스마트폰에 대한 긴급압수⋅수색의 효력 범위에 관한 고찰

황성민 단국대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학논총 Vol.44 No.3

The importance of forensic evidence derived from digital equipment such as smartphones, tablet PCs and smartwatches has been growing day by day in the recent investigative environment. In particular, smartphones are always carried around in almost every daily process, so there may be conclusive evidence to prove any criminal charges, such as messages, location information, Internet search data, photos and videos, voice materials, various memos, phone numbers, phone calls, and payment details. In addition, mobile devices, such as smartphones, are often confiscated under the warrant’s exception rules, such as search and seizure at the scene of arrest and search for 24 hours after emergency arrest, due to their characteristics that they are always carried and easily transported to the human body. Therefore, it may be questionable whether the emergency seizure will take effect even on electronic information stored in the smartphone, if it is urgently confiscated under the warrant’s exception rules without receiving a prior warrant. In my opinion, the above emergency seizure should be considered effective for the information that investigators can visually verify without any special technical measures during the natural use of the smartphone itself, which was urgently confiscated without a prior warrant. Therefore, in this case, only a post-warrant for the smartphone itself will be required. However, once the smartphone is urgently seized and it is sent back to the Digital Forensics Center to restore the information files, it is considerable to obtain additional warrant for the information file that has been e xtracted throu gh d igital f orensics, because i t is n ot t he d ata that c an be verified from the natural use of the smartphone itself. 최근 수사환경에서 스마트폰, 태블릿PC, 스마트워치 등 디지털 장비에서 도출되는 포렌직 증거의 중요성은 나날이 커지고 있다. 특히 스마트폰의 경우거의 모든 일상생활 과정에서 항상 휴대하게 되기 때문에 메시지, 위치정보, 인터넷검색 자료, 사진 및 동영상, 음성자료, 각종 메모, 전화번호, 통화내역, 결제내역 등 사생활 전반에 관한 무수한 정보가 함축되어지고 이로써 어떤 범죄혐의 입증에 결정적인 증거가 나올 확률이 높다. 더불어 스마트폰 등 모바일기기의 경우 사람의 신체에 항상 휴대되고 손쉽게 운반된다는 특성 때문에, 체포현장에서의 압수수색, 긴급체포 이후의 24시간 동안의 압수수색 등 영장주의 예외 규정을 통해 압수되어지는 경우가 많을 수 있다. 그렇다면 위와 같이 스마트폰의 편리한 휴대성으로 인하여 사전 압수수색영장을 발부 받지 아니한 상태에서 형사소송법상 영장주의의 예외 조항에 의하여 긴급하게 압수되었을 경우에, 스마트폰 내에 저장된 전자정보에까지도해당 긴급압수수색의 효력이 미칠 것인지가 문제될 수 있다. 생각건대, 영장 없이 긴급 압수된 스마트폰 자체의 자연적인 이용과정에서수사기관이 특별한 기술적 조치 없이 육안으로 확인할 수 있는 정보내용에 대해서는 위 긴급압수의 효력이 미친다고 보아야 한다. 따라서 이 경우는 스마트폰 자체에 대한 사후영장만 발부받으면 될 것이다. 그러나 일단 스마트폰을압수한 뒤에 이를 다시 디지털 포렌직 센터로 보내어 분석을 마친 후 디지털포렌직 센터에서 보내온 정보파일을 확인하여 그 과정에서 유효한 증거파일을확보하는 경우에는, 이미 스마트폰 자체의 자연적 사용을 통하여 축출할 수있는 자료가 아니므로, 해당 스마트폰 자체에 대한 사후 압수수색영장을 발부받음과 별도로 디지털 포렌직을 통해 축출한 정보파일에 대하여 추가로 사전압수수색 영장을 발부받도록 함이 상당하다.

신체의 구성부분에 대한 강제수사 및 그 적법요건에 관한 고찰 - 지문 융선을 중심으로 -

황성민 국민대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학논총 Vol.33 No.2

While there is a great need to protect society from crimes such as terrorism, drugs, organization, strong, cybercrime, etc., in order to discover the real truth about a specific group of criminals that have been intelligent, secreted, and organized, the evidence collection through digital devices such as smartphones is required. But it has become also a reality with the development of smart phone security technology, that it is not possible to decrypt the password for the smart device legally obtained by the investigating agency and in the end it is not possible to obtain core evidence. In this case, it is a question whether a forced investigation is possible. As a matter of fact, the fingerprint information has been used as an important means for personal identification in the past, so it has some legal basis for compulsory collection. And from a balanced point of view that forced urine collection and forced blood collection which are greater degree of human rights violations are allowed, the compulsory investigation of fingerprint information, which is unlikely to cause damage to physical health, should be allowed. However, a verification warrant will be needed in light of the fact that the fusion of fingerprints is permanently attached to the body, which is virtually impossible to separate, and that no expert knowledge is needed to decrypt them. The minimum compulsory exercise, which requires fingerprints to be touched on the home button of a smartphone, will find its legal basis as “other necessary dispositions for verification” under Articles 219 and 140 of the Criminal Procedure Act. Of course, the electronic information from the smartphone obtained through the decrypted password must be controlled through the legal principles and discussions related to the limitations of the seizure and search of electronic information, such as receiving a separate pre-seizure and search warrant. 테러·마약·조직·강력·사이버범죄 등 범죄로부터 사회를 보호해야할 필요성이 큰 반면에 지능화·밀행화·조직화된 특정 범죄군에 대한 실체적 진실의 발견을 위해서는 스마트폰 등 디지털기기를 통한 채증이 반드시 필요한 현실이 되었으나, 스마트폰 보안기술의 발달로 수사기관에서 적법하게취득한 스마트기기에 대한 암호를 풀지 못해 결국 핵심 증거를 채증하지못하는 경우가 많아지면서, 암호해제를 위해 가장 보편적으로 사용되어지는 지문의 융선에 대한 강제수사가 가능할지 여부가 문제된다. 살피건대, 지문정보는 이전부터 개인식별을 위한 중요한 수단으로 사용되어져 강제적 채취에 일부 법적근거를 가지기도 하였을 뿐만 아니라, 침습적 행위가 전제되어 인권침해의 정도가 더 큰 강제채뇨·강제채혈의 허용성도 통설 및 판례가 이를 인정하고 있는 균형적 관점에서 보았을 때, 신체건강의 훼손이 일어날 가능성이 거의 없는 지문정보에 대한 강제수사자체는 허용되어져 할 것이다. 다만, 지문의 융선은 신체에 상시적으로 접착되어 있어 사실상 분리가불가능하고, 이를 통한 암호해제에 특별히 전문가의 식견이 필요 없다는점에 비추어 검증영장에 의하되, 지문을 스마트폰의 홈버튼에 터치하도록하는 최소한도의 강제력 행사는 형사소송법 제219조(인용규정), 제140조(검증과 필요한 처분)에 따라 ‘검증을 함에 기타 필요한 처분’으로서 그 법적근거를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 물론, 이렇게 해제된 암호를 통해 얻어진 스마트폰으로부터의 전자정보에 대해서는 별도의 사전압수·수색영장을 받는 등 전자정보에 대한 압수· 수색의 한계와 관련된 법리 및 논의를 통해 통제되어야 함은 물론이다.

다리에 발생한 습진모양 잠행백선

황성민,서무규,김동민,하경임,김정란 대한의진균학회 2011 대한의진균학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Tinea incognito is the dermatophytosis of atypical clinical presentation that induced by topical and systemic corticosteroid treatment or new class of topical non-steroidal agent such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus. We report a case of eczema-like tinea incognito in a 15-year-old girl. The lesions were manifested by pruritic to tender, scaly well-demarcated erythematous macules and patches with pustules on the lateral side of right shin. She had been treated with topical corticosteroid and pimecrolimus for 6months. Direct microscopic examination of the lesion was positive for hyphae and fungal culture revealed colonies of Trichophyton(T.) rubrum. Histopathologic examination of the skin lesion showed mild perivascular inflammation with presence of fungal hyphae in the horney layer of the epidermis. The patient was treated with 250 mg of terbinafine daily for 1 month and topical lanoconazole application. Skin lesions improved one month after the treatment, and no recurrence was observed.

오이 뿌리혹선충병에 대한 효율적인 저항성 검정법 확립

황성민,최경자,장경수,최용호,김진철 한국식물병리학회 2014 식물병연구 Vol.20 No.2

Root-knot nematodes represent a significant problem in cucumber, causing reduction in yield and quality. To develop screening methods for resistance of cucumber to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, development of root-knot nematode of four cucumber cultivars (‘Dragonsamchuk’, ‘Asiastrike’, ‘Nebakja’ and ‘Hanelbakdadaki’) according to several conditions such as inoculum concentration, plant growth stage and transplanting period was investigated by the number of galls and egg masses produced in each seedling 45 days after inoculation. There was no difference in galls and egg masses according to the tested condition except for inoculum concentration. Reproduction of the nematode on all the tested cultivars according to inoculum concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the result, the optimum conditions for root-knot development on the cultivars is to transplant period of 1 week, inoculum concentration of 5,000 eggs/plant and plant growth stage of 3-week-old in a greenhouse (25 ± 5°C). In addition, under optimum conditions, resistance of 45 commercial cucumber cultivars was evaluated. One rootstock cultivar, Union was moderately resistant to the root-knot nematode. However, no significant difference was in the resistance of the others cultivar. According to the result, we suggest an efficient screening method for new resistant cucumber to the root-knot nematode, M. incognita.

한국인의 손발톱진균증 환자의 역학적 조사: 다기관 연구

황성민,서무규,김동민,권경술,김기홍,노병인,문기찬,안규중,원영호,유희준,이광훈,조백기 대한의진균학회 2011 대한의진균학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Background: Although there have been many studies about onychomycosis, no study about Koreans in onychomycosis has been reported in Korea. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the onychomycosis in Koreans. Methods: From April, 2009, to March, 2010, 1,893 patients with onychomycosis who visited the department of dermatology at 10 university hospitals were evaluated. Results: Of 1,893 patients with onychomycosis, 93.8% were toenail onychomycosis, 2.2% fingernail onychomycosis, and 4.0% onychomycosis in both toenails and fingernails. Among the age groups, the incidence rate was highest over the sixties (35.6%). The ratio of male to female patients was 1.3:1. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (80.3%) was the most common clinical type of onychomycosis. Combination therapy of oral terbinafine or itraconazole and topical amorolfine nail lacquer was most common in the treatment of onychomycosis. The most common reasons for combination therapy in onychomycosis were higher cure rate due to synergistic activity (40.2%), followed by shortened treatment duration (12.8%), patient compliance (12.3%), and prevention of recurrence and reinfection (1.7%). Conclusion: Because of the increase in onychomycosis, we suggest the need of standard treatment guidelines for Korean patients with onychomycosis.

고추 풋마름병에 대한 효율적인 저항성 검정법 확립

황성민,장경수,최용호,김헌,최경자 한국식물병리학회 2017 식물병연구 Vol.23 No.4

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important disease in cultivation of chili pepper, causing plant death and significant yield losses. Cultivation of disease-resistant varieties is the most suitable measure to control bacterial wilt of chili pepper. To establish an efficient screening method for resistant chili pepper to R. solanacearum, six resistant or susceptible cultivars to the R. solanacearum were selected and the development of bacterial wilt on the cultivars according to several conditions was investigated. Drenching bacterial suspension into the cut roots using a scalpel was more simple and effective to distinguish resistant and susceptible cultivars than inoculation methods of root-dipping or soil-drenching without wounding. A resistant pepper, ’MC4’ to R. solanacearum showed high resistance under the developed conditions which were 21- to 28-day-old pepper inoculated with 1×108 cfu/ml of bacterial suspension. On the other hands, the susceptible cultivars represented high disease severity under the conditions. These results indicated that we developed an efficient method to evaluate resistance of chili pepper cultivars against bacterial wilt. In addition, we successfully evaluated resistance degree of 140 commercial chili pepper cultivars to R. solanacearum using the developed method.

수사기관에 보관중인 압수된 전자정보의 재압수에 관한 최근 판례 동향

황성민 단국대학교 법학연구소 2023 법학논총 Vol.47 No.4

일부 반부패 등 특별수사에서 뿐만 아니라, 공안·성폭력·재산범죄·마약·조직폭력·보이스피싱 등 사실상 형사사건의 전 분야에 있어, 디지털 증거 특히 관련 피의자의 스마트폰에 저장된 전자정보는 사건해결의 실마리가 될 뿐만 아니라, 수사의 성패를 가르는 결정적인 기여를 하고 있는 작금의 수사 환경에있어, 스마트폰에 대한 압수·수색의 수요는 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 보인다.그리고 원본 파일과의 동일성·무결성 소명 및 ‘법정에서 디지털 증거의 재현이나 검증’을 위하여, 스마트폰의 전체 추출정보 즉 이른바 ‘전부이미지’도 수사기관의 디지털증거 업무관리시스템에 보관되어지고 있는 것이 현실인 바, 이에 대한 별건 수사에서의 재압수가 가능한지 여부가 최근 문제되고 있고 유의미한 판결들이 선고된 바 있다. 먼저 ①선별절차를 거쳐 압수된 전자정보 이외의 전자정보는 즉시 삭제·폐기·반환 되어야 함에도 불구하고, 수사기관이 이를 보관하던 중 별건 사건에서의 이에 대한 재압수는 허용될 수 없다는 판례와, ②당해 전자정보 압수·수색의 원인이 된 혐의에 대하여 늦어도 법원에서 무죄판결로 확정된 이후부터는 보전의 필요성이 없어져 즉시 폐기되어 졌어야 함에도 불구하고 수사기관에서 이를 만연히 보관하던 중, 별건 사건에서의 이에 대한 재압수는 허용될수 없다는 취지의 판례이다. 살피건대, 이른바 ‘전부이미지’를 무한정 수사기관의 디지털증거 업무관리시스템에 보관하고 있는 것은 그 자체로 ‘사생활의 비밀과 자유’ 등 해당 정보주체의 기본권에 심각한 타격을 줄 수 있는 여지가 있고, 별건 사건에서 재압수의 형태로 추가 노출될 우려가 상존하게 되므로, 재압수의 형태로 무분별하고 손쉽게 별건 사건의 증거로 획득되어지는 것을 제한할 필요가 있으며, 구체적으로는 ①본 건 사건에서 적법하게 압수·수색되어 선별된 전자정보를저장하고 있는 이른바 ‘선별이미지’에 한하여, ②원본 스마트폰 등 디지털기기를 추급할 수 없어 수사기관의 디지털증거 업무관리시스템에만 정보가 보관된특별한 사정이 있고, ③본건 사건과 별건 사건 사이에 관련성이 인정되는 범위 내에서만 예외적으로 재압수를 허용하는 취지의 근거규정을 신설하는 방안도 고려해볼 만한 때가 되었다고 생각된다. 더불어 수사기관의 디지털증거 업무관리시스템에 저장된 압수된 전자정보에 대한 보관의 終期를, 수사기관 자체 관리규정 등을 통하여 보다 합리적이고 명확하게 규정해 놓을 필요성이 크다. In the current investigative environment, where digital evidence, especially electronic information stored on a suspect’s smartphone, is not only a clue to solving a case but also a decisive contributor to the success or failure of an investigation, the demand for seizure and search of smartphones is expected to continue to increase, not only in some special investigations such as anti-corruption, but also in virtually all areas of criminal cases such as public security, sexual violence, property crime, drugs, organized crime, and voice phishing. In addition, in order to prove the identity and integrity of the original file and to ‘reproduce or verify digital evidence in court’, the entire extracted information of the smartphone, so-called ‘full image’, is also stored in the digital evidence management system of the investigative agency, and whether it can be re-seized in a separate investigation has recently been an issue and significant judgments have been handed down. First, there is a ruling that (1) electronic information other than electronic information seized through the selection procedure must be immediately deleted, destroyed, and returned, but the reseizure of such information in a separate case while the investigative agency kept it is not permitted, and (2) the reseizure of such information in a separate case while the investigative agency kept it in a widespread manner is not permitted, even though it should have been destroyed immediately after the court acquitted the defendant of the charges that caused the seizure of the electronic information at the latest, as the need for preservation is no longer necessary. As a result, the indefinite storage of so-called ‘full image’ in the digital evidence management system of the investigative agency may seriously damage the fundamental rights of the information subject, such as ‘secrecy and freedom of private life’, and there is an ever-present risk of further exposure in the form of reseizure in a separate case, so it is necessary to limit the indiscriminate and easy acquisition of evidence in a separate case in the form of reseizure, Specifically, (1) the so-called ‘screened images’ that store selected electronic information lawfully seized and searched in the present case, (2) there are special circumstances in which the information is stored only in the digital evidence management system of the investigative agency due to the inability to trace the original smartphone and other digital devices, and (3) it is time to consider the proposal to establish a ground rule to exceptionally allow reseizure only to the extent that the relevance between the present case and the separate case is recognized. In addition, it is necessary to more rationally and clearly stipulate the end date of the storage of seized electronic information stored in the digital evidence management system of the investigative agency through its own management regulations.

P2X7 Receptor-mediated Membrane Blebbing in Salivary Epithelial Cells

황성민,구나연,최세영,Gae-Sig Chun,김중수,박경표 대한약리학회 2009 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.13 No.3

High concentrations of ATP induce membrane blebbing. However, the underlying mechanism involved in epithelial cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in membrane blebbing using Par C5 cells. We stimulated the cells with 5 mM of ATP for 1∼2 hrs and found the characteristics of membrane blebbing, a hallmark of apoptotic cell death. In addition, 500μM Bz-ATP, a specific P2X7R agonist, induced membrane blebbing. However, 300μM of Ox-ATP, a P2X7R antagonist, inhibited ATP-induced membrane blebbing, suggesting that ATP- induced membrane blebbing is mediated by P2X7R. We found that ATP-induced membrane blebbing was mediated by ROCK I activation and MLC phosphorylation, but not by caspase-3. Five mM of ATP evoked a biphasic [Ca2+]i response; a transient [Ca2+]i peak and sustained [Ca2+]i increase secondary to ATP-stimulated Ca2+ influx. These results suggest that P2X7R plays a role in membrane blebbing of the salivary gland epithelial cells.

Role of LPA and the Hippo pathway on apoptosis in salivary gland epithelial cells

황성민,진미홍,신용환,최슬기,남궁은,김민경,박문용,박경표 생화학분자생물학회 2014 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.46 No.-

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid involved in numerous physiological responses. However, the expression of LPA receptors and the role of the Hippo signaling pathway in epithelial cells have remained elusive. In this experiment, we studied the functional expression of LPA receptors and the associated signaling pathway using reverse transcriptase–PCR, microspectrofluorimetry, western blotting and immunocytochemistry in salivary gland epithelial cells. We found that LPA receptors are functionally expressed and involved in activating the Hippo pathway mediated by YAP/TAZ through Lats/Mob1 and RhoA/ROCK. Upregulation of YAP/TAZ-dependent target genes, including CTGF, ANKRD1 and CYR61, has also been observed in LPA-treated cells. In addition, based on data suggesting that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces cell apoptosis, LPA upregulates TNF-induced caspase-3 and cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). However, small interfering RNA treatment to Yes-associated protein (YAP) or transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) significantly decreased TNF-α- and LPA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that YAP and TAZ modulate the apoptotic pathway in salivary epithelial cells.

초소형 비행체에서 리블렛을 이용한 표면마찰항력 감소에 관한 연구

황성민,정진택 한국항공우주학회 2004 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-