김춘수와 도스토예프스키 (2)

김유중(Kim, You-joong) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.134

This article aims to comprehend in depth the structure and characteristics of the dialogical relationship shown in Kim Chun-su’s Deulim, Dostoevsky. In the poems, Kim Chun-su used negative expressions related to ‘father’. This seems to be related to Kim’s negative reaction to paternal power. While trying to get away from this paternal power, however, Kim faces unexpected difficulties. It is because paternal power controls reality. Kim Chun-su’s poetry was the product of his dilemma between these extremes. More specifically, it was anxiety and conflicts he suffered between the existential request of eliminating paternal power and the perception of reality in which fulfilling such a request was impossible. In the process of dealing with his dilemma, the poet Kim Chun-su focused on Dostoevsky’s novels, which paid close attention to similar problems. He tried to bring out the existence of innumerable inner-others from his ego by the voices of the characters in Dostoevsky’s novels. In the poems, the poet is talking about others and listening to others’ confusing and disorderly utterances. Furthermore, it is the act of accepting others’ utterances and understanding their situations. In short, this process was a way to understand and forgive others, who could not reveal their inner truth in an organized form by themselves. Therefore, it is the process of transforming something meaningless into meaningful. If psychoanalysis is defined as a process of making a dialogue with inner-others, it is possible to say that Kim Chun-su shows this attitude in his poetry.

하이데거 시 이해의 관점에서 본 김수영 문학의 근본 목표

김유중 ( Kim You-joong ) 한국하이데거학회 2009 존재론 연구 Vol.19 No.-

시란 언어 예술의 일종이다. 그러나 이때 언어 예술이라는 말이 누구에게나 동일한 의미를 지니는 것은 아니다. 김수영 문학을 이해하는 길은 그가 언어 예술로서의 시를 과연 어떤 각도에서 이해하고 바라보았는지를 냉철하게 따져보는 데서부터 시작되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 이러한 문제의식은 그가 왜 하이데거의 언어관과 예술론에 흥미를 느끼게 되었는지를 우리에게 알려주는 지름길이라 할 것이다. 김수영의 시작 활동은 그가 시를 어떤 방식으로 이해하였는가 하는 점과 밀접한 상관성을 지닌다. 일반인들의 경우와 마찬가지로 그 역시 시를 언어 예술의 일종으로 이해하였다는 점에 대해서는 별 차이가 없다. 그러나 이때 ‘언어’와 ‘예술’을 바라보는 그의 시각은 일반인의 경우와 상당한 차이를 보인다는 점에 유의할 필요가 있다. 먼저 언어 문제에 대해 살펴본다면, 일반적인 경우 우리는 시어를 일상어의 언어 사용의 특수한 형태로 이해한다. 다시 말해서 일상어가 먼저고 시어는 그것으로부터 파생된 예외적인 경우라고 생각하는 것이다. 그러나 김수영은 시어와 일상어의 관계를 둘러싼 이와 같은 전통적인 이해에 대해 의문을 제기한다. 그의 판단에 따르면 일상어에 앞서 시어가 좀더 본질적인 언어이며, 도리어 일상어가 시어로부터 파생된 예외적인 경우에 해당된다는 것이다. 이러한 그의 태도는 하이데거의 언어관과 상당 부분 일치한다. 둘째로 예술 면에서 본다면, 김수영에게 있어 예술 일반의 보편적인 가치 규범으로서의 미학적 가치 기준은 별 의미가 없다. 그가 바라는 시작이란 기존의 미학적 이념과 그것의 가치 기준을 충실히 따르는 작업과는 거리가 멀다. 오히려 사물과 세계의 본질 자체에 내재하는 새로운 가치를 발견하는 작업, 즉 기존의 획일적인 미적 가치 기준에 의해서가 아닌 존재의 진리 (진)와 양심 (선)까지를 포함한 보다 근원적인 가치 개념에 의해 정립되어야 할 과제인 것이다. 이러한 그의 해석 또한 하이데거적인 사유 방식과 일치하는 것으로 판단될 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 관점에서 본다면 김수영이 언어 예술로서의 시를 이해하는 방식은 일반인들의 경우, 기성 시인이나 문학자들의 경우와는 썩 다르다는 것을 알 수 있다. 요컨대 김수영 식의 사고방식은 전통적인 시인이나 문학 연구자들의 입장에서 본다면 받아들이기 어려운 것이다. 그에 대한 학계의 평가가 엇갈리는 것은 이런 이유 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 그가 기존의 자동화된 방식으로 시작 활동과 그 과정을 이해하는 데서 벗어나, 새로이〈시란 무엇인가〉라는 점과 관련된 근원적인 의문을 제기하고, 이것에 다가서기 위해 노력한 점에 대해서는 충분히 인정해줄 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 아울러 이러한 그의 모색과 노력은 오늘날 우리 시대의 많은 시인과 문학 연구자들이 이러한 근원적인, 본질적인 문제에 대해 깊이 있게 생각해보지 않고 문학 활동을 하는 것에 대해 반성을 촉구한 것이라는 점에서 그 의의를 발견할 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. Poetry is a kind of language art. Language art, however, this word is not to stand the same meaning for everyone. The right way to approach Kim’s literature is related to understand what he took poetry. And this point is also related to why he takes an interest in Heidegger’s language and art theory. Kim’s literary activities and his way to understand poetry are correlated. Undoubtedly, he takes poetry as a kind of language art, like common people. But this time, his viewpoint of ‘language’ and ‘art’ is far away from theirs. First, about the language problem, generally we accept the poetic use of language is special case which come from the ordinary use of language. But Kim doubt this common sense, and besides, he asserts that the poetic use of language is essential one. This his view considerably agree with Heidegger’s language theory. Second, about the art problem, aesthetic standard of value as universal art standard of value is not important to Kim. Because his ideal type poetic activity is far from faithful following established aesthetic standard of value. On the contrary, it is very important to him such as like work which find new value from the essence of things and world itself, not by established and unified aesthetic standard of value, but by more essential standard of value which includes the truth and the conscience of existence. This view is overlap with Heidegger’s too. From this viewpoint, the way by which Kim understands poetry as language art is far away from the one that common people or other poets understand at that time. In brief, Kim’s this viewpoint is hard to understand to others. The adverse criticism on his literature is partially due to this fact. But we must justly appreciate him as his true worth. For he focused upon the fundamental question, “What is poetry?”, and constantly tries to get that answer. Together like this his evening twilight and effort there makes be a depth about the problem which essential are original today our time many poets and researcher literature are like this, is and thought does not try and not to be is thought will be able to discover the questionable matter from the point to urge literary activity a reflection about doing. Today, these efforts are very important, for many poets and literary scholars of our time who do not think deep about these fundamental issues, Kim provides the opportunity of self reflection to them.

군부대 병사들의 자아상태와 인생태도가 군 복무 적응에 미치는 영향

김영호(Young Ho, Kim),문유정(You Jeong, Moon) 한국교류분석상담학회 2021 교류분석상담연구 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 현역 군 장병들의 자아상태와 인생태도 특성을 파악하고 군 복무 적응에 대한 자아상태와 인생태도의 영향력을 밝혀내는 것이다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 군부대 육군병사 307명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 그리고 SPSS 18.0을 활용하여 기술통계 분석, 상관관계 분석, 일원배치 분산분석과 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 조사대상자의 자아상태는 NP가 정점에 있는 산 모습(Mountain Pattern)을 나타내었다. 둘째, 조사대상자의 인생태도는 자기긍정․타인긍정 유형으로 나타났다. 셋째, 4가지 인생태도 중 자기부정․타인부정 태도에 비해 자기긍정․타인긍정, 자기긍정․타인부정, 자기부정․타인긍정 태도가 군 복무 적응 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, NP 자아와 타인긍정 태도는 군 복무 적응에 정(+)적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과에 근거하여 병사들이 군 복무에 잘 적응할 수 있는 방안으로서 자기부정․타인부정 태도를 지양하고 NP 자아와 타인긍정 태도를 활성화하는 개입이 군 복무 기간 동안 필요함을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify the ego state and life position characteristics of some soldiers in a military unit and to find the effects of ego-state and life position on military service adaptation. To this end, data was collected from 307 army soldiers in a military unit. Then, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, One-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using the SPSS 18.0 program. The research results are as follows. First, the ego state of the study participants was the Mountain Pattern, with NP as the highest point. Second, the life position of the study participants was found to be a type of ‘I’m OK․You’re OK’. Third, it was found that the level of military service adaptation of ‘I’m OK․You’re OK’, ‘I’m OK․You’re not OK’ and ‘I’m not OK․You’re OK’ was higher than that of ‘I’m not OK․You’re not OK’. Fourth, it was found that NP and ‘You’re OK’ had a positive effect on military service adaptation, respectively. Based on this study, It requires specific interventions which make soldiers avoid ‘I’m not OK․You’re not OK’ and activate both ‘NP’ and ‘You’re OK’ for their better adaptations while serving in the military.

김춘수와 존재의 성화(聖化)

김유중(Kim, You-joong) 한국어문학회 2015 語文學 Vol.0 No.128

Kim Chun Su often questioned the problems of human existence’s ethics on the levels of existentialism and religion. In order to resolve such questions, he studied the figure of Jesus, wishing that Jesus would be a humane existence who stands by human and understands human’s pain and sorrow. Such thoughts led to Kim’s interest in the characteristics of Georges Rouault’s paintings. Rouault did not paint Jesus as the one who stands afar from human, detached and aloof. Instead, Rouault’s Jesus is the human’s true companion who appears in a shabby and humble form, endlessly loving and pitying foolish human. Rouault endeavored to transfer such an image of a human or Jesus to his paintings. In this context, the themes of Rouault’s paintings included prostitutes and clowns, for they are truly the marginalized existence who are shunned and abandoned by the society. In looking at this existence, he discovered the typical image of human who are lost yet waiting for someone’s helping hand out of the fateful depth of sin. Thus, Rouault argues that sanctification is more important than purification for human. Because humans are not as perfect as gods, their effort to rid of human imperfection would eventually fail. It is unnatural to narrow the distance between human and god in such a way. Instead, Rouault saw the new way to sanctification in understanding humans as they are and in humbling oneself, confessing one’s flaws, and pleading for forgiveness before god. As such, the absolute distance from god could be overcome in the human’s internal world, and through this overcoming an existence could reach the level of sanctification. Kim’s poetry demonstrates the poet’s attraction to Rouault’s such thoughts and keys to resolving his own questions. He specifically materializes such attitude in his series of poems “Grandfather Rouault’s Two Oil Paintings” and several poems including “Madrid’s Young Prostitute.” Through these works, Kim freed himself from his own existential agony and questions and provided for himself an opportunity to build oneself more mature and free.

김수영 문학을 어떻게 이해할 것인가

김유중 ( Kim,You-joong ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2005 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.29 No.-

Interpreting Kim Su-Young's literature can be categorized into two major kinds: a social participation from the perspective of realism, and style and modernity recognition from the perspective of modernism. This categorization led us to the positive criticism as well as the negative one, which reflects well a traditional confusing criticism about his literature. It is true that there have been various efforts to unify this confusing criticisms, but they all turned out to be failure due to the lack of correct research direction. In fact, discussions on the Kim's literature have been useful to clarify his literal characteristics in one way or another. However, we need to study more details about his literature, not a partial way but a wholistic one. In my judgement, a correct approach to his literature should be focused on his attitude on the literature. In particular, his consistent interest in translation and philosophy should be studied more carefully. In this study, I argue that his concern on the translation and philosophy developed his ontological attitude in his poetic works, and this ontological attitude was based on Heidegger's philosophy. In many ways his literature was influenced by the basic characteristics of the ontological philosophy and thus, I claim that any future research on Kim's literature should be focused on it. This correct research direction will ultimately contribute to the advancement of the future literature.

김수영 시의 모더니티(3) : '시간'에 대한 형이상학적 성찰 A Metaphysical Thought on Time

김유중 국어국문학회 2003 국어국문학 Vol.- No.134

This paper intends to study the nature of the time consciousness revealed in Kim Su-Young's literature. Kim Su-Young attempts to view the death itself in reality, overcoming his early Mallarmian consciousness. In this process, time consciousness starts to bust, and its methodology is Heideggerian existentialist consciousness. Heideggerian time conscious first appear in Kim Su-Young's "Byeong-Pung"(1956). Afterwards this consciousness concerning time looms the large portion, and this is revealed as the aspect of metaphysical contemplation of the existential change as a dreamer. Is this process, the frightfulness of the existence itself due to death, and the importance of the decision and conduct following it are put into emphasized. Finally his time consciousness is related to the morality and conscience he mentioned and greatly influences his following literary career.

Metagenomic Analysis of Fungal Communities Inhabiting the Fairy Ring Zone of Tricholoma matsutake

( Miae Kim1 ),( Hyeok Jun Yoon ),( Young Hyun You ),( Ye Eun Kim ),( Ju Ri Woo ),( Yeong Gyo Seo ),( Gyeong Min Lee ),( Young Ja Kim ),( Won Sik Kong ),( Jong Guk Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.10

Tricholoma matsutake, an ectomycorrhiza that has mutual relationships with the rootlet of Pinus denisflora, forms a fruiting body that serves as a valuable food in Asia. However, the artificial culture of this fungus has not been successful. Soil fungi, including T. matsutake, coexist with many other microorganisms and plants; therefore, complex microbial communities have an influence on the fruiting body formation of T. matsutake. Here, we report on the structures of fungal communities associated with the fairy ring of T. matsutake through the pyrosequencing method. Soil samples were collected inside the fairy ring zone, in the fairy ring zone, and outside the fairy ring zone. A total of 37,125 sequencing reads were obtained and 728 to 1,962 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in the sampling zones. The fairy ring zone had the lowest OTUs and the lowest fungal diversity of all sampling zones. The number of OTUs and fungal taxa inside and outside the fairy ring zone was, respectively, about 2 times and 1.5 times higher than the fairy ring. Taxonomic analysis showed that each sampling zone has different fungal communities. In particular, out of 209 genera total, 6 genera in the fairy ring zone, such as Hemimycena, were uniquely present and 31 genera, such as Mycena, Boletopsis, and Repetophragma, were specifically absent. The results of metagenomic analysis based on the pyrosequencing indicate a decrease of fungal communities in the fairy ring zone and changes of fungal communities depending on the fairy ring growth of T. matsutake.

비만 여성을 대상으로 한 해조류 추출물의 국부처치와 운동 병행을 통한 지방분해 효과의 임상적 검정

서태수,이인숙,변재철,김규호,박승한,김유영,김상국,김현정,김상기,신동철,성미영,박종석,김종기,박언휘 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.3

This study was carried out to test the body fat breakdown during topical seaweed extract treatment and in combination with the aerobic exercise. Of 20 female obesity subjects, ten treated a cream types of seaweed extract(control group) and ten treated a placebo cream(placebo group). Topical treatment of each sample was designed for 4 weeks, and treated with 2 times a day about 10ml on the abdomen and the thigh, respectively. All subjects were participated aerobic dance half hour a day and four times a week. After 4 weeks of topical treatment and exercise, they were measured body fat, skinfold thickness, body circumference. Then venous blood samples were taken and analyzed blood cells, serum enzymes, and serum lipids. There were reduction of body weight, % of body fat, antebrachium, brachium, chest, waist, thigh circumference and abdomen thickness between pre and post treatment in both group. Especially, body weight and % of body fat significantly reduced in the subjects treating the seaweed extract than those treating the placebo. There were significant decrement in total cholesterol and LDL whereas increment in HDL and TBIL in the control group, but no significant difference in the placebo group. In conclusion, there were 7.6% of body fat reduction during 4 weeks of aerobic exercise and 21% of body fat reducement in combination of topical seaweed treatment and exercise, respectively. These results suggest that the topical treatment of seaweed extract should be very effective for fat breakdown. Especially, the body fat breakdown maximized in the combination with the topical seaweed extracts treatment and the aerobic exercise.

방사선치료시 종양선량 예측 프로그램에 관한 연구

김유현,김창균,박장필 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 2003 保健科學論集 Vol.29 No.1

The aim of this study is to develop a computer program which computes in-vivo doses from transmission doses measured during patient treatment using an ionization chamber. As the Kim's papaer, We adopted a straightforward empirical approach using a phantom transmission factor (PTF) which accounts for the contribution from all three factors. We develop the program which computes tumor doses by Microsoft Visual Basic Application program for D_(center) = D_(t)/PTF(d_(g), T_(p))×(SCD/SAD)²× BSF(r_(o))× S_(p)(r_(p,eff)) × TMR(d, r_(p,eff)). To make certain the accuracy of this program, we checked the accuracy for the following cases; in cases of regular or irregular field size, inhomogeneous material included. The errors were within 0.7% for regular field size, 2.5% irregular field size, 3.8% when inhomogeneous material was included in the phantom. It is considered that this program can make the quality control for dose at the time of radiation therapy because it is non-invasive that makes possible to measure the doses whenever a patient is given a therapy as well as eliminates the problem for entrance or exit dose measurement.

김수영 시의 모더니티(4) : 언어'에 대한 존재론적인 이해 An Ontological Understanding about Language

김유중 한국어문학회 2003 語文學 Vol.0 No.82

This article is focused upon tracing the linguistic vision of Kim Su-Young in his poems. Being influenced by Heideggerian ontological linguistic view, he attempted to find, I would say, the essence of existence and the essence of the language, and thus escape from the ordinary usage of language. It seems that his attempt is clearly revealed, in "Flower," "Flower Ⅱ" "The Profiteer(모리배)", "Language" etc., in which he seriously tried to restore the hidden essential nature of being through ordinary language. This is why the feature of beings in the poor age and the meaning of the silence are emphasized. To him, the poetry means the eternal voyage and adventure to restore the presence of distorted beings.