화장장내 실내공기질 조사

김윤신(Yoon Shin Kim),노영만(Young Man Roh),이철민(Cheol Min Lee),김종철(Jong Cheol Kim),전형진(Hyung Jin Jun),이소담(So Dam Lee),김홍렬(Hong Ryeol Kim),이만규(Man Gyu Lee) 한국실내환경학회 2005 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Nowadays, cremation is becoming generalized and also the frequency of utilization of cremation is increasing in Korea. Futhermore, there is a possibility that indoor air pollution is caused by particles, gas pollutants or microbial pollutants from laying down and cremation of corpses, and also the bereaved family and grievers inside the crematory. Therefore, the major goals in this study were that first, we investigated and analyzed the air quality of particular indoor environments such as the crematory. Second, we assessed the health risk for workers. Finally, we collected and assessed the basic data in special indoor environments because this kind of study had not been performed. We sampled and analyzed PM₁? (heavy metal), VOCS, HCHO, infectious microorganisms to grasp the characteristics of indoor air quality in the crematory through sampling four times from 7th July to 16th October in 2004. Besides, we did personal air sampling of PM₁? (heavy metal) and VOCS to grasp personal exposure of workers from indoor hazardous air pollutants. We conjectured that main sources of pollutants in crematory are cremation, buried corpses, and moving of grievers, also increasing the seriousness of microbial pollutants gathering strength, especially. As we assessed infectious microorganisms of indoor air and executed research for indoor hazardous air pollutants, we want to offer the way of study and policy of management for particular indoor environments like a crematory.

석유정제산업 공정과 공정장비에 기인한 휘발성 유해 대기오염물질(HAPs)의 배출량 산정기법

조완근,권기동,동종인,강경희 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.7

Petroleum refineries have been considered as an important emission source for atmospheric volatile hazardous air pollutants(HAPs). The emission source includes petroleum refinery processes and process equipment. The control strategy for volatile HAPs requires emission estimations of these pollutants. However, systematic methods of volatile HAPs emission from petroleum refineries have not yet been established. Accordingly, present study surveyed the estimation method of volatile HAPs emitted from the petroleum refinery processes and process equipment. The emission estimation methods for the petroleum refinery processes are applied for 11 petroleum refining facilities: fluidized catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, moving bed catalytic cracking, compressed engine, blowdown system, vacuum distilled column condensator, natural gas or distilled boiler, natural gas or distilled heater, oil boiler, oil heater and flare. Four emission estimation methods applied for the petroleum refinery process equipment are as follows: average emission factor approach, screening ranges approach, EPA correlation approach and unit-specific correlation approach. The process equipment for which emission factors are available are valves, pump seals, connectors, flanges and open-ended lines.

특정대기유해물질 관리체계 정비방안

공성용,이민주 한국환경정책평가연구원 2011 기본연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

밸브 및 플랜지의 누출오염원 유해대기오염물질 모니터링방법 개발과 적용

김지훈 ( Jee Hoon Kim ),김동환 ( Dong Hwan Kim ),이석형 ( Seok Hyung Lee ),박노진 ( No Jin Park ),김영수 ( Young Su Kim ),옥곤 ( Gon Ok ),박정민 ( Jung Min Park ),홍지형 ( Ji Hyung Hong ) 한국환경분석학회 2011 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.14 No.4

Blow-through bag method was developed to estimate emission amount of the hazardous air pollutants on the fugitive emission sources. This method has modified the related US-EPA method to improve the detecting accuracy and sampling efficiency for the valves and flanges of the fugitive emission sources. This developed method shortens the sampling time above 48% and improves 60 times of detection limits in comparison with the related US-EPA method. Therefore this method should facilitate more rapid and precise estimation of fugitive emission amount. We figured out fugitive emission and total emission amount and examined its efficiency with this developed method from fugitive emission sources on site. This Blow-though bag method was significantly improved the problems about sampling time and detection limit. Accordingly, the method enabled us to calculate a precise air emission amount of hazardous air pollutants for the industrial fugitive emission sources.

2017년 대기배출사업장의 자가측정 기반 대기오염물질 배출량

이영아,강대일,김영진,김혜리,박정민 한국도시환경학회 2019 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Based on the self-measurement results obtained from chimney outlets, the emissions from 1st to 5th classes of business places corresponding to the point pollution sources were calculated and then, the emission characteristics of dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and specified hazardous air pollutants were analyzed by region and industry. The total amount (including estimates) of each emission from 1st to 5th classes in 2017 showed 38,394 tons of dust, 417,365 tons of nitrogen oxides and 146,294 tons of sulfur oxides. 59.7 % of dust was emitted from the first-class business places, and Jeollanam-do showed the largest dust emission amount (17.3 %) by region. Both nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides were also mostly emitted from the first-class business places (94 % or more), and Chungcheongnam-do appeared the largest emission region (25 % or more). In addition, those of dust, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides mostly generated from the "manufacturing" among the first-sector of Korea Standard Industrial Classification, while more than 97% of sulfur and nitrogen oxides were emitted from those two sectors: "manufacturing" and "electric, gas, steam and water business". As a result of subdividing the manufacturing industry, it could be confirmed that all of those dust, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides showed the largest emission amount from "manufacture of basic metals". In the case of specified hazardous air pollutants, the largest emission amount appeared in the first-class business places as well, and hydrogen chloride took the largest portion among them. Add more, the emission results for all of the other specified hazardous air pollutants showed that about 87.5% of each pollutant average was emitted from the first-class business places. 본 연구에서는 배출구에서 측정된 자가측정 결과값을 기반으로 점오염원에 해당되는 1~5종 사업장의 먼지, 질소산화물, 황산화물, 특정대기유해물질의 배출량을 산정하여 지역별, 업종별 특성을 분석하였다. 2017년 1~5종 사업장의 먼지 배출량(추정포함)은 38,394톤/년, 질소산화물 배출량(추정포함)은 417,365톤/년, 황산화물 배출량(추정포함)은 146,294톤/년으로 산정되었다. 먼지는 1종 사업장에서 59.7%를 배출하였고, 전라남도(17.3%)의 배출이 높은 편이었으며, 질소산화물과 황산화물은1종 사업장에서 대부분(94% 이상) 배출되고 있었고, 충청남도(25% 이상)에서 가장 높게 배출되었다. 한국표준산업분류 1차분류 업종 중 먼지, 질소산화물, 황산화물 모두 제조업에서 배출 비중이 높았으며, 황산화물과 질소산화물은 “제조업”과 “전기, 가스, 증기 및 수도사업”의 두 업종에서 97%가 넘는 배출량이 발생되는 것으로 확인되었다. “제조업”을 세분화하여 확인한 결과 먼지, 질소산화물, 황산화물 모두 “1차 금속 제조업”에서 가장 많이 배출하는 것으로 확인되었다. 특정대기유해물질을 가장 많이 배출하는 사업장은 1종 사업장이며, 그 중 염화수소를 가장 많이 배출하고 있었고, 나머지 특정대기유해물질 모두 1종 사업장에서 평균 87.5%를 배출하는 것으로 나타났다.

Hazardous Air Pollutants Emission Characteristics from Cement Kilns Co-burning Wastes

Deepak Pudasainee,Jeong Hun Kim,Sang Hyeob Lee,Sung Jin Cho,Geum Ju Song,Yong Chil Seo 대한환경공학회 2009 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.14 No.4

Emission characteristics of air pollutants from three commercially operating cement kilns co-burning waste were investigated. The major heavy metals emitted were mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) Removal efficiency of the bag filter was above 98.5% for heavy metals (except Hg), and above 60% for Hg. Higher fractions of heavy metals entering the bag filter were speciated to cement kiln dust. On average, 3.3% of the -heavy metals of medium and low toxicity (Pb, Ni, and Cr) entering the bag filter were released into the atmosphere. Among highly toxic heavy metals, 0.14% of Cd, 0.01% of As, and 40% of Hg entering the bag filter were released into the atmosphere. In passing through the bag filter, the proportion of oxidized Hg in all cases increased. Emission variations of hazardous air pollutants in cement kilns tested were related to raw materials, fuel, waste feed and operating conditions. Volatile organic compounds detected in gas emissions were toluene, acrylonitrile benzene, styrene, 1,3-butadiene, and methylene chloride. Although hazardous air pollutants in emissions from cement kilns co-burning waste were within the existing emission limit, efforts are required to minimize their levels.

학교 교실내 실내유해오염물질 분포 특성

전준민(Jun Mln Jeon),정만호(Man Ho Jeong),이학성(Hak Sung Lee),강병욱(Byung-Wook Kang) 한국실내환경학회 2010 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The objective of this study was to estimate distribution of hazardous air pollutants and volatile organic compoullds at diverse indoor areas in school ‘ The indoor air samples were collected at 19 school in three different areas of southern Korea region from September to October 2009. The concentrations of PM-10 and formaldehyde in all sampling sites were below indoor air quality guideline of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. The C02 level and T8C (total bacteria count) were higher than the guideline for 4 sites and 12 sites, respectively. The concentration of TVOC for 23 sites exceeded the guideline. Also, TVOC level of metropolitan sampling sites were somewhat higher than small and medium-size city sampling sites. The concentration of indoor air pollutants affected by various conditions such as season, region, and indoor/outdoor ellvirollment. This study result shows that concentration of several pollutants such as C02, T8C, and TVOC were higher than the guideline for some sampling sites. Therefore, it is necessary to manage indoor air quality and establish effective emission reduction strategies regard for characteristics of each school.

공단지역 유해대기오염물질에 대한 인체위해도 평가에 관한 연구

박태술,전준민,김윤신,최원욱 漢陽大學校 環境 및 産業醫學硏究所 1998 環境과 産業醫學 Vol.7 No.1

This study estimated health risk of hazardous air pollutants(HAP) in probability analysis for Yeochon industrial complex. Through a technique known as Monte-Carlo simulation, Risk analysis program is Crystal Ball (version 4.0) that forecasts the entire range of results possible for a given situation and the likelihood of any specific event taking place. Heavy metals had been collected from May, 1996 to March, 1997 by PM-10 High-Volume Air Sampler and analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry). VOCs had been collected from April, 1996 to March, 1997 by SUMMA Air Sampling Container and analyzed by GC (Gas Chromatograph). The risk assessment was performed 4-step process (hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, risk characterization) In the hazard identification process, As Cr+6 and Benzene were categorized as human carcinogen (Group A). 1,3-Butadiene, Be, Cd and Pb were chosen as probable human carcinogenic (Group B). Cu, Mn, Zn, Toluene, m-xylene, o-xylene and p-xylene were grouped as not classifiable as to human carcinogen (Group D). For not classification, Ba, V and Styrene were selected. In the environmental exposure assessment, heavy metals and VoCs were observed in the following oder : (heavy metals) spring > winter > fall > summer, (VOCs) spring > summer > fall > winter. probability density function(PDF) for HAP of 17 species showed Lognormal distribution type In risk characterization, 5th∼95th percentiles of cancer risk for male was 1.73×10-5∼9.47×10-4 and 5th∼95th percentiles of cancer risk of female was 1.96×10-5 ∼ 1.07×10-3. 5th∼95th percentiles of hazard index for male was 0.14 ∼ 0.3 and 5th∼95th percentiles of hazard index for male was 0.17 ∼ 0.38. For all receptors(male & female), cancer risk was higher than 10-5 and hazard index was less than 1. As a results of sensitivity analysis, cancer risk was influenced highly by 1,3-Butadiene(99%) and Benzene(70%), and hazard index was influenced highly by Ba(72%) and Mn(42%). As a results of the above study, We require hastily that through regulation and management for HAPs (especially, VOCs like 1,3-Butadiene and Benzene) in the Yeochon industrial area and development of accurate probability density function(PDF) for many parameters used to calculate health risk.

Ecotoxicity Estimation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emitted from Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes Utilizing QSAR

Park, Hyung-Geun,Yeo, Min-Kyeong Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.12

This study aims to assess the ecological risk of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea by using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR, EPA, US, EPI $Suite^{TM}$ 4.1). Owing to the absence of environmental standards of hazardous air pollutants in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea, 18 HAPs in the semiconductor field included in both the US EPA NESHAPs and the hazardous air pollutant list of Ministry of Environment in Korea were selected. As a results 8 chemicals (44.4%) of the selected 18 HAPs were VOCs. Cyanides (cyanides) and ethylene oxides (epoxy resins), and tetrachloro-ethylene (aliphatic compounds, halides) showed long half-lives. Cyanide HAPs especially had the highest half-life with the estimated value of 356.533 days. Nickel compounds (heavy metal compounds) possessed the highest water solubility followed by acetaldehyde (aldehyde compounds), ethylene oxides, and 1,4-dioxanes. The halides, including tetrachloro-ethylenes, carbon tetra-chlorides, benzene (aromatic compounds), and lead (heavy metals), are estimated to take the longest time for biodegradation. Tetrachloroethylene, with the acute toxicity end point of 3.685-7.033 mg/L, was assessed to be the most highly toxic substance among the 18 HAPs. However, considering the absence of the HAPs in the common category of log $K_{ow}{\geq}4$and $BCF{\geq}500$, which indicates the standard of bioconcentration potentials, potentials of the bioconcentration are considered to be low.

Ecotoxicity Estimation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Emitted from Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes Utilizing QSAR

Hyung-Geun Park,여민경 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.12

This study aims to assess the ecological risk of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea by using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR, EPA, US, EPI SuiteTM 4.1). Owing to the absence of environmental standards of hazardous air pollutants in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea, 18 HAPs in the semiconductor field included in both the US EPA NESHAPs and the hazardous air pollutant list of Ministry of Environment in Korea were selected. As a results 8 chemicals (44.4%) of the selected 18 HAPs were VOCs. Cyanides (cyanides) and ethylene oxides (epoxy resins), and tetrachloro-ethylene (aliphatic compounds, halides) showed long half-lives. Cyanide HAPs especially had the highest half-life with the estimated value of 356.533 days. Nickel compounds (heavy metal compounds) possessed the highest water solubility followed by acetaldehyde (aldehyde compounds), ethylene oxides, and 1,4-dioxanes. The halides, including tetrachloro-ethylenes, carbon tetra-chlorides, benzene (aromatic compounds), and lead (heavy metals), are estimated to take the longest time for biodegradation. Tetrachloroethylene, with the acute toxicity end point of 3.685-7.033 mg/L, was assessed to be the most highly toxic substance among the 18 HAPs. However, considering the absence of the HAPs in the common category of log Kow ≥ 4 and BCF ≥ 500, which indicates the standard of bioconcentration potentials, potentials of the bioconcentration are considered to be low.