Changing Identities and the Legacy of Black Fanaticism in The Confessions of Nat Turner and Two Films Entitled The Birth of a Nation

진성은 한국영어영문학회 2018 영어 영문학 Vol.64 No.3

Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 was considered pre Civil War South’s most dreadful nightmare due to the merciless murder of white slave owner victims. The motive of vengeance has been emphasized as that of Turner’s notorious black preacher religious fanaticism. However, the recent film, The Birth of a Nation (2016) directed by Nate Parker, utilized the identical title of a film (1915) directed by D. W. Griffith. Providing limited evidence, information about the rebellion in Thomas Gray’s pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner (1831), was the only accessible historical source for the factual event of the slaves’ rebellion. In addition, William Styron’s The Confessions of Turner (1967), a fictionalized biography, also examined Turner’s life in the harshness of slavery. Although these two texts deal with the personal level of Nat Turner’s rage and religious enthusiasm, both provide only fractured parts of the motive of vengeance. Strikingly, Parker’s film interrogates the ideology of “victims,” as well as the hierarchical term of “confessions,” with their different positions between whites and blacks. More specifically, Parker’s film offers discursive fields of proslavery arguments regarding biblical interpretations in addition to external visualization of slaves’ inner emotional lives. The film demonstrates how the institution of slavery allowed slaves to be exploited, beaten, raped, through interrogating the problematic image of the “contested hero” Nat Turner. In contrast to the traditional image of blacks’ bloody rebellion, the film underlines the absurdity of certain Biblical misinterpretations. It furthermore implies how the 1915 film manipulated proslavery propaganda in America. Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 was considered pre Civil War South’s most dreadful nightmare due to the merciless murder of white slave owner victims. The motive of vengeance has been emphasized as that of Turner’s notorious black preacher religious fanaticism. However, the recent film, The Birth of a Nation (2016) directed by Nate Parker, utilized the identical title of a film (1915) directed by D. W. Griffith. Providing limited evidence, information about the rebellion in Thomas Gray’s pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner (1831), was the only accessible historical source for the factual event of the slaves’ rebellion. In addition, William Styron’s The Confessions of Turner (1967), a fictionalized biography, also examined Turner’s life in the harshness of slavery. Although these two texts deal with the personal level of Nat Turner’s rage and religious enthusiasm, both provide only fractured parts of the motive of vengeance. Strikingly, Parker’s film interrogates the ideology of “victims,” as well as the hierarchical term of “confessions,” with their different positions between whites and blacks. More specifically, Parker’s film offers discursive fields of proslavery arguments regarding biblical interpretations in addition to external visualization of slaves’ inner emotional lives. The film demonstrates how the institution of slavery allowed slaves to be exploited, beaten, raped, through interrogating the problematic image of the “contested hero” Nat Turner. In contrast to the traditional image of blacks’ bloody rebellion, the film underlines the absurdity of certain Biblical misinterpretations. It furthermore implies how the 1915 film manipulated proslavery propaganda in America. Key Words: The Birth of a Nation (2016), The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967), Slavery, Contested Hero, Vengeance Notes on

삼출건비탕의 추출용매에 따른 성분 함량 및 효능 비교 연구

진성은,서창섭,하혜경,임혜선,김예지,전우영,유새롬,김정훈,신인식,김성실,신나라,이미영,정수진,김온순,신현규 한국생약학회 2012 생약학회지 Vol.43 No.4

In order to investigate anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities of Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT; Shen zhu jian pi-tang) water and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts, in vitro inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells,and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation of normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in TNF-α/interferon-γ-stimulated HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells as well as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells were determined. A HPLC was used for quantification of the seven marker components (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, poncirin and glycyrrhizin) of SCT water and 70% EtOH extracts. SCT showed inhibitory effects against MDC and RANTES production in HaCaT cells, as well as RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, SCT reduced not only NO, PGE2, IL-6 and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells, but also GPDH activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, the biological activities and the contents of six compounds (except paeoniflorin) were higher in 70% EtOH extract than water extract. These results suggest that SCT has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities. These efficacies of 70% EtOH extract are relatively higher than that of water extract.

가족서사로 본 담원 정인보

진성수(陳晟秀) 한국양명학회 2021 陽明學 Vol.- No.61

감통과 지행합일, 민족정신과 애국심, 인간에 대한 신뢰와 사랑을 강조한 담원은 가족들에게 어떤 존재로 기억되었을까? 본 논문에서는 가족서사에 나타난 담원의 6가지 모습을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 가학을 계승한 선비 담원은 가문의 유풍(遺風)을 계승하여 대의(大義)를 높이고 스승에 대해 깊은 존경심을 가졌다. 둘째, 효심이 깊은 아들로서의 담원은 장기간 출장 중에도 부모님의 건강을 걱정하며 보낸 안부 편지와 각종 음식, 어머니에 대한 감사와 그리움을 담은 『자모사(慈母思)』를 통해 알 수 있다. 셋째, 자상한 남편으로서의 담원은 세상을 떠난 부인을 애도하며 지은 시조(時調)와 고생하는 부인에게 보낸 편지에서 잘 드러난다. 넷째, 다정한 아버지로서의 담원은 정(情)이 많은 가장이었으며 어린 자녀와 농담을 하거나 출가한 딸의 생일을 챙기는 친정아버지였다. 다섯째, 자녀의 눈높이 교육자로서의 담원은 시(詩)를 읽을 때 주관을 강조한 일, 책을 대하는 태도를 강조한 일, 자녀들의 말씨를 세심하게 살피며 타고난 재주보다 노력을 소중히 여기라고 가르친 일에서 알 수 있다. 여섯째, 국학을 강조한 양명학자로서의 담원은 조국독립을 위해 아호(雅號)를 지은 일, 일본어로만 강의해야 하는 대학 강단을 떠난 일, 겨레의 ‘얼’을 되찾아야 한다며 국민계몽에 투신한 일 등에서 알 수 있다. 가족서사에 나타난 담원의 모습은 감성적 경험을 통해 가족과 진솔하게 소통하는 아버지였다. Damwon emphasized sensual and emotional empathy(感通), unity of knowledge and action, national spirit and patriotism, trust and love for mankind throughout his lifetime. Then how was Damwon received by his family members? This study examines six characteristics of Damwon purveyed in his family narrative. First, Damwon, who inherited the family legacy elevated the cause to a higher level and had a deep respect for his teachers. Second, Damwon was very filial to his parents. The letters and food he sent as care packages during long business trips to his parents concerned about their health and his gratitude and longing for his mother portrayed in his book Jamosa(慈母思) demonstrates his filial devotion. Third, the poems he wrote while mourning for his deceased wife and letters he sent to his sick wife also demonstrate what a caring husband Damwon was. Damwon was also a very affectionate father who often shared jokes with his young children and sent birthday wishes on their birthdays, even after the girls were married. His emphasis on subjectivity when reading poetry, emphasis on the attitude while reading books, attentiveness to his children’s words, and emphasis on hard work over innate talent all indicate how he sought to educate his children at their eye level. Sixth, Damwon, a firm believer of Yang Ming Studies gave children’s nickname(雅號) as a way to achieve national independence. He also gave up on his teaching career when he was only allowed to teach in Japanese, and devoted himself to national enlightenment with a quest to find a national spirit. He was a father who truly knew how to communicate with his family through emotional experiences as portrayed in his family narrative.

『老子衍』과 王夫之의 『老子』 이해

진성수(陳晟秀) 한국양명학회 2008 陽明學 Vol.0 No.21

왕부지는 『老子衍』 「自序」에서 老子의 無爲淸淨의 가치에 대해서는 어느 정도 인정할 수 있으나, 儒學者로서 老子를 결코 龍과 같은 존재로 평가할 수는 없다고 보았다. 이것은 본문의 내용을 통해 볼 때, 본체와 작용을 서로 분리함으로써 결과적으로 ‘현상[有]’ㆍ‘본질[無]’과 ‘잠재[幽]’ㆍ‘드러남[明]’을 대립시킨 노자철학에 대한 왕부지의 평가에 기초한 것이었다. 이렇게 볼 때, ‘大道汎兮, 其可左右’ 해석을 중심으로 한 『『老子衍』의 思想史的意義는 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 왕부지가 「自序」에서도 밝히고 있듯이 玄學과 佛敎, 그리고 禪宗의 논리가 아닌 儒學의 입장에서 『老子』의 本旨를 해석ㆍ비판하고 있다. 즉 전환기 儒敎知識人으로서 明왕조 멸망의 원인을 사상적 혼란에서 찾았던 왕부지에게 있어서는 당연한 임무로 받아들여졌다. 따라서 왕부지의 道家에 대한 비판은 玄學, 佛敎, 陽明學에 대한 儒家의 비판의식과 같은 맥락에서 이해할 수 있다. 둘째, 왕부지는 『老子』 연구를 통해 자신의 形而上學을 보완하여 易學思想의 핵심인 乾坤竝建에 적용하는 등,轉換期 知識人의 종합적인 성격을 보여주고 있다. 즉 그는 乾坤竝建을 활용하여 十二陰陽의 響背[表裏隱現]를 중심으로 明ㆍ顯과 微ㆍ隱ㆍ幽의 관계를 설명한다. 이로써 현상적으로 드러난 것은 실제로 존재하는 전체의 절반에 불과하기 때문에 하나의 卦에 있는 12位 중에 현실적으로는 6位 밖에 볼 수 없다는 주장을 내놓게 된다. 셋째, 왕부지는 儒家理念에 입각하여 『老子』를 해석하여 『老子衍』으로 재창조함으로써 노자철학의 새로운 지평을 열어 주고 있다. 그러나 왕부지 의 『老子衍』은 기본적으로 儒家의 입장에서 道家를포용한 것이기 때문에 이미 상당부분 변형되지 않을 수 없었다. 따라서 왕부지의 노자철학에 대한 해석과정에서 道家의 핵심개념은 자연스럽게 儒家의 핵심개념으로 전환되거나 왜곡되었을 가능성을 배제할 수는 없을 것이다.

Transatlantic Gothic Topographies of New Woman in C. S. Lewis’s That Hideous Strength and Flannery O’Connor’s “Good Country People” and “The Stroke of Good Fortune”

진성은 21세기영어영문학회 2016 영어영문학21 Vol.29 No.1

In this article, I explore the aspects of the “modern” woman with regard to the impending imminence of the pre-Civil Rights movements. C. S. Lewis’s and Flannery O’Connor’s treatments of women center upon their concepts of evil, upon women’s biology and pregnancies, and upon education for women. Underneath the literary and cultural contexts of the stories, the victimization of women has not received full attention. The reader can infer the underlying ideology of male domination over women. Lewis’s portrayal of female spirituality incurred charges that he relies on using inferior stereotypes of women. Lewis and O’Connor both tend to baffle female readers in terms of their conventional echoes against female liberation. In Lewis’s That Hideous Strength, women are generally described as vulnerable to evil and further positioned as ‘almost’ children in terms of women’s perceived lower spiritual status. In his works, Lewis adopted gender essentialism based on Christian doctrines. However, in his real life, Lewis supported female education, and his later life showed his gradual acceptance of dynamic female roles in society. Thereby, Lewis’s views of modern woman tend to be ambivalently portrayed in his writing. Similarly, O’Connor has baffled many feminist critics in terms of her ludicrous female characters in fictions such as “Good Country People” and “A Stroke of Good Fortune” because she portrays women as spiritually and intellectually ugly regardless of their education. My approach unveils Lewis’s gradual development of accepting women as equal figures in his later works. In addition, recent criticism shows that O’Connor revised her original manuscripts because of her vulnerable position relative to Southern male readership due to her gender and religious faith. I suggest that, contrary to previous critical perceptions, Lewis and O’Connor question the barrenness of single intelligent women with regard to the issue of productivity in Christianity while they explore female education, professional roles, and the changing values of modern women.

Imperial Gothic, Gender Relationship, and Transnational Contexts in Louisa May Alcott’s A Long Fatal Love Chase

진성은 미래영어영문학회 2022 영어영문학 Vol.27 No.4

Louisa May Alcott’s dexterity of writing gothic fiction has not obtained full attention. In general, her stories delve into the Victorian domesticity in the nineteenth century. Despite the success of Little Women (1869), which culminated in Alcott’s career as a domestic writer, she also had keen perceptions of the globalized world in her time. Interestingly, she used her “left hand” to write gothic stories. As she experienced severe poverty due to her father’s inability to take care of his family financially, Alcott had to write and earn the money to support her family. Her personal adversity reversely sparked her passion and talents to write gothic thrillers. Along with companionship with literary scholars such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, she acutely understood her then-contemporary political and cultural issues along with her trips in Europe. Especially, Alcott’s A Long Fatal Love Chase (1866) delved into the social aspects of America’s growth, women’s elevated position after the Civil War, and her transnational view of the world are portrayed in it. In the novel, she shows her knowledge of the classical and literary allusions by using the motifs of William Shakespeare’s Tempest, Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust, and, moreover, questions her view of gender equality and investigates the images of good and evil that represent the struggles in the Gothic tradition. Her concerns of domestic and international cultural and political affairs are fully reflected. Ultimately, A Long Fatal Love Chase addresses the national dynamics of cultural rivalry between America and countries in Europe in her then contemporary period.

Transnational Voyage Narratives and Cultural Dynamics of Race in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket and C. S. Lewis’s The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

진성은 21세기영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학21 Vol.30 No.3

Psychological journeys surface as geographical explorations in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) and C. S. Lewis’s The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952). Hitherto, the racial topography across the Atlantic in the two books has not received full attention. Instead, critics have focused on apocalyptic complexities because of ambiguous references to subliminal encounters with redemptive values at the ends of the two stories. Those conclusions culminate in a form of regressive returning to the comfort zone of whiteness. Nonetheless, underneath their voyage narratives, Poe and Lewis center upon the struggles of the human psyche due to racial anxieties. They further illustrate the main characters’ agitation aroused by the terror of darkness. This article uncovers the two authors’ transatlantic perceptions and the popular culture perceptions of the British and northern American imperial territories. These perceptions parallel the moral dilemmas between liberating other races and suppressing the insurgent Other. Thus, the article examines Lewis’s and Poe’s growing awareness of threatened nationhood in the mixtures of Romanticism and racial tensions, mixtures that preface the anti-colonial outbreaks of violence in both 19th and 20th centuries.

Sub-acute toxicity and effect of Hwangryunhaedok-tang on human drug-metabolizing enzymes

진성은,이미영,서창섭,신현규,조재우,하혜경 대한한의학회 2017 대한한의학회지 Vol.38 No.2

Objectives: Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HHT; Huanglianjiedu-tang, Orengedoku-to), a traditional herbal formula, is used for treating inflammation, hypertension, gastritis, liver dysfunction, cerebrovascular diseases, dermatitis and dementia. The objective of this study was to assess the sub-acute toxicity of HHT in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and its effect on the activities of human microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods: Male and female SD rats were orally administered HHT once daily at doses of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. We analyzed mortality, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, organ weights, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. The activities of major human CYP450s (CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1) and UGTs (UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7) were assessed using in vitro fluorescence- and luminescence-based enzyme assays, respectively. Results: No toxicologically significant changes related to the repeated administration of HHT were observed in both male and female SD rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value was more than 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes. HHT inhibited the activities of human microsomal CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1, whereas it weakly inhibited the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and UGT1A1. In addition, HHT negligibly inhibited the activities of human microsomal UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 with IC50 values in excess of 1000 μg/mL. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that HHT may be safe for repeated administration up to 4 weeks. In addition, these findings provide information on the safety and effectiveness of HHT when co-administered with conventional drugs.

지포(止浦) 김구(金坵)의 학문과 가학의 성격

진성수(陳晟秀) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2023 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.98 No.-

Jipo Kim Gu is a scholar who strived for the well-being of the country and the development of a Confucian civilized state through literary diplomacy in the domestic political situation that had declined due to the military regime at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty. In this paper, the life and academic background of Jipo Kim Gu were reviewed, and the early development of Neo-Confucianism introduced into the Korean Peninsula was examined by highlighting changes in religious and cultural characteristics and academic trends in the late Goryeo. To this end, the political and social background and trends of the academia at the time were examined, and Aemin Spirit, Anti-Mongolian spirit, Confucianism revival, and character of family scholarship contained in the life and writings of Jipo Kim Gu were examined. Accordingly, in this paper, objective materials such as 『Munjip(文集)』, Haengjang(行狀), Yeonbo(年譜), Seogan(書簡) and『Goryosa(高麗史)』were used to explore his achievements and Confucian thought. In particular, Kim Gus diplomatic documents, poems, letters to his two sons, and ideological parts contained in his own name(名), courtesy name(字), and pseudonym(號) were collected to analyze the effort of his Confucianism revival ideas and the character of family scholarship.

Effects of Herbal Formulas Bojungikgi-tang and Palmijihwang-hwan on Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Hepatic Microsomes

진성은,하혜경,신현규 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.11

In the present study, Bojungikgi-tang (BJIKT: Buzhongyiqi-tang, Hochuekki-to) and Palmijihwang-hwan (PMJHH: Baweidı`huang-wan, Hachimijio-gan), traditional herbal formulas, investigated anti-inflammatory efficacies in murine macrophage cell line and the influence on the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The anti-inflammatory potentials of the herbal formulas were evaluated to inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediators and cytokines and the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The activities of the major human DMEs, cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes (UGTs), were measured by in vitro enzyme assay systems. BJIKT and PMJHH significantly suppressed the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production (IC50 = 317.3 and 282.2 lg/mL, respectively) and the protein expression of COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. On the human microsomal DMEs, BJIKT inhibited the activities of CYP1A2 (IC50 = 535.05 lg/mL), CYP2B6 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP2C9 (IC50 = 800.78 lg/mL), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 563.11 lg/mL), CYP2D6 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP2E1 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP3A4 (IC50 = 879.60 lg/mL), UGT1A1 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), and UGT1A4 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), but it showed no inhibition of the UGT2B7 activity at doses less than 1000 lg/mL. PMJHH inhibited the CYP2D6 activity (IC50 = 280.89 lg/mL), but IC50 values of PMJHH exceeded 1000 lg/mL on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. At concentrations less than 1000 lg/mL, PMJHH did not affect the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7. The results indicate that both BJIKT and PMJHH may be potential candidates to prevent and treat PGE2- and COX-2-mediated inflammatory diseases. In addition, this study will expand current knowledge about herb–drug interactions by BJIKT and PMJHH.