제왕절개술시 Ketamine 마취의 임상적 연구

박성환,오흥근 대한마취과학회 1975 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.8 No.2

The pharmacological actions of ketamine in human volunteers were reported by Domino et al. in 1965, and use in 130 patients by Corssen and Domino (1966). Since then, its use in a wide variety of surgical procedures has been reported throughout the world. Several authors(Galloon, 1971; Gallon and Dick, 1971; Spoerel, 1971)reported that katamine has several advantages over conventional anesthetics. The advantages of using katamine anesthesia are: preservation of pharyngeal reflex and airway maintenance during induction of anesthesia, stimulation of the cardiovascular system, wide safety margin, short duration, fast recovery, little nausea and vomiting after anesthesia, little depression of the fetus and good uterine contraction with minimal bleeding. On theother hand, ketamine has also disadvantages: elevation of arterial pressure and pulse rate temporarily during induction of anesthesia, poor muscle relaxation and post-operative psychotic reactions are not uncommonly found. The authers tried to find out the feasibility of ketamine anesthesia for Cesarean section over the conventional method of thiopental muscle relaxant N2O with IPPV technique. Materials and Methods. 52 Korean parturients were selected for Cesarean section including emergency and elective operation for this study. Thiopental Group. 25 cases were induced for anesthesia with 3.5±1.64mg/kg of thiopental and intubated with the help of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine followed by N2O with controlled ventilation. After delivering the baby, anesthesia was maintained with N2O-O2-ether throughout the procedures. Ketamine A Group. 9 cases, just before skin incision, were injected intravenously with katamine 1.67±0.03mg/kg slowly for over one minute with or without N2O: O2(2: 1 L/min) through a mask. After delivering the fetus, a supplement of ketamine and diazepam 10mg I.V. was ginven intermittently. Ketamine B Group. Anesthesia was induced by 1.72±0.05mg/kg ketamine and 1mg/kg of succinylcholine with endotracheal intubation. After delivery, N2O with O2 andditional ketamine were given to 9 patients. Ketamine C Group. Anesthesia was performed with 1. 30±0.15mg/kg of ketamine, 0.08mg/kg of pancuronium, N2O, with endotracheal intubation for 9 patients, ether supplement was given following delivery . Conclusion . With these mentioned methods of anesthesia, the authors formed several conclusions about ketamine anesthesia in Cesarean section. 1. Ketamine can be used as the main anesthetic or for induction in elective and emergency Cesarean section because of its rapid onset and intense analgesic effect. 2. As in the method of anesthesia, it is useful to combine N2O-O2 mixture and muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine or pancuronium. This technique is more suitable for maintenance of anesthesia because of the poor muscle relaxation of ketamine alone. 3. For induction of anesthesia, under 1.6mg/kg of ketamine is advisable. Exceeding this dose, the infant respiration is more likely to be depressed because of hypertonicity of the skeletal musculature. 4. Ketamine has maternal cardiovascular stimulation effect particularly diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate in the Ketamine-pancuronium-N2O-intubation group. 5. Less bleeding was found during and after the delivery, possibly due to an increased uterine contraction from ketamine. 6. Disadvantages of ketamine included a prolonged maternal recovery period, and newborn respiratory depression end these seemed to be dose related. From the above, ketamine anesthesia appears to be another safe and satisfactory method of anesthesia for Casarean section, provided that toxema of pregnancy patients with hypertension and patients who have had psychotic problems previously are avoided.

연극작품을 자료로한 효율적인 영어교육 방법--쑈의 Pygmalion

박성환 釜山 外國語 大學校 1999 外大論叢 Vol.19 No.4

The general emphasis in modern globalized world on the primacy of the spoken language made many distust literature. Literature was thought of as embodying a static kind of language, far removed from the utterances of daily communication. Many people thought that much of literature is not efficient in the demands of particular uses in business, trade, travel, advertising, and so on. However, the learners of practical English should become more familiar with patterns of social interaction in the country which uses the target language. The created world of literature portrays these in contextualised situations, and this gradually reveals the codes or assumptions which shape such interaction. Moreover, literature, which speaks to the heart as much as to the mind, provides material with some emotional colour, that can make fuller contact with the ethos of people using the target language. In this light learning language through resources of literature, especially dramas, is one of very efficient teaching methods. To have `learned` a language means, obviously, to be able to understand it through linguistic competence and produce it. All that the outside world cares about is performance and communicative competence because they are all that it can hear and see. One of the most important tasks as teachers, is to help the student to build up the competence from which his future performance and communication must flow. Images which are produced communication. Resources from drama can be used to produce these images because they are created world of fiction. In this paper I explore the method to cultivate linguistic competence, performance, and communicative competence using resources from an English drama. Of all the genre of literary works, drama is very relevant to apply to teaching methods of language. I select G. B. Shaw`s drama, Pygmailon. This paper suggests that activities-centered teaching method is one of the most efficient ones to teach practical English applying this drama. The student-oriented presentation and discussion in the study-group are strongly recommended as effective practical strategy. They will suggest the importance of a global perspectivein teaching practical English language in Korea.

토니 모리슨의『솔로몬의 노래』에 나타나는 흑인의 정체성

박성환 부산 외국어 대학교 2004 外大論叢 Vol.28 No.-

For Afro-American writers, the novel has been an important vehicle to represent the context of the black community and culture, to expose racism, inequality, and social injustice. Toni Morrison suggested that Black presence, which has been ignored since the Emancipation, but has played an important role in the white-dominated American cultural development, should be an important subject in the Afro-American novels. Morrison's novels favour community, the moral responsibility of individuals to each other, the traditional black culture and values, the importance of the past and ancestors, and the reclamation of identity for the black people. This thesis aims at investigating the process of the establishment of black identity through Milkman Dead's quest for his family and the past in Song of Solomon. One of Morrison's foremost concerns is the immediate relevance of black past and history. For Morrison, black history and past is the core of black identity in America. In her novels Morrison, focused on the relationships among black history, her family history, and her own sense of black identity. This view of black history and black identity is at the center of her third novel, Song of Solomon(1977), the story of Milkman Dead's quest for identity. Milkman finds himself--discovers his own courage, endurance, and the capacity for love; in short, achieves his black identity--when he discovers his connection with his ancestors. The motif of the novel is the myth of the Flying Africans. As in traditional black folklore, flying represents black people's desire to return back to Africa, to their roots, to regain freedom and identity, escaping from the oppressive slavery. Morrison reveals that reclamation of identity for the black people and its establishment derive from the search of self by learning the past of his black community. Pilate, the female ancestor/ mother, plays the dominant role in marking Milkman commune with his flying ancestor, and in passing on cultural knowledge and values of the black past to next generations. At the end of the novel, jumping toward Guitar, Milkman flies as his ancestors flew. But this flight is different from his ancestors'. His is ultimate sign of his achievement of identity and spiritual freedom, leaving another myth/ legacy for mothers' tales. Morrison's novel argues that the presence of an ancestor, the presence of the past, and the wisdom from that source are vital in the context of African continuum. Morrison's aim in this novel is to reveal the importance of the tradition and values of African heritage that forms the Afro-American community. For to see the future and the present, it is important to know the past of the black community and to achieve their black identity.

셰익스피어와 버나드 쇼의 비교연구 : 『리어왕』과『비탄의 집』을 중심으로

박성환 새한영어영문학회 2000 새한영어영문학 Vol.42 No.2

Bernard Shaw subtitled his Heartbreak House "A Fantasia in the Russian Manner on English Themes." The Russian Manner is Chekhovian: The English Themes are Shakespearean manner upon Shavian themes and images. Shakespeare's King Lear reverberates through Shaw's Heartbreak House. Shaw had hinted at the King Lear connection as soon as he had completed the play. Shaw had long continued "love-hate" relationship with Shakespeare because he felt that the Bard's shadow had darkened English theatrical landscape. Besides, Shaw was an iconoclast and destroyer of conventions. This paper is a comparative study over Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw through some literary resemblances and differences, parallels and reverses between Shakespeare's King Lear and Bernard Shaw's Heartbreak House To do this Geoffrey Hartman's theory of relationship of the genius(present poet) with Genius(past masters) and genius loci(Spirit of a particular age) are employed. According to Hartman, to create a truly iconoclastic art, a structure-breaking literature, to change the function of form from reconciliation and conservation to rebellion, and to participate in the enormity of present experience-these are the writer's Promethean endeavors A great artist has the ambition to identify the Genius(past masters) of art with his own genius or that of a particular age(genius loci). If he admires the ancients, he trembles to rival them, but if he does not admire, he trembles before a void he must fill. Thus the artist's struggle with past masters and the pastness of art in modern society seems to be a version of a universal human struggle: of genius with Genius, and genius with genius loci. Here I have investigated the relationship of genius Shaw with Genius Shakespeare and genius loci through parallels and reversions as well as equivalents of some images, leit-motifs and themes in the two plays. The conclusion is that Shaw's Heartbreak House is a modern version of Shakespeare's King Lear, the latter reverberating through the former. For a total understanding of the two plays it will give the reader and audience a model of a better and more comprehensive understanding of dramatic literature as a whole enhancing their literary sentiments.

G.B Shaw의 政治劇에 대한 硏究 : The Apple Cart와 On the Rocks를 중심으로 The Apple Cart and On the Rocks

박성환 釜山 外國語 大學校 1995 外大論叢 Vol.13 No.1

This paper is to study Shaw's Socialist political ideas and philosophy through the examination of his late two political dramas : The Apple Cart and On the Rocks which were produced between the two World Wars. Shaw, the Fabian Socialist, refused to subscribe to the idea of radically overthrowing the bourgeois class by the proletariat, offering much less radical plan : the socialization of the state by gradual and constitutional means. He diagnosed Socialism as equality of income. In his late political plays, Shaw engaged in satirical exposure of the weakness of existing political institutions. The two plays are concerned with the problems of parliamentary democracy in England. His political plays, in dealing with social and political problems, are based on the notion of "stable" society. Faced with proletarianization, this notion of stable society made him cling to the bourgeois class with all brilliance of culture behind him. Unable to identify himself with the proletariat class, he adhere to a reformulation of socialism safe and secure within the bourgeoisie tradition. Thus he was never able to escape from the categories of bourgeoisie world vision; all the problems he raised and the solutions he contrived were from with the problematic frame work of the bourgeois ideology.

평면연삭에서 연삭조건에 따른 AE와 가속도 신호의 거동에 관한 연구

박성환 大田産業大學校 1999 한밭대학교 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

The monitoring method of cutting conditions by in-process is keenly required due to the automation of the grinding process. In this study has measured and analyzed the AErms, acceleration, surface roughness according to the change of feed, depth of grinding, materials of work piece and of the grain sire of grinding wheel. As the feed speed of work piece increased, AErms and accleration is decreased, surface roughness is increased. The deeper the depth of grinding for AErms, acceleration, surface roughness was inclined to increase. As the grain size of grinding wheel got higher, AErms is increase and surface roughness is decreased.

Sodium molybate가 납중독 랫드의 말초신경내 myo-inositol 인지질 대사 관련 효소에 미치는 영향

박성환,정명규,조해용,최창하,김명녀 대한위생학회 2001 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.16 No.4

We have previously demonstrated that sodium molybdate(Mo) improved lead-intoxicated status by enhancing the metabolism of myo-inositol-related phospholipids in sciatic nerves isolated from rats. In this study, in order to address the reduction mechanism of Mo for lead toxicity, effects of Mo on cystidine-diglyceride transferase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, and phosphatidyl inositol-4-phosphate kinase, involved in myo-inositol metabolism of nerve, were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Mo significantly increased the activities of cystidinediglyceride transferase and phosphatidylinositol kinase in lead-intoxicated rat, and the pattern of increase was dose-dependent manner. However, Mo did not affect the activity of phosphatidylinositiol-4-phosphate kinase in normal and lead-intoxicated rats. We also found that Mo affected the activities of phopholipid metabolism-related enzymes not by the indirect manner such as activation of another metabolic pathway but by the direct manner. These results suggest that the improvement mechanism of Mo for lead-intoxicated status might be a normalization of the activities of phospholipid metabolism-related enzymes in sciatic nerve.

방사선 조사가 흉선에 미치는 영향

박성환,손윤경,채종민,곽정식 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1989 慶北醫大誌 Vol.30 No.2

저자들은 흉선의 급성 방사선에 상해에 대하여 알아보고자 채중 20gm 내외의 숫컷 ICR계 mouse에 500rad의 X-선을 1회 전신 조사하고 1,4,8시간 및 1,3,5일 후 흉선을 채취하여 주사전자현미경 및 투과전자현미경적으로 관찰하였다. 성적을 요약하면 주사전자현미경상 X-선 조사후 1시간후 부터 흉선세포의 microvilli가 소실되고 이어 세포표면에 구멍이나 돌출이 생겼다. 그러나 X-선 조사 3일후부터 점차 회복되었다. 투과전자현미경 소견으로 X-선 조사 1시간후 몇개의 pyknosis를 보이는 세포가 생겼으며 이딜의 수는 시간이 갈수록 증가하였다. 수질에는 세포파괴 물질과 이들을 탐식한 대식구가 침윤하였으며 이와 같은 소견도 X-선 조사 3일 후부터 점차 회복되었다. 이상의 성적을 보면 방사선에 의한 흉선의 상해는 흉선세포에 가장 민감하게 일어나며 이들은 방사선 조사후 즉시 손상받는 interphase death의 양상을 취하였다. 이러한 세포의 파괴는 3일 후 부터 회복되므로 500 rad의 X-선 조사는 흉선세포자체에는 일시적으로 치명적인 효과를 나타내나 곧 수복가능한 상해를 준다고 생각된다. The authors studies the acute ultrastructureal changes of thymus after X-ray irradiation. Male ICR mice were irradiated X-ray on total body with 500 rad of single dose. The thymuses were observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopy at 1,4,8 hours and 1,3,5 days after irradiation. On the scanning electron microscopy, the thymocytes showed loss of microvilli and formation of pores at 1 hour after irradiation, and those features were recovered 3 days after irradiation. On the transmission electron microscopy, several pyknotic cells were scattered in the thymic cortex at 1 hour after irradiation, and the numbers of dead cells were increased until 8 hours after irradiation. Those findings were also recovered 3 days after irradiation. From the above results it may be concluded that the thymocytes are the most radiosensitive cells in the thymus and the pattern of early radiation injury may be interphase death. And those injurious effects of 500 rad X-ray irradiation to the thymocytes transiently lethal but the changes are recovered within short time interval.

King Lear : 劇的 構造와 意味 構造

朴성桓 부산 외국어 대학교 1990 外大論叢 Vol.8 No.1

The structure of meaning in a drama we are concerned to exhibit is the one that we must suppose to exist objectively in the work by virtue of the writer's act of expression. It will exist there as what is meant by the totality of particular relationship and tensions observable in all the parts of the structure of the drama and on the all the levels-from metaphors to plot of central imagery-on which meaning can be found. As the interpretation of the meanings illuminating the work as totality contains all the details composing the drama, the elements themselves and interrelationships with otehr elements should be studied. It brings forth the problems of ambiguity which accepts widely various interpretations. In King Lear Shakespeare employs different dual aspects of contrast, antithesis, contrariety, and parallel, attaining his aim in the play. These rhetorical devices of dual aspects contains not merely binary opposition, and they extend from it to synthesizing dialectically in interacting and completing each other. These dramatic techniques are seen in all elements of the structures of the play. These elements of dual aspects see the inversion of surface structure of meanings with deep structure of them. This inversion of structure of interpretation enlarges the effects of the drama as it simultaneously contains dramatic irony. This study is to trace the dramatic structure of dual features and imageries, and with it the structure of interpretation of meaning in King Lear. And it shows that the play is composed on the highly aesthetic structure.

ImmunoDot법에 의한 전신성 류마티스 질환의 자가항체 검사

박성환,김선준,김성일,민준기,이상헌,홍연식,조철수,김호연 최신의학사 1997 最新醫學 Vol.40 No.7