Physical and Mental Health of Disaster Victims: A Comparative Study on Typhoon and Oil Spill Disasters

정순둘,김은정 대한예방의학회 2010 예방의학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and mental health status of disaster victims according to disaster types, such as a typhoon disaster and an oil spill disaster, and to suggest adequate health care services for them. Methods: A total of 484 people who suffered disasters were selected for this study, and data were collected from July to August, 2008. The data-set for this study included 286 victims of typhoon disasters in Jeju and Jeollanamdo district in South Korea, and 198 victims of the oil spill disaster in Taean. Physical health status was measured using revised Patient Health Questionnaire and mental health status was measured using the Korean version of ‘Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale’. Results: According to the comparative analyses of typhoon disaster victims and oil spill disaster victims, poorer physical health outcomes were shown among the oil spill disaster victims when compared to the typhoon disaster victims. Also, the oil spill disaster victims showed symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, at rates higher than those found among the typhoon disaster victims. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is a need to provide adequate physical and mental health-related care services for oil spill disaster victims. The seriousness of oil spill disaster should be realized and reconsidered in developing recovery strategies and disaster preparedness for physical and mental health services.

Physical and Mental Health of Disaster Victims: A Comparative Study on Typhoon and Oil Spill Disasters

Chung, Soon-Dool,Kim, Eun-Jeong The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2010 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.43 No.5

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and mental health status of disaster victims according to disaster types, such as a typhoon disaster and an oil spill disaster, and to suggest adequate health care services for them. Methods: A total of 484 people who suffered disasters were selected for this study, and data were collected from July to August, 2008. The data-set for this study included 286 victims of typhoon disasters in Jeju and Jeollanamdo district in South Korea, and 198 victims of the oil spill disaster in Taean. Physical health status was measured using revised Patient Health Questionnaire and mental health status was measured using the Korean version of 'Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale'. Results: According to the comparative analyses of typhoon disaster victims and oil spill disaster victims, poorer physical health outcomes were shown among the oil spill disaster victims when compared to the typhoon disaster victims. Also, the oil spill disaster victims showed symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, at rates higher than those found among the typhoon disaster victims. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is a need to provide adequate physical and mental health-related care services for oil spill disaster victims. The seriousness of oil spill disaster should be realized and reconsidered in developing recovery strategies and disaster preparedness for physical and mental health services.

이태원 참사 159번째 희생자의 자살에 대한 사회학적 심리부검: 재난참사 피해자의 재희생자화를 중심으로

김치홍,김명희 한국사회학회 2024 韓國社會學 Vol.58 No.3

이 연구는 이태원 참사 159번째 희생자의 자살 과정을 재난 참사 피해자학의 관점에서 검토하고자 하였다. 참사 이후의 고통에 대한 의료화된 접근 방식은 개인적 질환이나 증상에 초점을 두어 재난참사피해자가 위치한 사회적 조건과 인권침해 경험을 간과한다는 한계를 보인다. 그 결과 이태원 참사159번째 희생자의 자살은 심리치료를 받지 않아 초래된 개인의 책임으로 왜곡되고 폄하되었다. 따라서 이 연구는 ‘참사 후 자살자’를 재난참사 피해자의 한 유형으로 새롭게 의제화하고, 질적 사례연구방법에 기반해 159번째 희생자의 서사와 자살 과정을 복원해 보이고자 하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 첫째, DSM-5에 이르러 PTSD의 한 증상군으로 편입된 생존자 죄책감은 관계적이고, 도덕적이며, 인지적인차원을 갖는 사회적 고통의 한 형태임을 드러내 보여준다. 둘째, 159번째 희생자의 자살은 사건의 진실에 대한 국가의 조직적 부인과 피해자를 향한 사회적 낙인에 의해 생존자 죄책감이 가중된 결과이며, 중층적이고 복합적인 인권침해 과정의 결과다. 결론적으로 159번째 희생자의 자살의 발생과정은재난참사 피해자의 ‘재희생자화’가 진행되는 메커니즘과 루트를 보여주면서, 인권에 기반한 재난 접근의 당위성과 타당성을 입증하고 있다. This study examines the suicide process of the 159th victim following the Itaewon disaster from the perspective of disaster victim studies. The medicalized approach to the suffering after the disaster, which focuses on individual illnesses or symptoms, has limitations in overlooking the social conditions and human rights violations experienced by disaster victims. As a result, the suicide of the 159th victim of the Itaewon disaster was distorted and reduced to the individual’s responsibility for not receiving psychological treatment. Therefore, this study newly brought attention to the “post-disaster suicide victim” as a type of disaster victim and, based on a qualitative case study method, sought to restore the narrative and suicide process of the 159th victim. The main findings of this study are as follows: First, the survivor’s guilt, recognized as a symptom cluster of PTSD in the DSM-5, manifests as a form of social suffering with relational, moral, and cognitive dimensions from the sociological perspective. Second, the suicide of the 159th victim was the result of the state’s organizational denial of the truth of the incident and the increased survivor’s guilt due to the social stigma against the victims, as well as the outcome of a multilayered and complex process of human rights violations. In conclusion, the generative process of the 159th victim’s suicide demonstrates the mechanism and route of the “revictimization” of disaster victims, thereby proving the necessity and validity of a human rights-based approach to disasters.

재난피해자 외상 후 스트레스 영향요인 탐색

남동엽,임혜선,박상현 한국안전학회 2021 한국안전학회지 Vol.36 No.6

In this study, the factors affecting the psychological damage of disaster victims were explored using the “Long-term survey on the change of life of Disaster victim” data constructed by the National Disaster Management Research Institute. The obtained results were utilized to suggest a recovery plan for psychological damage caused by disasters. The data used for the analysis included the survey data of disaster victims who consecutively participated in the survey in 2019 and 2018. To examine the factors that affected the post-traumatic stress level experienced by the disaster victims at the time of the survey, after controlling the post-traumatic stress level in the patients in 2018, factors affecting the post-traumatic stress level in 2019 were explored. The independent variables included age, gender, years after disaster, perceived scale of damage, resilience, social support, and community resilience. Further, the effects of the variables was examined using stepwise regression analysis. The analysis result revealed that the effect of these variables was in the order of resilience, community resilience, age, perceived scale of damage, and year after disaster. In addition, gender and social support level were excluded from the regression model. The result indicates that the symptoms of post-traumatic stress reduce with an increase in the resilience of the victims and the community resilience. In contrast, post-traumatic stress symptoms were enhanced with an increase in age and perceived scale of damage. Therefore, to reduce the consequence of psychological damage caused by disasters in the future, it is essential to develop an approach that can increase the resilience of disaster victims and enhance the resilience of the community to disaster. In addition, it is necessary to approach disaster psychological recovery support from a long-term perspective based on the age and damage scale. -

재난재해 지역 난민들을 위한 구호물품 디자인 연구

남미경(Nam, Mee Kyung) 한국디자인문화학회 2016 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.22 No.4

본 논문은 향후 난민들의 물리적 · 정신적 치유와 회복에 현실적 도움이 될 수 있는 구호물품 디자인의 개발과 디자인의 사회적 역할을 도모하기 위한 이론적이고 체계적인 학술 자료를 제공하고자 연구되어졌다. 연구범위는 재난재해의 개념에 대한 이론적 고찰과 전략과 체제를 포함한 국내 재난관리 대책, 난민을 위한 구호물품 디자인 사례 분석, 그리고 구호물품 디자인 개발과 발전을 위한 실제적 방안과 디자인의 역할제안을 논하며 결론에 이르고 있다. 연구방법은 인터넷을 이용한 국내외 정보 D/B 및 네트워크 검색, 논문과 단행본을 포함한 도서 · 출판물 등 문헌조사를 통한 고찰 및 분석이 중심이 되었다. 연구의 내용과 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자연재난(Natural Disaster), 인적재난(Manmade Disaster), 해외재난(International Disaster)으로 재난재해 유형을 분류할 수 있다. 둘째, 재난재해(Disaster)는 ‘국민의 생명 · 신체 및 재산과 국가에 피해를 주거나 줄 수 있는 것과, 그 결과로서 발생하는 인명상해나 재산손해 및 환경훼손’으로 개념을 정립 할 수 있다. 셋째, 국내 재난관리의 기본 방향은 ‘안심하고 살 수 있는 안전한 나라’의 목표 달성을 위해 안전문화, 생활안전, 기업안전, 국가기반체계, 재난관리체계 등 5대 요소를 기반으로 하고 있다. 넷째, 전쟁이나 자연 · 인적 · 해외 재난재해 등으로 곤경에 빠진 사람 모두를 포괄적 개념의 ‘난민(難民, Victims · Refugees on Disaster Zone)’으로 분류하고, 미국 벅 민스터 풀러(Buckminster Fuller)의 1970년대 ‘난민들을 위한 구호천막’, 일본 시게루 반(Shigeru Ban)의 ‘재난 대처를 위한 생태친화적 건축 프로젝트’ 등이 사례로 분석 되어졌다. 다섯째, 재난재해 지역에서의 구조와 구출이 완료된 후 인간으로서의 존엄성(Dignity)을 지키며 정신적 · 물리적 트라우마에서의 치유와 회복에 도움을 줄 수 있는 효율적이고 지혜로운 디자인 접근방식이 난민을 위한 구호물품 디자인의 역할이 될 수 있음을 제안하고 있다. 본 연구가 재난재해 지역 난민을 위한 구호물품 디자인 개발과 향후 디자인의 사회적 역할 확대를 위한 이론적 · 체계적 분석 자료로 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다. This article is designed to offer theoretical data and definite analysis materials for extensive development of relief supplies design to provide a practical help for mental and physical healing and restoration of victims · refugees on disaster zone and to promote a social role through design activity by discussing with its advanced perspective. Main scopes of this article are formed with a theoretical study on a concept of disaster, and classification of a domestic disaster control measures including strategy and system, cases of relief supplies design for victims · refugees on disaster zone, and finally come to the conclusion through a considering about social role of design with efficient plan and prospect for developing relief supplies design. The main method of this article is to review and analyze the data from internet D/B in domestic and abroad, and variety of literatures including thesis, books, periodicals and the other publications. The summary of contents and results of this article are as below. First, types of disaster could be classified with natural disaster, manmade disaster, and international disaster. Second, disaster would be conceptualized as ‘something could make a damage to life⋅physical body and property of people and country, and the resulting risks as a personal injury, property loss, and environmental damages’. Third, a basic direction of national disaster management is built on 5 elements with a safety culture, public safety, company safety, national critical infrastructures, and disaster management system for achieving target ‘safe country to live with an easy mind’. Fourth, ‘victims⋅refugees on disaster zone’ is explained as an inclusive meaning as people who are in a predicament by war, natural disaster, manmade disaster, and international disaster. ‘Relief shelter’ by Buckminster Fuller, USA in 1970s, and ‘eco-friendly architecture project for responding to a disaster’ by Shigeru Ban, Japan cases are analyzed and explained as good cases of relief supplies design. Fifth, an efficient and wise design approach to provide a practical help for mental and physical healing and restoration of victims⋅refugees on disaster zone with keeping human dignity after rescue and save people was suggested as a role of relief supplies design. It was expected that this paper would be utilized as theoretical⋅systematic data for developing relief supplies design for victims⋅refugees on disaster zone, and expanding its social role by design activity in the future.

성인지적 관점을 고려한 재난안전관리 정책 수립의 필요성

정건희(Chung, Gunhui) 한국방재학회 2017 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.17 No.4

As the international effort on the disaster risk reduction, Sandai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 included gender sensitive disaster risk reduction method as one of the methods to enhance the disaster preparedness with the consideration of age, disability, and cultural perspective. The damage records from disaster in South Korea were published in ｢Statistical Yearbook of Natural Disaster｣ and ｢Statistical Yearbook of Manmade Disaster｣. However, gender sensitivity has not been considered in the disaster and safety management although the necessity of the gender sensitive policy was asserted for a long time. In this study, the historical victims caused by Sewol ferry accident were investigated and sex of the victims were analyzed. As a result, the percentage of female victims was higher than male. This is caused because the female victims over 20s was higher than male victims. The teenagers have to be considered as the disaster vulnerable people. However, the results was derived from the limited number of data. To improve the quality of the analysis, the disaster data have to be collected in the gender perspective. 재난 피해 저감을 위한 국제적인 노력 중 하나인 Sandai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030에서는 나이, 장애여부, 문화적인 차이에 따른 재난 피해 저감 방안과 함께 성인지적 관점도 고려해야한다고 언급하였다. 우리나라에서는 매년 ｢재해연보｣와 ｢재난연감｣에 재난 유형별 인명피해와 재산피해 등을 정리하여 발행하고 있다. 그러나 재난안전관리 정책에 성인지적 관점이 고려되어야 할 필요성이 지속적으로 제기되고 있는 상황과는 달리 재난 통계는 성인지적 관점을 고려하여 작성되지않고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 재난 및 안전관리 정책에 성인지적 관점이 도입되어야 할 필요성을 제기하기 위해 우리나라에서 발생했던 최근 세월호 사고의 피해자에 대한 성별분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 세월호 사고의 희생자 중 여성 희생자의 비율이 상대적으로 높았으며, 이는 연령별로 구분하여 분석한 결과 20대 이상에서 여성 희생자의 비율이 높았기 때문인것으로 나타났다. 다만, 10대 이하에 대한 재난 관리는 성인지적 관점에서 성별분석을 실시하는 것 보다 재난약자의 관점에서 다루어져야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 이 연구 결과는 제한된 자료에 기반하고 있으며, 보다 꾸준한 통계 결과를 이용한 분석이 필요하지만, 현재는 정확한 성별통계가 작성되지 않고 있으므로, 재난안전관리의 통계에 대한 신뢰도 제고가 선행되어야하는 상황임도 지적하였다.

한국의 이재민 구호와 재해의연금 지원 체계 개선 방향

이재은(Jae Eun Lee) 한국국정관리학회 2008 현대사회와 행정 Vol.18 No.3

이 연구는 수요자 관점에서 이재민 구호를 위한 재해의연금 지원 체계의 개선 방향을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 미국과 일본의 재해의연금 지원체계를 비교 연구하였다. 비교 연구를 위한 기준으로 의연금의 지원 방식 및 사업 프로그램, 의연금 지급의 고려 요인, 의연금 배분 기준, 의연금 배분 조직의 구성 및 운영, 의연금 지급 기관, 의연금 기금 제도 등을 설정하였다. 이들 내용을 중심으로 미국과 일본의 사례를 분석해 본 결과, 우리나라 재해의연금 지원 체계의 개선방향을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 의연금 배분의 합리적 지원을 위해서는 인명피해를 기준으로 한 배분 기준의 마련, 주택피해를 기준으로한 배분 기준의 마련, 의연금 지급의 효율성과 신속성의 충족, 지정기탁 의연금의 허용 등이 있다. 둘째, 의연금의 직접 지원과 관련된 효율화 방안으로는 의연금 직접 지원액의 하한선 설정, 생활 재건 자금의 장기 분할 지급 및 지급 방식의 다양화, 주택 소유자와 세입자에 따른 이재민 위로금 지급 차등화 폐지, 생계 지원을 위한 의연금 지급, 의연금 지원 대상의 확대 필요 등이 있다. 셋째, 간접지원과 관련된 방안으로는 이재민에 대한 의료서비스 지원 사업, 장기 자원봉사 단체 지원 사업, 정상생활 복귀 프로그램 사업 등이 있다. There are lots of disaster victims after large natural disasters in all countries. They have picked up a scant living and have lived a lonely life without any other people's interests and supports. So, the purpose of this paper is to search the directions for improving the support system of disaster relief donations. To accomplish the purpose of this article, this paper compared other's countries' disaster relief donations system and took out implications from the U.S.A. and Japan. The major findings and implications are as follows. First, it is necessary to establish the rational support standards of the donations for the disaster victims. In the second category of direct support system, there are some alternatives as such, setting up the minimum support money, long-term and various support for the disaster victims, removing the differential consolation money, support the disaster relief donations for living costs, enlarge the support for alien disaster victims, promoting the efficiency of helping methods and procedures. Third, we recommended the some good demander-centered indirected support alternatives, such as medical service, supporting the volunteer organizations for disaster victims, establishing the recovery program of the disaster victims, securing and maintaining the specialty of helping the victims and building up the human resources management system, and dispatching the helpers to the disaster victims, etc.

재난 피해자들의 인권침해 경험 연구:인권에 기반 한 접근에 근거해 2000년 이후 사회재난을 중심으로

유해정 전남대학교 5.18연구소 2020 민주주의와 인권 Vol.20 No.2

The study aims to promote a transition in the disaster victims policies by the means of incorporating the human rights views into disasters. To achieve the objective, the paper investigates. within the context of human rights, the experiences of disaster victims of the following three social disasters; Daegu subway fire, Chucheon landslide disaster that victimized volunteering students, and Taean marine corps camp disaster. They occurred between 2000 and before the Sewol ferry disaster in 2014, that is, during a development phase in the national disaster control system. The analysis was performed by firstly establishing, on the ground of the human rights-based approach, ten principles related to victim's human rights during the responding to and recovery from disasters, and then by categorizing them into a list of 46 types of right. The results show that regardless of the uniqueness of each disaster, the victims experienced similar and profound violations of human rights over the entire process from the point when the disaster occurred, when people gathered at the accident site, when victims gathered and fire broke out, and when investigation of the truth was going on, all the way to the point when the healing and recovery process was proceeding. The findings of the research reveal that it is required to turn the existing support to disaster victims, which is based on benefits and necessity, into the view point of human rights, and to formulate policies that are geared towards restoring and protecting the victims' human rights throughout the entire process of a disaster, and in the afterwards phase of a disaster, in particular.

재난피해자 보호·지원 법제 개선방안

황태정(HWANG, Tae-Jeong) 한국피해자학회 2021 被害者學硏究 Vol.29 No.2

국가의 국민보호라는 이념적 가치를 담보하기 위해서는 국민의 생명·신체·재산에 대한다양한 형태의 위협을 예방하고, 이미 발생한 피해를 복구하기 위한 사전적·사후적 조치의법제화가 필요하다. 우리 헌법은 범죄피해자의 구조청구권 등 범죄피해를 전제로 한 규정과함께, 국민의 인간다운 생활을 할 권리 및 국가의 재해예방과 국민보호를 위한 노력의무를 규정함으로써 재난·재해피해로부터의 국민보호 또한 국가의 책무 중 하나로 규정하고 있다. 재난으로 인한 피해는 사회적·개인적 차원에서 큰 영향을 미치게 되는데, 재난에 대한기존의 대응체계는 주로 재난 현장의 인명구조, 파괴된 시설의 복구 등 외형적 회복을 중심으로 꾸려져 왔고, 진정한 의미에서 피해자가 재난 이전의 상태로 돌아가는 이른바 ‘회복적재난대응’을 기대하기는 어려운 것이 현실이었다. 그러나 재난의 성공적 극복을 위해서는 사회적·물질적 인프라의 회복 못지않게 재난피해자의 개인적·정신적 회복이 중요하다고 할것이며, 재난피해자의 회복은 물질적·경제적 지원을 넘어 피해자의 정서적 회복을 추구하는 방향으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이러한 문제의식에서 이 연구는 재난의 극복 과정에서 ‘피해자중심적 재난대응’의 이념이입법적으로 어떻게 구현되어야 하는지를 연구의 목적으로 설정하고, 이를 위해 현행법상 다양한 재난 관련 입법을 재난피해지원의 관점에서 분석·검토한 후, 이를 토대로 향후 재난피해지원 관련 법률의 입법적 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. In order to ensure the ideological value of protecting the nation s people, it is necessary to legislate various measures to prevent threats to people s life, body, and property and to restore damage that has already occurred. In addition to the crime victims’ right to claim damages to the country, the Korean Constitution stipulates the right of the people to live humanly and the duty of the nation to prevent disasters and protect the people. The damage caused by disasters will have a significant social and personal impact. However, the existing disaster response system has been centered mainly on the recovery of lives on the site of disaster and the restoration of destroyed areas and facilities, and it was difficult to expect so-called ‘restorative disaster response’ in a true sense. In order to overcome disasters successfully, the personal and mental recovery of the disaster victims is as important as the recovery of the social and material infrastructure. Therefore, the recovery of the disaster victims should go beyond the material support and pursue the emotional recovery of the victims. In this sense of problem, the study aimed at how the ideology of ‘victim-centered disaster response’ should be implemented legislatively. To this end, this study analyzed and reviewed various disaster-related legislation under the current law from the perspective of disaster damage support and tried to present legislative improvements to future disaster damage support laws.

재난관리서비스에 대한 수요자의 반응분석 : 근거이론적 접근

유현정(Hyun-Jung Yoo),이재은(Jae-Eun Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.9 No.5

재난 현장에는 많은 재난관리 활동가들이 참여하며, 각자의 위치에서 최선의 결과를 위해 노력한다. 이들은 재난현장을 복구하고, 앞으로 같은 재난이 반복되지 않도록 예방하며, 재난으로부터 피해를 입은 이재민들을 치유하고 보호하기 위해 활동한다. 이러한 다양한 역할과 노력의 궁극적인 목적은 재난의 중심에 있는 이재민들이 재난 발생 이전의 정상적인 삶의 상태로 돌아갈 수 있도록 물적?인적 지원을 하는 것이라 볼 수 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 재난관리서비스는 다분히 공급자 중심의 관점에서 제공되었으며, 때문에 많은 노력에도 불구하고 이재민들이 진정으로 원하는 것이 무엇인지 이해하지 못하고 이재민의 요구를 반영하는데 실패하였다. 본 연구에서는 근거이론적 접근을 통해 현 재난관리서비스의 문제점을 이재민 관점에서 분석하고 이재민들이 희망하는 해결방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 184개의 개념 및 28개의 하위범주, 그리고 9개의 범주가 도출되었는데 “재난을 부르는 복구”와 “재난 현장의 고통”이 중심범주로 나타났다. Many disaster management actors participate in the disaster sites and they do their best for the best result in their given position. They recover the disaster-stricken area, endeavor to prevent the disaster's relapse, and to rescue and protect the disaster victims. Ultimately, the purpose of their role and effort is to support a physical aid as well as material aid for that disaster victims can return their living condition to the original one before the disaster. However, the disaster management services have been provided in the supplier's view till now. Subsequently, despite significant efforts, providers have failed to comprehend what would be the victim's demand and how to reflect that in the disaster management service. In this paper, we approached and analyzed the recent disaster management service in the way of grounded theory, and endeavored to find the solution which disaster victims preferred. As a result of analysis, we found 184 concepts, 28 sub-categories, and 9 categories which could explain the victims' desired solution. We found that an imperfect restoration which causes disaster and pain of the disaster field would be main categories among them.