Cooperative Activation of PI3K by Ras and Rho Family Small GTPases

Yang, H.,Shin, M.G.,Lee, S.,Kim, J.R.,Park, W.,Cho, K.H.,Meyer, T.,Do Heo, W. Cell Press 2012 Molecular cell Vol.47 No.2

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and Ras and Rho family small GTPases are key regulators of cell polarization, motility, and chemotaxis. They influence each other's activities by direct and indirect feedback processes that are only partially understood. Here, we show that 21 small GTPase homologs activate PI3K. Using a microscopy-based binding assay, we show that K-Ras, H-Ras, and five homologous Ras family small GTPases function upstream of PI3K by directly binding the PI3K catalytic subunit, p110. In contrast, several Rho family small GTPases activated PI3K by an indirect cooperative positive feedback that required a combination of Rac, CDC42, and RhoG small GTPase activities. Thus, a distributed network of Ras and Rho family small GTPases induces and reinforces PI3K activity, explaining past challenges to elucidate the specific relevance of different small GTPases in regulating PI3K and controlling cell polarization and chemotaxis.

돈 분뇨 액비에 미생물 첨가가 배추의 발아지수에 미치는 영향

김태일,유용희,정의수,양창범,김민균,Kim, T. I.,Yoo, Y. H.,Chung, E. S.,Barroga, Antonio J.,Yang, C. B.,Kim, M. K. 한국축산환경학회 2005 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 돈 분뇨 액비에 미생물 첨가가 배추의 발아지수에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위해서 수행하였다. 돈 분뇨 액비는 107일 동안 폭기와 무폭기 상태로 액상비료를 제조하여 공시하였고 미생물 첨가는 $0.05\%,\;0.1\%,\;0.2\%,\;0.3\%$ 수준으로 하였다. $0.05\%$ 미생물 접종 처리구에서 식물 독성이 낮고 발아지수가 높게 나타났다. 첨가수준별 돈분 액비 이용시험에서 초기 돈 슬러리의 액비성상은 T-N 2,873 ppm, T-P 753 ppm, $NH_4-N$ 1,441.6 ppm, $NO_3-N$ 16.48ppm으로 50일이 되면서 폭기조건에서 T-N 3,672 ppm, T-P 164 ppm, $NH_4-N$ 183.87 ppm, $NO_3-N$ 21.97 ppm로 변화하였으며, 무폭기 조건에서 T-N 1,261 ppm, T-P 68 ppm, $NH_4-N$ 161 ppm, $NO_3-N$ 16.87 ppm로 나타났다. 미생물을 처리하지 않고 107일동안 폭기조건과 무폭기 조건으로 액비화한 시료의 발아지수는 각각 83과 40.4이였다. 돈 분뇨 액비를 무산소 제조시 $40\%$ 이상, 호기제조시 $50\%$ 이상의 발아지수가 개선되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 액비제조 처리가 무산소 제조보다는 호기제조 처리가 작물에 양호한 것으로 판단되어지며 이는 호기처리시 총질소의 함량을 높게 유지할 수 있도록 하는 결과인 것으로 사료된다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Synechocystis sp. KACC 91007 when added to a pig slurry or pig liquid fertilizer (PLF) on germination index (GI) of Chinese cabbage. The preliminary experiment involved the screening of inoculant levels which were; 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and $0.3\%$, respectively. The $0.05\%$ level of inoculant was selected based on low phytotoxicity and high GI.. The PLF underwent a 107 day aerobic and anoxic processing conditions. The T-N, T-P, $NH_4$, and $NO_3-N$ concentrations of the untreated pig slurry were; 2,873, 753, 1,441.6, and 16.48 ppm, respectively. Using aerobic processing treatment, the fertilizer value of the PLF was 3,672, 164, 183.87, and 21.97 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the fertilizer value of the PLF processed under anoxic condition was reduced to 1,261, 68, 161, and 16.87 ppm. The GI value of the untreated PLF under aerobic and anoxic processing condition was 83 and $40.4^{*}\%$, respectively. With the addition of the $0.05\%$ microbial inoculant, the GI improved by more than 40 and $50\%$ respectively, when the PLF was processed under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The above findings proved that the aerobic processing of PLF for 107 days was better than anoxic and yielded higher T-N which is a macro-nutrient fertilizer material. Consequently, the addition of $0.05\%$ microbial inoculant resulted to a higher GI of the Chinese cabbage specifically under aerobic processing condition.

사료급여방법이 제주재래마의 체성장 및 도체품질에 미치는 영향

오운용(W . Y . Oh),강태홍(T . H . Kang),김동철(D . C . Kim),진신흠(S . H . Jin),홍성귀(S . K . Hong),양승주(S . J . Yang),정재홍(J . H . Jung) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.6

Nine Cheju Native Horses with an average weight of 169.2㎏ were used in a 238-d (34-wk) fattening trial designed to evaluate the effects of feeding method on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Horses were randomly alloted to three treatment groups: T₁ 6-wk (Former fattening period: FFP) + 28-wk (Latter fattening period: LFP), T₂, 9-wk (FFP) + 25-wk (LFP), T₃, 12-wk (FFP) + 22-wk (LFP). During the FFP, concentrate was restricted at approximately l.5% of their body weights but horses were allowed ad libitum access to concentrate during the subsequent LFP. The horses were individually penned in 2.5-m×3-m pipe stalls with front feeding gates. They were allowed 3 h of exercise in a pen (50-m×30-m) outside the barn monthly. Horses were weighed at 30-d intervals and feed consumption was measured daily. At the end of the 238-d fattening period, one horse in each treatment was selected randomly and slaughtered for meat quality evaluation. Results obtained from the present study were summarized as follows; during the overall fattening period, average daily gains (ADG) and nutrient intake (TDN) per ㎏ wt, gain were 0.59, 5.10(T₁), 0.51, 5.84(T₂) and 0.43, 6.37㎏(T₂), respectively. When horses were allowed ad libitum access to concentrate for 28 wk(T₁), ADG and feed efficiency(TDN) were improved by 37%(P$gt;.05) and20%(P$gt;.05)compared to those allowed concentrate free choice for 22 wk(T₃). Horse in T, group had an improved dressing percentage and carcass weight with good quality grades(intramuscular fat, meat color, fat color). Taste panelists(150 amateures) detected no difference from longissimus lumborum steaks between Cheju Native Horse and improved Cheju Native Cattle, but found juiciness and meat flavor were superior to those of beef.

홀스타인 육성우의 계절별 분뇨 배설량 및 특성에 관한 연구

최동윤,곽정훈,박치호,정광화,김태일,김재환,유용희,양창범,최홍림,Choi, D.Y.,Kwag, J.H.,Park, C.H.,Jeong, K.H.,Kim, T.I.,Kim, J.H.,Yoo, Y.H.,Yang, C.B.,Hong, H.L. 한국축산환경학회 2006 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.12 No.3

우리나라에서 사육되고 있는 젖소 육성우의 분뇨배설량을 구명하기 위하여 육성우 6두를 공시하여 축산연구소 낙농우사에서 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울 등 4계절에 걸쳐 각각 10일간 시험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 건물섭취량은 평균 6.7kg으로 봄, 여름, 가을 및 겨울이 각각 4.6, 8.3, 7.1, 6.8kg으로 봄이 가장 낮은 섭취량을 보였으며, 음수량은 평균 $19.3{\ell}$로, 여름이 $21.8{\ell}$로 가장 많았고 봄과 겨울이 $18.3{\ell}$로 낮았으나 계절별 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 2. 분뇨배설량을 계절별로 조사한 결과, 봄 13.7kg, 여름 23.8kg, 가을 25.0kg, 겨울 20.2kg으로 봄이 가장 낮았으며(p<0.05), 전체 평균 분뇨배설량은 20.3kg이였고, 체중대비 분뇨의 비율은 5.6%였다. 3. 체중과 분뇨배설량간($R^2=0.7816$), 체중과 사료섭취량간($R^2=0.7296$)의 상관관계가 비교적 높았으나, 음수량과 분뇨배설량, 사료섭취량과 분뇨배설량간의 상관관계는 비교적 낮았다. 4. 분뇨의 수분 및 pH를 분석해 본 결과, 분의 뇨의 평균 수분 함량은 각각 83.5, 94.6%였으며, pH는 각각 7.4, 7.6 수준이었다. 5. 분뇨중 오염물질 농도는 분의 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N 및 T-P는 각각 18,048, 50,114, 119,833, 2,519, $427mg/{\ell}$였고, 뇨는 각각 5,434, 6,550, 825, 3,616, $28mg/{\ell}$였다. 6. 분뇨중 비료성분은 분의 N, $P_2O_5,\;K_2O$가 각각 0.25, 0.10, 0.14%였고, 뇨는 각각 0.36, 0.006, 0.31%였다.도는 3m 지점에서 $446.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ 이었으나 20 m 지점에서는 $156.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 34.9% 수준이었고 PM10 34.9%, PM2.5 48.7%, PM1.0 86.8% 수준이었다. This study was conducted to determine the volume of Holstein heifers manure excreted and its characteristics. The average dry matter intake of heifers was 6.7 kg/head/day. The intake rate was lowest in spring among four seasons. The average dry matter intake rate during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 4.6, 8.3, 7.1, and 6.8 kg/head/day, respectively. The average water intake of heifers was $19.3{\ell}/head/day$. The wale. consumption was highest value ($21.8{\ell}/head/day$) in summer and lowest values ($18.3{\ell}/head/day$) in spring and winter. Values were found not to be statiscally different for the four seasons. The average manure production of heifers (average live weight was 363.1 kg) was 20.3 kg/head/day and it was 5.6% of live animal weight. The manure production during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 13.7, 23.5, 25.0, and 20.2 kg/head/day, respectively. Production during spring was lower than the other seasons (p<0.05). A higher correlation between live weight and manure production ($R^2=0.7816$) and between live weight and feed intake ($R^2=0.7296$) was observed for heifers. Correlations between manure production and water intake and between manure production and feed intake were found to be relatively low for heifers. The moisture content of feces was 83.5% and that of urine 94.6%. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.4 and 7.5, respectively. The $BOD_5$, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the heifer feces were 18,048, 50,114, 119,833, 2,519, and $427mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Heifer urine showed lower levels of $BOD_5(5,434mg/{\ell})$, COD$(6,550mg/{\ell})$, SS$(825mg/{\ell})$, T-N$(3,616mg/{\ell})$, and $T-P(28mg/{\ell})$ than feces. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of heifer feces was 0.25% N, 0.1% $P_2O_5$ and 0.14% $K_2O$. Urine was found to contain 0.36% N, 0.006% of $P_2O_5$ and 0.31% $K_2O$.

Phytase 생산 균주의 분리 및 동정

양시용,배경숙,김창원,오태광,박근규 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1999 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.20 No.-

본 연구는 산업적으로 유용한 exo-type의 phytase 활성이 높은 균주의 선발 및 동정을 위해 실시하였다. 썩은 나무, 흙 등에서 분리한 1.500여 균주(곰팡이 700여 균주, 방선균 500여 균주, 세균 300여 균주)를 0.5% Ca-phytate를 함유한 phytase screening 배지를 이용하여 1차적으로 phytase 활성을 나타내는 균주를 선발한 결과 300여 균주를 얻었으며, 2차로 Na-phytate를 기질로 하여 exo-type의 phytase 활성을 측정한 결과 0.1 units/ml 이상의 높은 phytase 활성을 나타내는 곰팡이 5균주를 얻었으며, 이중 가장 phytase 활성 및 specific activity가 높은 No. 343 균주를 최종적으로 선발하여 형태학적 특징을 관찰하여 동정한 결과 Penicillium waksmanii로 동정되었다. 5 L jar fermenter(2 vvm, 500 rpm)를 이용하여 YM 배지에서 28℃ 배양조건으로 배양한 결과 96 시간 경과시 가장 높은 phytase 활성을 나타내었으며, 이때 배양액의 pH는 3.2∼3.5로 나타났다. Phytase (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1,3.8) catalyzes the hydrolysis of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, commonly known as phytic acid, that is pricipal storage form of phosphorus in seeds and pollen. The phytase-producing microorganisms occurring on rotten woods and soils were selectively isolated on the phytase screening medium with 0.5% Ca-phytate. Among more than three-hundred isolated of phytase-producing microorganisms, one fungal isolate was selected, having the highest exo-phytase production. The exo-phytase producer, fungal isolate No. 343 was identified as a strain of Penicillium waksmanii on the basis of morphological characteristics. Maximum production of phytase was reached after 96 hr of cultivation with aeration of 2 vvm in a 5 L jar fermenter.

Axial behaviour of reinforced concrete short columns strengthened with wire rope and T-shaped steel plate units

Yang, K.-H.,Ashour, A.F.,Lee, E.-T. THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD 2009 Magazine of concrete research Vol.61 No.2

Verification of a tree canopy model and an example of its application in wind environment optimization

Yang, Yi,Xie, Zhuangning,Tse, Tim K.T.,Jin, Xinyang,Gu, Ming Techno-Press 2012 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.15 No.5

In this paper, the method of introducing additional source/sink terms in the turbulence and momentum transport equations was applied to appropriately model the effect of the tree canopy. At first, the new additional source term for the turbulence frequency ${\omega}$ equation in the SST k-${\omega}$ model was proposed through theoretical analogy. Then the new source/sink term model for the SST k-${\omega}$ model was numerically verified. At last, the proposed source term model was adopted in the wind environment optimal design of the twin high-rise buildings of CABR (China Academy of Building Research). Based on the numerical simulations, the technical measure to ameliorate the wind environment was proposed. Using the new inflow boundary conditions developed in the previous studies, it was concluded that the theoretically reasonable source term model of the SST k-${\omega}$ model was applicable for modeling the tree canopy flow and accurate numerical results are obtained.

한방부산물의 발생 현황과 영양적 특성 및 한약재의 생리활성 물질 분석에 관한 연구

박근규,정원형,김창원,최희숙,강창원,양시용,김태종 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1999 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.20 No.-

본 연구는 한방부산물의 사료화를 위한 기초자료고서 한방 부산물의 생산량과 이용 가능량의 추정 및 발생원별 성분 함량과 가금에게 유용한 한약재의 생리활성 물질을 분석하기 위하여 실시하였으며 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 1996년 기준으로 한방 부산물의 국내 총생산량 및 이용 가능량은 각각 100,900 M/T 및 35,670 M/T으로 추정되었다. 2. 한의원에서 수집된 시료의 조성분 함량은 건물, 조단백질, 조섬유 함량이 각각 40.7±9.0%, 12.1±1.1%(건물기준), 20.0±1.0%(건물기준)로 나타났으며, 봄, 여름간에 계절별 조성분 함량 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 3. 동물성 한방 부산물의 조성분 함량은 건물, 조단백질, 조섬유 함량이 각각 47.5±4.7%, 30.1±2.0%(건물기준), 15.8±2.1%(건물기준)로 나타났다. 4. 제약회사에서 수집된 시료의 조성분 함량은 건물, 조단백질, 조섬유 함량이 각각 29.8%±5.7%, 13.0±5.2%(건물기준), 28.9±13.8%(건물기준)로 다른 시료에 비해 수분함량이 높고 단일약재의 경우 약재의 종류에 따라 조성분 함량이 크게 달랐다. 5. HPLC를 이용한 표준 생리활성 물질의 retention time을 분석한 결과 scopoletine, coumarine, adenosine, coumaric acid, saponin, oleanolic acid, berberin이 각각 4.32, 5.64, 2.38, 1.79, 2.04, 6.20, 15.50분으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to estimate the amount and availability of oriental medicine residue (OMR), to analyze chemical composition of OMR from different sources for developing feed resources, and to characterize bioactive substances of oriental medicines for poultry. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Estimated total amount of domestic production and availability of OMR in 1996 were 100,900 M/T and 35,670 M/T, respectively. 2. Chemical composition of OMR collected from oriental medical clinic was 40.7±9.0%(DM), 12.1±1.1% (crude protein, DM basis) and 20.0±0.1% (crude fiber, DM basis). Seasonal differences between spring and summer were not detected. 3. Chemical composition of OMR from animal origin was 47.5±4.7%(DM), 30.1±2.0% (crude protein, DM basis) and 15.8±2.1% (crude fiber, DM basis) for DM, crude protein and crude fiber, respectively. 4. Chemical composition of OMR collected from pharmaceutical company was 29.8±5.7%, 13.0±5.2%(crude protein, DM basis), 28.9±13.8% (crude fiber, DM basis), having higher concentration of moisture than OMR collected from other sources. In case of using single oriental medicine, the composition of OMR was highly dependent on the chemical nature of oriental medicine. 5. Retention times of bioactive substances by HPLC analysis were 4.32, 5.64, 2.38, 1.79, 2.04, 6.20 and 15.50 for scopoletine, coumarine, adenosine, coumaric acid, saponin, oleanolic acid and berberin, respectively.

Fabrication and device characterization of potassium fluoride solution treated CZTSSe solar cell

Rana, T.R.,Kim, J.,Sim, J.H.,Yang, K.J.,Kim, D.H.,Kang, J.K. Elsevier 2017 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.17 No.10

<P>Post deposition treatment (PDT) for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)(4) (CZTSSe) was carried out by simply dipping the absorber into the KF solution at 80 degrees C. The dipping time of absorber in KF solution was found to be crucial to device parameters of CZTSSe solar cell. The K-doping improved the solar cell efficiency from 4.4% to 7.6% by 1 min dipping whereas the longer than 5 min dipping solar cells showed distorted kink J-V curves. The activation energy of CZTSSe solar cell was increased upto 1 min KF treatment from 0.83 eV to 0.92 eV which indicates interface recombination is reduced significantly. However, the activation energies of 5 min and 10 min dipping solar cells were found to be 0.81 eV and 0.63 eV where dominant recombination was interface recombination. Furthermore, trap energies of 49 meV and 298 meV of pristine CZTSSe solar cell were modified to 33 meV and 117 meV for 1 min treated CZTSSe solar cell. Trap energies of 5 min were calculated to be 112 meV and 147 meV. The proper KF doping passivated the shallow as well as deep defects of CZTSSe solar cell which is reflected in photovoltaic performances directly. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

보건요원 교육효과 평가

황금복,전미순,김태숙,양병국,정은경,양숙자,김귀향 국립보건연구원 1998 국립보건원보 Vol.35 No.-