의약품 선별등재제도 도입 전후 건강보험 등재의약품의 특성별 현황

이진이,허지행,이의경,Rhee, Jin-Nie,Heo, Ji-Haeng,Lee, Eui-Kyung 대한약학회 2011 약학회지 Vol.55 No.4

This study aimed to identify the changes in the list of drugs covered by national health insurance(NHI) after the introduction of positive list system (PLS) in Korea in December, 2006. Six-year (pre-policy:2004-2006, post-policy:2007-2009) lists of the NHI reimbursable drugs filed from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) were analyzed. The total number of listed drugs as well as drug ingredients, and the average number of listed drugs per manufacturer decreased annually after the introduction of PLS. More than 8,000 drugs were delisted in the year 2007 right after the policy change. Prescription-only drugs occupied more than 85% of NHI listed drugs. The percentage of oral type of listed drugs has been increased to more than 60% after the policy change. Korean pharmaceutical manufacturers occupied more than 90% of listed drugs than multinational firms. The gap between Korean and foreign manufacturer in terms of the average number of newly listed drugs per manufacturer in each year has decreased two years after the PLS (Korean 7.7 vs. foreign 6.3 in 2009) as the price negotiation power of foreign firms has increased. The total number of listed drugs is expected to decrease in the future as the Korean government makes an effort to delist the unnecessary drugs that do not show cost-effectiveness.

참다래 쥬스의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 살균 및 저장온도의 영향

이진원(Jin-Won Lee),김인환(In-Whan Kim),이광원(Kwang-Won Lee),이철(Chul Rhee) 한국식품과학회 2003 한국식품과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells용 Pt/C 캐소드 전극촉매 특성에 미치는 반응 온도

유성열,강석민,이진아,이충균,류호진,Yoo, Sung-Yeol,Kang, Suk-Min,Lee, Jin-A,Rhee, Choong-Kyun,Ryu, Ho-Jin 한국재료학회 2011 한국재료학회지 Vol.21 No.3

This study is aimed to increase the activity of cathodic catalysts for PEMFCs(Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells). we investigated the temperature effect of 20wt% Pt/C catalysts at five different temperatures. The catalysts were synthesized by using chemical reduction method. Before adding the formaldehyde as reducing agent, process was undergone for 2 hours at the room temperature (RT), $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$, respectively. The performances of synthesize catalysts are compared. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on 20wt% Pt/C catalysts by using a glassy carbon electrode through cyclic voltammetric curves (CV) in a 1M H2SO4 solution. The ORR specific activities of 20wt% Pt/C catalysts increased to give a relative ORR catalytic activity ordering of $80^{\circ}C$ > $100^{\circ}C$ > $60^{\circ}C$ > $40^{\circ}C$ > RT. Electrochemical active surface area (EAS) was calculated with cyclic voltammetry analysis. Prepared Pt/C (at $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$) catalysts has higher ESA than other catalysts. Physical characterization was made by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TEM images of the carbon supported platinum electrocatalysts ($80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$) showed homogenous particle distribution with particle size of about 2~3.5 nm. We found that a higher reaction temperature resulted in more uniform particle distribution than lower reaction temperature and then the XRD results showed that the crystalline structure of the synthesized catalysts are seen FCC structure.

Mn조성비(組成比)가 PEMFC용(用) Pt/C 전극촉매(電極觸媒) 특성(特性)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

유성열,강석민,이진아,이충균,유호진,Yoo, Sung-Yeol,Kang, Suk-Min,Lee, Jin-A,Rhee, Choong-Kyun,Ryu, Ho-Jin 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2012 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.21 No.2

$Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFCs) were synthesized by reduction with HCHO and their activity as a oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) was examined at half cell. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) was studied by using a glaasy carbon electrode through cyclic voltammetric curves(CV) in a 1 M $H_2SO_4$ solution. The ORR activities of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C were higher than $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C. Also potential-current curves of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C at 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6V for 5minutes respectively were higher than $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C. Physical characterization was made by using x-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM). The TEM images of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_{10}$/C catalysts showed homogenous particle distribution with particle size of about 2.7 nm, 3 nm respectively and then the XRD results showed that the crystalline structure of the synthesized catalysts are seen FCC structure. 기존 Pt/C 전극촉매 제조시 사용되는 Pt를 일정량의 Mn으로 대체하여 PtMn/C 전극촉매를 제조하였다. 환원제로 포름알데히드(HCHO)를 사용하여 화학환원법으로 $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C 촉매를 제조하였으며 반쪽 전지(half cell)에서 순환전압전류와 대시간 전류를 측정하였다. $Pt_9Mn_1$/C촉매가 $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C촉매보다 높은 산소환원반응(oxygen reduction reaction)을 보였으며 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6V에서 각각 5분동안 측정한 대 시간 전류측정에서 $Pt_9Mn_1$/C가 $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C촉매보다 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 물리적 특성은 XRD, TEM분석을 통하여 알아보았으며 입자의 평균 크기는 $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_{10}$/C가 각각 2.7 nm, 3 nm를 나타냈다. XRD분석을 통하여 Pt의 FCC(Face Centered Cubic)결정 구조를 확인할 수 있었다.

조리시 가열방법이 유탕면의 산화안정성에 미치는 영향

정수연(Soo-Yeon Chung),이진원(Jin-won Lee),한성희(Sung-Hee Han),이석원(Seog-Won Lee),이 철(Chul Rhee) 한국식품과학회 2007 한국식품과학회지 Vol.39 No.5

본 실험은 유탕면 조리과정 중, 가열조리방법에 따른 유탕면의 산화안정성 비교와 활성산소 및 퓨란 함량에 대한 변화를 알아보기 위하여 전자레인지와 가스레인지를 이용하여 조리하였으며, 용기뚜껑의 밀폐유무(OL, CLOA, CLCA)와 유탕면을 물에 완전 침지하는 방법으로 산소를 차단하여 조리하였다. 조리된 유탕면에서 추출한 유지를 시료로 하여 조리과정에 따라 일어나는 반응화합물에 따른 산패도를 측정하고 각종 활성산소종들 중에서 superoxide radical(O<SUB>2</SUB>??)과 hydrogen peroxide(H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>)의 생성량을 측정하였다. 또한, IARC에서 2B 그룹으로 분류된 발암성 물질인 퓨란의 함량을 GC/MS를 이용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과, 조리과정 중에 유탕면과의 산소접촉을 차단한 경우가 산소에 노출되어 조리된 유탕면의 유지에 비하여 산패도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 조리된 유탕면의 산가의 경우 전자레인지에서는, 용기뚜껑을 닫아 산소접촉을 최대한 차단(CLCA)하였을 때 차단하지 않고 조리한 유탕면에 비하여 약 30% 감소하였으며, 침지시켜서 조리한 경우에는 모두 1.0 mg KOH/g oil 이하의 값을 나타내었다. 가스레인지 가열의 경우에도 유탕면을 침지시켜 조리함으로써 약 32% 감소하였다. 또한, 과산화물가의 경우 조리시의 산소를 차단함으로써 20-40% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 superoxide radical의 경우, 전자레인지 조리시 용기의 뚜껑을 조리하였을 때 공기구멍의 개봉 정도에 관계없이 대조구와 유의적 차이가 없었으나, 동일조건에서 물에 완전침지시켜 조리한 경우에는 전자레인지 조리는 약 5.7%, 가스레인지 가열의 경우에는 약 8.7% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>의 경우에는 조리과정에서의 산소접촉량을 최대한 차단할수록 그 생성량이 낮았고, 전자레인지와 가스레인지의 가열방법에 따라 각각 약 7.6-13.5%, 4% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 조리된 유탕면에 함유된 퓨란의 함량의 경우는 전자레인지와 가스레인지 모두에서 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로 보아, 유탕면 조리 시에 가스레인지 가열보다 산소의 접촉을 최소화한 조건(soaking-CLCA)에서 전자레인지로 가열할 경우에 활성산소 생성의 최소화와 산화안정성의 최대화를 도모할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cooking methods (cooking apparatus and reaction level of oxygen) on the rancidity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and furans produced while cooking deep-fried instant noodles. The sample rancidities showed a decreasing trend regardless of the cooking apparatus, as the available oxygen content in the cooking pot was reduced. In particular, soaking and then cooking using a microwave oven was found to be the most effective method to retard rancidity development. The ROS concentration after cooking had a similar trend to the rancidity. The furan concentrations of the samples significantly decreased under all cooking conditions as compared to the control, and the lowest value was 10.69 ppb for the sample cooked in a microwave oven without a cooking pot lid after soaking. The results indicate that cooking in a microwave oven with soaking was the most effective method for the oxidative stability of deep-fried instant noodles.

공개경쟁입찰을 통해 구매한 의약품 가격의 결정요인: 1개 국공립병원 사례를 중심으로

김혜린 ( Hye Lin Kim ),이진이 ( Jin Nie Rhee ),이의경 ( Eui Kyung Lee ) 한국보건경제정책학회(구 한국보건경제학회) 2011 보건경제와 정책연구 Vol.17 No.2

정부에서는 건강보험 총급여액 중 차지하는 비중이 크고, 높은 증가율을 보이는 약제비를 적정 수준으로 유지 관리하여 건강보험재정의 안정화를 꾀하고자 다양한 약가 관리 방식을 도입하여 왔다. 1999년부터 시행해온 ‘실거래가 상환제’는 저가구매 인센티브가 없어 요양기관차원의 약제비절감노력이 미비하였는데, 2010년 10월부터 시행된 시장형 실거래가 상환제도는 요양기관의 저가구매에 대한 인센티브를 인정함으로서 기관의 약제구매방식에의 관심을 환기시켰고, 각 기관은 새로이 경쟁입찰 방식을 도입하여 효율적으로 구매가격을 낮추려는 시도를 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공개경쟁입찰을 통해 의약품을 구매하는 900병상 규모의 종합병원급 국립대학병원 1개소의 2007~ 2010년 4개년도 의약품구매 계약자료를 다양한 조건으로 분석하여, 의약품의 계약가격에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하였다. 품목당 선택가능한 제품의 개수가 증가(복수 제조사 선정)할수록 계약단가가 낮아졌으며, 특히 경쟁자가 1명이라도 존재할 경우의 가격하락이 20-30%로 두드러지게 나타났다. 가장 많은 품목을 계약한 선두 도매상의 낙찰품목 점유율이 높아져 구매력이 커질수록, 경구제형일수록, 전문보다는 일반의약품에서 보험상한가 대비 계약단가 평균이 낮았다. 연도별 구매의약품의 상대가격은 2007~2009년간 90.6%에서 72.1%로 지속적으로 감소하다가 시장형 실거래가상환제도 시행공표의 영향을 받은 2010년에는 91.3%로 상승하였는데, 의약품지불보상제도 변화의 영향을 많이 받는 보험급여의약품에서 이런 경향이 두드러졌다. 신규도입 의약품의 경우, 소규모로 입찰되는 수시입찰보다 품목수와 금액규모가 큰 정규입찰에 포함되었을 때 보험상한가 대비 계약단가가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 요양기관 차원에서 품목당 사용가능한 제품의 수를 늘리고(복수 제조사 선정), 입찰에 참여하는 도매상이 적극적으로 여러 품목에 투찰을 하도록 유도하고, 예상구매가격을 의약품의 특성별로 세분화하는 노력을 할 경우, 의약품의 저가구매 가능성이 높아짐을 시사한다. 아울러 개별 요양기관 차원에서 경쟁입찰을 통해 약제비 지출을 조절하고자 하는 시도는 약제비를 적정화하고자 하는 우리 정부의 노력에도 참고가 될 수 있다. Korean government has made efforts to contain the pharmaceutical expenditure recently. The actual transaction price (ATP) reimbursement system, introduced in 1999, lacked health care institutions`` incentives to purchase lower-priced drugs. The policy change to the market-based ATP reimbursement system in 2010 permits the institutions to take some profits from the purchase of lower-priced drugs. In addition to the policy change, the degree of competition within a drug ingredient, purchasing power of a wholesaler, and several characteristics of a pharmaceutical are expected to be associated with the contract price of a pharmaceutical purchased through competitive bidding. This study analyzes pharmaceutical contract price data of a period of 2007 to 2010 in a public general hospital which has adopted competitive bidding system on its purchase of the pharmaceuticals. The relative price was defined as ``the contract price compared to the maximum insurance reimbursable price`` for each pharmaceutical. As the number of brands per a generic name ingredient as well as a wholesaler``s buying power increases, the lower the relative price is. Oral type as well as non-ethical drugs are more likely to have lower price. The relative price decreases yearly, but it increases in 2010 because some wholesalers and pharmaceutical manufacturers in face of the reimbursement policy change were reluctant to participate in the bidding. The study results provide information to the health institutions and the government that have tried (or will try) to manage the competitive bidding system as a way of lowering pharmaceutical price and controlling the pharmaceutical expenditure.

석고보드 건식벽체를 이용한 가변형 공동주택의 전과정 $CO_2$ 배출량 및 경제성 평가

하성균,태성호,신성우,김경래,이종선,한상현,이진원,Ha, Sung-Kyun,Tae, Sung-Ho,Shin, Sung-Woo,Kim, Kyung-Rai,Lee, Jong-Sun,Han, Sang-Hyun,Rhee, Jin-Won 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.10

Recently driven by the ease of remodeling and increase of lifespan and performances required of apartment houses, demands for plaster board drywall with outstanding flexibility are growing, and the importance of their assessment of environmental load is rising. In this study, $CO_2$ generated during the life cycle of a building($LCCO_2$) and its economic efficiency were evaluated for the assessment of the environmental load and cost of buildings that used plaster board drywall. Typical concrete bearing wall structure for apartment building was set as case 1, and comparison subjects were developed as case 2, case 3 and case 4 based on the ratio of plaster board drywall on top of case 1. Structural safety of each building to be assessed and the legal incentives by the use of variable type wall were considered. In addition, both for life cycle $CO_2$ emission and economic efficiency, life cycle assessments were conducted by stages including construction stage, operation/maintenance stage and demolition/waste stage. A set of data including construction material quantity, amount of energy usage, repair rate and repair period etc which are required in each stage of assessment were utilized for both $CO_2$ assessment and economic efficiency. As a result, in case of flat-type, the life cycle $CO_2$ reduction rates of cases 2, 3 and 4 compare to case1 were 1.0%, 4.5% and 5.4% respectively, and in the assessment of cost, the reduction rates compare to case1 were -0.01%, 5.8% and 6.0% respectively.

SNN-FVQ를 사용한 퍼지벡터 양자화기의 성능 개선에 관한 연구

고남곤(Nam-Kon Ko),김형석(Hyung-Seuk Kim),이진이(Jin-Rhee Lee),이광형(Kwang-Hyung Lee) 한국지능시스템학회 1994 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.4 No.1

석고보드 건식벽체를 이용한 가변형 공동주택의 전과정 CO₂ 배출량 및 경제성 평가

하성균(Ha, Sung-Kyun),태성호(Tae, Sung-Ho),신성우(Shin, Sung-Woo),김경래(Kim, Kyung-Rai),이종선(Lee, Jong-Sun),한상현(Han, Sang-Hyun),이진원(Rhee, Jin-Won) 대한건축학회 2011 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.27 No.10

Recently driven by the ease of remodeling and increase of lifespan and performances required of apartment houses, demands for plaster board drywall with outstanding flexibility are growing, and the importance of their assessment of environmental load is rising. In this study, CO₂ generated during the life cycle of a building(LCCO₂) and its economic efficiency were evaluated for the assessment of the environmental load and cost of buildings that used plaster board drywall. Typical concrete bearing wall structure for apartment building was set as case 1, and comparison subjects were developed as case 2, case 3 and case 4 based on the ratio of plaster board drywall on top of case 1. Structural safety of each building to be assessed and the legal incentives by the use of variable type wall were considered. In addition, both for life cycle CO₂ emission and economic efficiency, life cycle assessments were conducted by stages including construction stage, operation/maintenance stage and demolition/waste stage. A set of data including construction material quantity, amount of energy usage, repair rate and repair period etc which are required in each stage of assessment were utilized for both CO₂ assessment and economic efficiency. As a result, in case of flat-type, the life cycle CO₂ reduction rates of cases 2, 3 and 4 compare to case1 were 1.0%, 4.5% and 5.4% respectively, and in the assessment of cost, the reduction rates compare to case1 were -0.01%, 5.8% and 6.0% respectively.

공동주택의 석고보드 건식벽체 적용에 의한 전 생애주기 CO<SUB>2</SUB> 저감성 평가 관한 연구

하성균(Ha, Sung-Kyun),태성호(Tae, Sung-Ho),김형일(Kim, Hyeong-Ill),신성우(Shin, Sung-Woo),이종선(Lee, Jong-Sun),한상현(Han, Sang-Hyun),이진원(Rhee, Jin-Won) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.31 No.1(구조계)