Iksan #13 (1,682~mug/g) showed highest content among the 21 germplasms analyzed. Onetime treatment of soybean plants with Antipol or Piaster at the V4 stage yielded seeds with higher isoflavones as 2,472~mug/g~;or~;2,052~mug/g , respectively, which were higher by 37% and 14% than that of seeds in the control plants, respectively. In Eunhakong, Isoflavone contents of soybean sprout changed during sprouting. Daidzein content in hypocotyl increased to maximum on the third day of cultivation and decreased there-after, whereas the content changed little in cotyledon. In sprouts of Pungsannamulkong, daidzein content in hypocotyl showed a maximum level on the first day and decreased gradually thereafter but, the content changed little in cotyledon. Total isoflavone contents in lateral roots which developed on the 6th day after sprouting ranged from 4,416 to 5,232~mug/g DW.

나물용 콩 품종의 종실 및 콩나물 함유 Isoflavone 변이

김영진,오영진,조상균,김정곤,박명렬,윤성중,Kim, Young-Jin,Oh, Young-Jin,Cho, Sang-Kyun,Kim, Jung-Gon,Park, Myoung-Ryoul,Yun, Song-Joong 한국작물학회 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.suppl1

우수한 기능성을 가진 나물콩을 생산하기 위하여 isoflavone함량이 높은 품종을 선발하고, 재배적 방법에 의한 원료콩 종실의 isoflavone함량의 증진 가능성을 조사하는 한편, 콩나물의 재배 일수에 따른 콩나물 부위별 isoflavone 함량의 경시적 변화 양상을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시한 나물콩 21품종의 종실에 함유된 daidzein과 genistein의 총 함량은 $756{\sim}1,682{\mu}g/g$으로 품종간 차이가 컸으며, 특히 익산 13호$(1,682{\mu}g/g)$ 및 남원재래$(1,500{\mu}g/g)$에서 함량이 높았다. 2. Daidzein 함량은 익산 13호$(924{\mu}g/g)$ 및 IT 160996 $(828{\mu}g/g)$에서 높았으며, genistein 함량은 익산 13호$(758{\mu}g/g)$ 및 남원재래$(756{\mu}g/g)$에서 높았다. 3. 풍산나물콩의 영양생장기에 식물생장조절제인 안티폴$(2,472{\mu}g/g)$과 후라스타$(2,052{\mu}g/g)$를 처리하였을 때 daidzein과 genistein의 총 함량이 대조군$(1,800{\mu}g/g)$에 비하여 각각 37%와 14% 증가하였다. 4. 은하콩의 콩나물 재배일수 경과에 따른 isoflavone 함량은 자엽의 경우 변화가 미미하였으나, 배축의 경우 daidzein이 치상 후 3일까지 증가하다 4일째부터 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 배축의 genistein함량은 콩나물 재배기간이 경과할수록 감소하였다. 5. 풍산나물콩의 콩나물 재배일수 경과에 따른 isoflavone 함량은 은하콩과 달리 자엽의 경우에는 변화가 미미하였으나, 배축의 경우 daidzein이 치상 후 1일에 $5,154{\mu}g/g$까지 증가했으나 재배일수가 경과함에 따라 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 배축의 genistein함량은 큰 변동을 보이지 않았다. 6. 콩나물재배 6일째부터 발생한 잔뿌리에는 isoflavone 함량이 $4,416{\mu}g/g{\sim}5,232{\mu}g/g$으로 매우 높았다. 7. 고기능성 나물용 콩을 육성하기 위해서는 원료콩 종실의 isoflavone함량이 높고, 콩나물이 식용으로 이용되는 시기까지 isoflavone함량이 크게 감소하지 않는 특성을 가진 품종의 육성이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Biofuctionality of soybean seeds and soy-bean products have been fortified by the uncovering of the multifuctional beneficial effects of isoflavones. As one way to fully utilize beneficial effects of isoflavones in soybean sprout is through the enhancement of isoflavone contents in soybean seeds, genetic selection for higher isoflavone and cultivational measures to increase isoflavone content in soybean seeds were attempted. Isoflavones (daidzein, gemstein) contents in soybean seeds and soybean sprouts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Total isoflavone contents in soybean seeds ranged from 756 to $1,682{\mu}g/g$ and Iksan #13 $(1,682{\mu}g/g)$ showed highest content among the 21 germplasms analyzed. Onetime treatment of soybean plants with Antipol or Piaster at the $V_4$ stage yielded seeds with higher isoflavones as $2,472{\mu}g/g\;or\;2,052{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which were higher by 37% and 14% than that of seeds in the control plants, respectively. In Eunhakong, Isoflavone contents of soybean sprout changed during sprouting. Daidzein content in hypocotyl increased to maximum on the third day of cultivation and decreased there-after, whereas the content changed little in cotyledon. In sprouts of Pungsannamulkong, daidzein content in hypocotyl showed a maximum level on the first day and decreased gradually thereafter but, the content changed little in cotyledon. Total isoflavone contents in lateral roots which developed on the 6th day after sprouting ranged from 4,416 to $5,232{\mu}g/g$ DW.

대사유도물질 처리에 의한 발아녹두의 아이소플라본 생합성 양상

이지현,정일민,박세준,김욱한,김소연,김진애,정우식 韓國作物學會 2004 Korean journal of crop science Vol.49 No.6

발아 녹두에 세 가지 스트레스 관련 화합물 salicylic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, acetyl salicylic acid를 처리하여 isoflavone의 생합성양상을 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 숙주나물의 자엽에서는 isoflavone총량이 건조중 1g당 832.5ug 인 무처리구와 비교하여 10mM salicylic acid를 처리한 경우 169~% , 12mM acetyl salicylic acid로 처리한 경우 165~% 의 isoflavone 총량이 증가한 반면 0.5~% methyl jasmonic acid를 처리한 경우는 오히려 무처리구보다 47~% 수준으로 감소하였다. 2. 숙주나물의 자엽하부(hypocotyl and root)의 isoflavone 생성량에서는 1g당 284.8ug 이 생성된 무처리구와 비교하여 세 가지 처리 모두에서 유의성이 있는 차이를 보였다. 10mM salicylic acid 처리구의 경우 419~% , 12mM acetyl salicylic acid 처리구의 경우 401~% 의 isoflavone 총량의 증가를 보였고, 0.5~% methyl jasmonic acid처리구의 경우에는 121~% 증가하였다. 3.숙주나물의 자엽부위와 자엽하부에서 검출된 isoflavone의 합을 각 처리별 isoflavone생산총량으로 하여 무처리구의 건조중 1g당 1117.3ug 을 기준으로 비교하여보면 건조중 1g당 10mM salicylic acid 처리구에서는 2601.02ug 으로 233~% 증가하였고, 12mM acetyl salicylic acid 2514.4ug 으로 225~% 증가한 반면, 0.5~% methyl jasmonic acid 처리구에서는 738.8ug 으로 66~% 수준으로 감소하였다. 4. 숙주나물 자엽부위의 경우 무처리구와 비교하여 증가를 보였던 10mM salicylic acid처리구와 12mM acetyl salicylic acid 처리구에서는 malonyldaidzine과 malonylglycitin이 증가가 두드러지게 나타났다. 5. 숙주나물 자엽하부의 경우 무처리구와 비교하여 증가를 보였던 10mM salicylic acid 처리구와 12mM acetyl salicylic acid 처리구에서는 malonylglycitin의 증가가 두드러지게 나타났다 We have studied physiological responses of mung bean sprout to the treatment of elicitors. Chemicals such as salicylic acid and methyl jasmonic acid are not only the intermediates found in plant defense system but also could affect plant secondary metabolism. We found that mild treatment of salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) increase isoflavone production dramatically in mung bean sprout which has very low level of isoflavones compared with soybean sprout. The isoflavone content in salicylic acid treated- and acetyl salicylic acid treated-mung bean sprout was about 2.3 and 2.2 times higher than that of control, respectively. However, the increasing patterns of isoflavone in cotyledon and hypocotyl and root were not identical. The major increase among isoflavone fractions in cotyledon was led by the increase in malonylglycitin and malonyldaidzin level. Whereas, the increase in hypocotyl and root was led by malonyldaidzin. Methyl jasmonic acid did not show statistically significant increase in mung bean sprout. With this result, we were able to propose the non-transgenic method, which can control the isoflavone production in germinating mung bean

An insight into in vitro strategies for bioproduction of isoflavones

Vidya Nandakumar,Saravanan Krishnagowdu,Halka Jayachandran,Kowsalya Kumaresan,Preetha Jaganathan Sakthi Yazhini,Gurusaravanan Packiaraj,Radhakrishnan Ramalingam,Nanthini A. Usha Raja,Arun Muthukrishna 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.6

Isoflavones (ISF) are potent secondary metabolites, widely distributed among the members of the Fabaceae family. They have a multitude of biological functions in plants, animals, and humans. Most of the functions exhibited by isoflavones are highly beneficial to human beings. Benefits mainly include lowering cardiovascular diseases, reducing menopausal symptoms, and decreasing the risk of hormone-related cancers. Therefore, this potent compound has emerged as a promising possibility for making medicines and has grabbed the pharmaceutical industry's attention. Nowadays, many isoflavone-based products are manufactured commercially as food supplements, and their demand is drastically increasing globally. Numerous in vitro stud- ies have successfully synthesized value-added metabolites that possess a vast number of industrial applications. Production of isoflavones within the plants depends on several biological and environmental conditions. Hence, in vitro cultures pro- vide an alternate source to recover these compounds independent of environmental factors and limited bio-resources. Plant organ cultures could be highly recommended as a reliable platform for synthesizing plant-based pharmaceutically active isoflavones. Moreover, biotechnological approaches, such as elicitation and precursor feeding, can eventually promote the yield and increase these metabolites' production. This review initially outlines information regarding the source, structure, synthesis, and diverse roles of isoflavones. Later, this paper describes different plant organ cultures for the in vitro production of isoflavones and highlights elicitation strategies as well as metabolic engineering work to enhance production.

Effects of Soy Isoflavone Intake on Urinary and Fecal Isoflavone Excretion in Rats

Nam, Hae-Kyung,Kim, Sun-Hee The Korean Nutrition Society 2004 Nutritional Sciences Vol.7 No.1

This study was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of isoflavones in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats by providing diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks: 0.025% (low isoflavone intake; LI), 0.125% (medium isoflavone intake; MI), and 0.25% (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein was then measured. As the levels of dietary isoflavones increased, the amount of food intakes significantly decreased, and weight gain was slower in female rats. In male rats, there was no significant difference in weight gains related to dietary intakes. Urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein was significantly higher in the MI and HI groups in both male and female rats than the control and LI groups. The recovery % of daidzein and genistein in the urine was significantly lower in the MI and HI groups. Fecal daidzein increased as dietary isoflavone intakes increased in female rats; however, in male rats the increase was significant only in the HI group. The recovery % of daidzein and genistein in the feces of female rats was not significantly different among the four groups. When dietary isoflavones were increased from 0.025% to 0.25%, the amounts of daidzein and genistein excreted in the urine and feces increased; however, the low recovery rate of both daidzein and genistein in the urine implies an increased bioavailability of isoflavones. We also observed sex-related differences in the urinary and fecal recovery of isoflavone intakes.

Isoflavone의 생리적 기능에 관한 고찰

변기원 부천대학 2001 論文集 Vol.22 No.-

본 논문은 최근에 호르몬 관련 만성질환의 대체제로 각광받고 있는 isoflavone의 체내이용률과 생리적 작용 및 작용기전에 대해 최근 진행된 연구를 토대로 고찰하였다. Isoflavone은 대두가 주된 급원으로, 비당질부분민 daidzein과 genistein이 생리활성을 띠는 물질이며, phytoestrogen이라고 한다. 그 구조가 estrogen, estradiol과 비슷하여 estrogen 수용체ß에 결합하므로, 체내에서 estrogen과 같은 작용은 하거나 antiestrogen작용을 할 수 있어서, 체내에서 호르몬 관련 질환, 즉, 유방암, 전립선암, 골다공증 등의 호르몬 요법의 대체제로 사용된다. Isoflavone의 생체이용률은 aglycone(비당질부분)의 형태, genistein보다는 daidzein의 형태, 액상식품의 형태일수록 높으며, 섭취간격이 짧을수록 장시간 일정수준을 유지할 수 있고, 장내세균, 섬유소의 존재가 그 영향을 미친다. Isoflavone은 효소 tyrosine kinase의 활성억제 및 항산화 효력에 의해 호르몬 관련질환의 예방 및 치료효과를 나타내는 것으로 집약된다.: Isoflavone은 담즙배설 촉진을 통해 혈중 cholesterol을 낮출 뿐 아니라, estrogen 활성, 혈관탄력성증가, 아테롬형성저해(효소활성저해로)등을 통해 심장병 예방에 관여하며, 신혈관내피세포 생성 저해(tyrosine kinase 저해) 및 항산화효력으로 암 예방에 관여하고, 파골세포의 활성을 억제하여 골보유량을 유지시킴으로써 골다공증 예방에 관여하는 것으로 보여진다. This review focuses on the physiological function and bioavailability of isoflavones. Isoflavones, highly present in soy protein, are phytoestrogens which act like a hormone, estrogen by binding to estrogen recepter β(ERβ) due to the similarity in structure. Estrogenic activity of isoflavones provides an alternative to the traditional hormone replacement therapy(HRT) for preventing hormone dependent conditions including cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability is influenced by the type of isoflavone, aglycone species, matrix state of food, interval of isoflavone intake, gut microflora, fiber, etc. The representative isoflavones are daidzein and genistein. Genistein, more effective than daidzein, is likely to provide a beneficial effect on the hormone dependent diseases by regulating the activity of protein tyrosine kinase as a highly specific inhibitor, and by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species as an antioxidant.

A study on effective extraction of isoflavones from soy germ using the electron beam

Park, J.H.,Choi, T.B.,Kim, S.W.,Hur, M.G.,Yang, S.D.,Yu, K.H. Pergamon 2009 Radiation physics and chemistry Vol.78 No.7

Soy germ was irradiated with 2MeV electron beam with different doses ranging from 1 to 20kGy. The amount of isoflavones from irradiated soy germ was compared with those from natural soy germ by extracting with ethanol and methanol. The changed amounts of isoflavones were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with standard calibration curve. Each extract of soy germ was quantified for antioxidant activity with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The amount of isoflavones was found to be increased after electron-beam irradiation. Particularly ethanol extract with 15kGy irradiated soy germ contained the maximum amount of isoflavones. Antioxidant activity of irradiated soy germ was higher than that of natural soy germ.

성장기 쥐에서 이소플라본 첨가수준이 골밀도 및 골함량에 미치는 영향

최미자,정윤정 啓明大學校 生活科學硏究所 2005 科學論集 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of isoflavones supplementation on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing female Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-seven rats were divided into three groups casein diet, casein+1/2IF(1.7 mg isoflavones/g protein)diet, and casein+IF(3.4mg isoflavones/g protein) diet. All rats has been fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) were measured using PIXImus(GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA.) in spine and femur on 9 weeks after feeding. Diet did not affect weight gain and mean food intake. Food efficiency ratio was lower in casein +IF groups. The casein+IF and casein+1/2IF group had significantly higher spine and femur bone mineral density than the casein group. We found that bone mineral density effected by isoflavones supplementation has been resulted differently in accordance with the type of bone. Therefore, isoflavones supplementation may be beneficial on spine and femur BMD increasement in growing female rats.