Functional Defects in Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Classical Monocytes in a Patient with Hyper-IgE Syndrome

장윤아,강성윤,김지현,강혜련,김혜영 대한면역학회 2017 Immune Network Vol.17 No.5

Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a very rare primary immune deficiency characterized by elevated serum IgE levels, recurrent bacterial infections, chronic dermatitis, and connective tissue abnormalities. Autosomal dominant (AD) HIES involves a mutation in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that leads to an impaired TH17 response. STAT3 signaling is also involved in the function of RORγt+ type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and RORγt+TH17 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of innate immune cells such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), granulocytes, and monocytes in a patient with HIES. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with HIES and three age-matched healthy controls were obtained for the analysis of the innate and adaptive immune cells. The frequencies of ILCs in PBMCs were lower in the patient with HIES than in the controls. Moreover, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-17A produced by ILC3s in PBMCs were lower in the patient with HIES than the controls. Compared with the controls, classical monocytes (CD14+CD16low), which have a high antimicrobial capability, were also lower in the patient with HIES, while non-classical monocytes (CD14lowCD16+) as well as intermediate monocytes (CD14+CD16intermediate) were higher. Taken together, these results indicate that the impaired immune defense against pathogenic microbes in the patient with HIES might be partially explained by functional defects in ILC3s and inflammatory monocytes.

Effects of Photosynthetic Photon Flux and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on the Photosynthesis and Growth of Grafted Pepper Transplants during Healing and Acclimatization

장윤아,문보흠,도경란,엄영철,전창후 한국원예학회 2014 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.55 No.5

In the production of grafted transplants, healing and acclimatization are the most critical processes forsurvival. We investigated the influence of the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and the carbon dioxide (CO2)concentration during healing and acclimatization on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of grafted peppertransplants to determine the optimum environmental conditions for healing and acclimatization in a healing chamberwith artificial lighting source. Grafted pepper transplants were healed and acclimatized under two levels of CO2 (374or 1,013 μmol·mol-1) and four levels of PPF (dark, 50, 98 or 147 μmol·m-2·s-1) for six days. The CO2 exchange ratesof the grafted pepper transplants significantly increased with increasing PPF during healing and acclimatization. TheCO2 exchange rates were higher under elevated CO2 concentrations than ambient CO2 concentration. The effect ofCO2 enrichment was greater in low light intensity. The CO2 exchange rates at 50, 98 or 147 μmol·m-2·s-1 under elevatedCO2 concentrations were 511, 261, and 172%, respectively, compared to the ambient CO2 concentrations. The increaseof photosynthesis led to an improvement in growth. The SPAD value, dry weight and leaf area were greater underhigher PPF and CO2 concentrations. PPF also influenced the anatomical structures of the leaves, and the palisade andspongy tissue cells of the leaves irradiated with higher PPF were aligned more densely, with more chloroplasts andsmall empty space. When compared to the tunnel in the greenhouse with natural light, healing and acclimatizationunder high CO2 (1,000 μmol·mol-1) and PPF (150 μmol·m-2·s-1) conditions in the healing chamber promoted the growthand graft union formation of grafted pepper transplants. The results suggested that high-quality grafted pepper seedlingscould be achieved by healing and acclimatization in a healing chamber where optimal conditions such as high PPFand CO2 were maintained within the range evaluated in this experiment.

日常会話とアニメーション会話における 沈黙の機能と役割

張允娥 한국일본언어문화학회 2020 일본언어문화 Vol.50 No.-

This study made empirical reviews regarding the moment of which silence occurs in everyday conversations and animation conversations and functions and roles played by silence. The analysis results of this study can be summarized as follows: (A) Silence observed during the process of which the speaker carries on with the talk in everyday conversations can be understood as a signal that the speaker is thinking about what to utter in the mutual actions and a signal requiring the listener’s reaction. Silence observed along with the filler is interpreted as silence representing maintenance of the speaker’s turn to speak. Moreover, silence observed before dispreferred utterance and response utterance is identified as a signal implying dispreferred utterance, answer holding or avoidance, while silence longer than usual is often understood as a proper place to introduce a new topic. (B) Silence of the speaker observed in animation conversations in which all utterance processes are previously written and the dubbing artists act as the screenplay says is used as a means of delivering the content of utterance with clarity. On the other hand, silence used along with filler and silence used before dispreferred utterance and response utterance is utilized as a means of creating personality and psychological state of the characters. Silence observed in the scene of topic change that is longer than usual is used as a means of representing relationship among characters and creating scenes. According to the analysis results, silence in everyday conversations plays a role in boosting smooth communication with the counterpart, while silence in animation conversations play a role in expressing personality and psychological attitude and representing relationship among characters and creating scenes.

日韓語の日常会話における聞き手の理解表現

장윤아 한국일본학회 2019 日本學報 Vol.0 No.121

본 논문은 한일 양국 모어화자간의 일상적인 대화에서 청자의 「이해」표현이 어떻게 사용되고 있는지를 사용빈도, 출현위치, 발화양태, 상호행위의 관점에서 실증적으로 분석한 것이다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. Ⅰ.「이해」표현 발화의 상대 사용빈도는 한국어 대화에 비해 일본어 대화에서 높게 나타났다. Ⅱ.일본어 대화에서 「이해」표현은 화자가 발화를 이어가는 도중에 출현하는 비율이 높은 반면 한국어 대화에서 「이해」표현은 문장이 완결 된 후에 출현하는 비율이 높다. Ⅲ.한국어 대화에 비해 일본어 대화에서는 [맞장구]의 사용비율이 높았고, 일본어 대화에 비교했을 때 한국어 대화에서는 [맞장구+α]의 사용비율이 높았다. Ⅳ.일본어 대화에서 청자에게 기대되는 역할은 빈번하게 「이해」를 표현하여 화자가 이야기하기 쉬운 환경을 구축하는 것이다. 또한, 청자의 적극적인 「이해」표현은 화자에게 긍정적으로 수용되는 경향이 있다. 반면, 일본어 대화에 비해 한국어 대화에서 청자에게 기대되는 역할은 화자가 이야기를 스스로 전개할 수 있도록 비교적 조용히 들어준 후, 화자의 발화 내용이 어느 정도 정리된 부분에서 화자의 발화 전체에 대한 이해를 표현하는 것이며 적극적인 「이해」표현은 화자의 이야기 전개에 지장을 주는 행위로 파악될 수 있다. The purpose of the current study is to analyze utterances which express understanding in Korean and Japanese daily conversations between friends. The main differences found between Korean and Japanese conversations are as follows. Ⅰ. Comparing the frequency of usage: Japanese tend to use more understanding utterances than Korean. Ⅱ. Comparing the proportions of appearance position: In Japanese conversations, the hearers tend to express their understanding before the speaker's utterances are finished. On the other hand, in Korean conversations, hearers tend to express their understanding after the speakers complete their sentences. Ⅲ. Comparing the proportions of expression forms: In Japanese conversations, the proportion of aizuchi was higher than that in Korean conversations. In Korean conversations, the proportion of aizuchi+α form was higher than that in Japanese conversations. Ⅳ. In Japanese conversations, hearers are expected to express their understanding frequently and to create an easy to talk environment. By contrast, in Korean conversations, hearers are expected to first listen quietly until the speaker finishes his story to some degree and then express their understanding of the speaker's entire utterance.

日韓語の友人同士の会話における 不同意・否定的評価の対象 - ポライトネス理論の観点から-

張允娥 한국일본언어문화학회 2018 일본언어문화 Vol.42 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyze objects of utterances which include expressions of disagreements and negative assessments found in Korean and Japanese conversation between friends. I have found the following similarities and differences between Korean conversations and Japanese conversations: A)The result showed that “thought” is most likely to be subject to disagreements and negative assessments in both Korean and Japanese conversations between friends. B)In Japanese conversations, when the other participants talk about past experiences, their “accomplishment”, “talent”, “behavior” are likely to be subject to disagreements and negative assessments and these utterances are recognized as jokes such as “tsukkomi”. C)Korean conversations have higher proportion of “behavior” and “personality”, in case of “behavior”, qualitative differences were found. In Korean conversations, behaviors which directly affect speakers tend to be the objects of disagreements and negative assessments. Also the essential matters which stepping into other’s personal space such as “personality” are more likely to be subjects to disagreements and negative assessments. These results have led to the suggestion that there is a difference in the degree of FTA tolerance between Korean conversations and Japanese conversations.

Effect of Grafting on Growth and Incidence of Phytophthora Blight and Bacterial Wilt of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

장윤아,양은영,조명철,엄영철,고관달,전창후 한국원예학회 2012 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.53 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of grafting using commercial rootstocks and breeding lines on growth and resistance to both Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum),and to evaluate the breeding lines as candidates rootstocks for grafted peppers. Capsicum annuum ‘Nokkwang’ (scion)was grafted onto five commercial rootstocks (‘Kataguruma’, ‘Konesianhot’, ‘Koregon PR-380’, ‘PR-power’, and ‘Tantan’)and nine breeding lines (‘PR 901’, ‘PR 919’, ‘PR 920’, ‘PR 921’, ‘PR 922’, ‘PR 927’, ‘PR 928’, ‘PR 929’, and ‘PR 930’). Graft-take percentage was over 80% in all the grafted seedlings except those grafted onto ‘PR 901’ (75%). The number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry weight of shoot of grafted seedlings were greater than those of non-grafted seedlings. Mineral contents in the shoots of grafted seedlings were significantly different, depending on rootstock genotypes. Marketable yield ranged from 1.35 to 1.96 kg per plant depending on rootstock genotypes, and was highest in peppers grafted onto ‘PR 901’ (1.95 kg) and non-grafted peppers (1.96 kg), and lowest in those grafted onto ‘PR 928’ (1.35 kg). Gross yield was highest in peppers grafted onto ‘Konesianhot’ (2.64 kg). Among nine breeding lines, three rootstocks (‘PR 920’, ‘PR 921’, and ‘PR 922’) were selected as candidate rootstocks for the grafted pepper based on graft-take, growth, yield, fruit quality, and resistance to diseases. Three major pepper cultivars (‘Nokkwang’,‘Saengsaeng Matkkwari’, and ‘Shinhong’) were grafted onto those three breeding lines and ‘Tantan’ (control). Peppers grafted onto breeding lines of ‘PR 920’, ‘PR 921’, and ‘PR 922’ showed greater resistance to both Phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt without the decrease in yield and fruit quality. Accordingly, they were considered to be used as rootstocks resistant to both Phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt for pepper production.

한일 친구간 회화에서의 농담 프레임 구축과 폴라이트니스

장윤아 담화·인지언어학회 2017 담화·인지언어학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

인공광형 폐쇄형 육묘시스템 내 광량 및 플러그 트레이 규격에 따른 오이 접수 및 호박대목의 생육특성

장윤아,이혜진,최장선,엄영철,이상규 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2014 시설원예‧식물공장 Vol.23 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstockunder different levels of light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux, PPF) and plug cell size in a closed transplant productionsystem with artificial lighting. Cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock seedlings were grown under the combinationsof three levels of PPF (PPF 165, 248, and 313 μmol·m−2·s−1) and five types of plug tray (50, 72, 105, 128, and200 cells in the tray) for nine days. The shoot dry weight and relative growth rate increased with increasing PPF andplug cell size. As PPF increased, cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock seedlings had higher dry matter, lower specificleaf area, and lower hypocotyl length. The first true leaf of cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock unfolded ateight and seven days after sowing, respectively, except the treatment using 200-cell plug tray. The unfolding of first trueleaf of seedlings grown in 200-cell plug tray was delayed by one day. Accordingly, it was considered that the use ofsmall cell size such as 200-cell plug tray would require more time for the production of scion and rootstock. Based onthe results, we suggest that cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock be grown in 105-cell to 128-cell plug tray for eightdays and 72-cell to 105-cell plug tray for seven days, respectively, when using splice grafting method with root-removedrootstock. Additionally, higher PPF is suggested to improve the growth and quality of scion and rootstock. 균일한 고품질의 접수 및 대목 생산을 목적으로, 인공광형 폐쇄형 육묘시스템 내에서의 접수 및 대목 육묘기술을 개발하고자, 폐쇄형 육묘시스템 내에서의 광량 및플러그 트레이 규격에 따른 오이 접수 및 호박 대목의생육을 조사하였다. 광량 3수준 (photosynthetic photonflux, PPF 165, 248, 313μmol·m−2·s−1) 및 플러그 트레이셀 규격 5가지(50, 72, 105, 128, 200공)를 조합한 15처리로 9일간 육묘하였다. 오이 접수와 호박 대목의 지상부 건물중은 광량과 플러그 트레이의 셀 크기가 증가할수록 증가하였으며, 상대생장률은 광량과 플러그 트레이의 셀 크기에 따라 두 배 가까운 차이를 보였다. 그와함께 광량의 증가에 따라 건물률이 증가하고 비엽면적및 배축장이 감소하여, 묘의 품질이 향상됨을 확인할 수있었다. 제1본엽의 전개는 200공 플러그 트레이에 육묘한 경우를 제외하고 오이 접수의 경우 파종 8일, 호박대목의 경우 파종 7일경부터 이루어졌다. 200공 플러그트레이에 육묘한 경우, 다른 플러그 트레이 규격을 이용한 경우에 비해 생육 및 본엽 전개가 하루 정도 늦어지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 생육 및 공간이용효율을 고려하였을 때, 단근합접을 위한 오이 접수 및 호박 대목 생산을 위해서는 오이 접수의 경우 105공~128공 플러그트레이를 이용하여 8일 내외, 호박 대목의 경우 72공~105공 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 7일 내외로 육묘하는것이 추천된다. 아울러 광량 증가에 따라 묘의 생육 및품질이 향상되므로, 검토된 범위 내에서 가능한 광량을높여주는 관리가 추천된다.

Effects of Light Intensity and Relative Humidity on Photosynthesis, Growth and Graft-take of Grafted Cucumber Seedlings during Healing and Acclimatization

장윤아,Eiji Goto,Yasuhiro Ishigami,문보흠,전창후 한국원예학회 2011 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.52 No.4

Healing and acclimatization are key processes for the survival of grafted plants. This study evaluated the influence of light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux, PPF) and relative humidity during the healing and acclimatization period on the photosynthetic characteristics, graft-take, and growth of grafted cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings, using a system for the continuous measurement of the CO_2 exchange rate, in order to establish optimum environmental conditions for the healing and acclimatization of grafted cucumbers seedlings. Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Joeun Baekdadaki) were grafted onto rootstocks (Cucurbita maxima D. × C. moshata D. cv. New Shintozwa). Six combinations of two levels of relative humidity (95 and 90%) and three levels (0, 142, and 237 μmol・m^(-2)・s^(-1)) of light intensity were set up during healing and acclimatization. Increasing light intensity significantly increased CO_2 exchange rates during healing and acclimatization. At 95 and 90%relative humidity, the CO_2 exchange rates at 237 μmol・m^(-2)・s^(-1) light intensity were 1.5 and 1.8 times higher than those at 142 μmol・m^(-2)・s^(-1) light intensity, respectively. The light intensity during healing and acclimatization also affected the amount and distribution of chloroplasts in scion cotyledon. The amount of chloroplasts increased with the increase of PPF during healing and acclimatization, which covered most of cell wall with little open space left, compared with that of dark condition. As PPF increased, the shoot length, ratio of shoot to root, and specific leaf area decreased but the hypocotyl diameter, leaf area, dry weight, and percent dry matter increased. On the other hand, the relative humidity ranging from 90 to 95% did not significantly affect the CO_2 exchange rates during healing, acclimatization, and growth of grafted cucumber seedlings. As a result, PPF during healing and acclimatization affected the growth and quality of grafted cucumber seedlings. This showed that higher PPF condition may improve the growth and quality of grafted cucumber seedlings.

Effects of Light Quality and Intensity on the Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rate, Growth, and Morphogenesis of Grafted Pepper Transplants during Healing and Acclimatization

장윤아,문보흠,서태철,이준구,오상석,전창후 한국원예학회 2013 원예과학기술지 Vol.31 No.1

This study evaluated the influence of light quality and intensity during healing and acclimatization on the CO2 exchange rate, growth, and morphogenesis of grafted pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants,using a system for the continuous measurement of the CO2 exchange rate. C. annuum L. ‘Nokkwang’ and ‘Tantan’ were used as scions and rootstocks, respectively. Before grafting, the transplants were grown for four weeks in a growth chamber with artificial light, where the temperature was set at 25/18℃ (light/dark period) and the light period was 14 hours·d-1. The grafted pepper transplants were then healed and acclimatized under different light quality conditions using fluorescent lamps (control) and red, blue, and red + blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). All the transplants were irradiated for 12 hours per day, for six days, at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 50, 100, or 180 μmol·m-2·s-1. The higher PPF levels increased the CO2exchange rate during the healing and acclimatization. A smaller increase in the CO2 exchange rates was observed in the transplants under red LEDs. At a PPF of 180 μmol·m-2·s-1, the CO2 exchange rate of the transplants irradiated with red LEDs was lowest and it was 37% lower than those irradiated with fluorescent lamps. The CO2 exchange rates of transplants irradiated with blue LEDs was the highest and 20% higher than those irradiated under fluorescent lamps. The graft take was not affected by the light quality. The grafted pepper transplants irradiated with red LEDs had a lower SPAD value, leaf dry weight, and dry matter content. The transplants irradiated with blue LEDs had longer shoot length and heavier stem fresh weight than those irradiated with the other treatments. Leaves irradiated with the red LED had the smallest leaf area and showed leaf epinasty. In addition, the palisade and spongy cells of the pepper leaves were dysplastic and exhibited hyperplasia. Grafted pepper transplants treated with red + blue LEDs showed similar growth and morphology to those transplants irradiated with fluorescent lamps. These results suggest that high-quality grafted pepper transplants can be obtained by healing and acclimatization under a combination of blue and red lights at a high PPF level.