고립단어 인식 시스템에서의 거절기능 구현

김동화,김형순,김영호,Kim, Dong-Hwa,Kim, Hyung-Soon,Kim, Young-Ho 한국음향학회 1997 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.16 No.6

고립단어 음성인식 시스템이 실용적이 되려면 인식 대상 이외의 단어를 거절할 수 있는 기능이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 집단화된 음소 모델과 likelihood ratio에 의한 후처리 방법을 사용하여 거절기능을 구현하는 방법을 제안하였다. 기본적인 음성인식 시스템은 단어 단위 연속 HMM을 사용하였고, 6개의 집단화된 음소 모델들은 음성학적으로 균형잡힌 음성 데이터베이스를 이용하여 훈련된 45개의 문맥독립 음소 모델들로부터 통계적 방법에 의하여 생성되었다. 22개의 부서 명칭을 대상으로 한 화자독립 고립단어 인식시스템에서 거절성능을 시험하여 본 결과, 가장 높은 확률값과 두 번째 높은 확률값을 가지는 후보단어들 간의 차이값에 의하여 거절기능을 수행하는 기존의 후처리 방법보다 성능이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 집단화된 음소모델은 인식 대상 어휘가 다른 고립단어 인식 시스템에도 재훈련 없이 그대로 사용될 수 있다. For the practical isolated word recognition system, the ability to reject the out-of -vocabulary(OOV) is required. In this paper, we present a rejection method which uses the clustered phoneme modeling combined with postprocessing by likelihood ratio scoring. Our baseline speech recognition system was based on the whole-word continuous HMM. And 6 clustered phoneme models were generated using statistical method from the 45 context independent phoneme models, which were trained using the phonetically balanced speech database. The test of the rejection performance for speaker independent isolated words recogntion task on the 22 section names shows that our method is superior to the conventional postprocessing method, performing the rejection according to the likelihood difference between the first and second candidates. Furthermore, this clustered phoneme models do not require retraining for the other isolated word recognition system with different vocabulary sets.

부등식의 풀이에 대한 연구

김동화,이민정,이양,Kim, Dong Hwa,Lee, Min Jung,Lee, Yang 영남수학회 2014 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.30 No.4

Students might find different solutions to the quadratic inequalities according to the range of the number representing the character of the inequalities. They have confusion when the roots of a quadratic inequality are complex numbers since the character of the inequalities generally represents the real number in the mathematics textbooks. Therefore we suggest that we must explain definitely the range of the number representing the character for each inequality question.

중등수학영재의 수학적 창의성에 대한 고찰

김동화,김영아,강주영,Kim, Dong Hwa,Kim, Young A,Kang, Joo Young 영남수학회 2018 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.34 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the mathematical creativity of middle school mathematical gifted students is represented through the process of problem posing activities. For this goal, they were asked to pose real-world problems similar to the tasks which had been solved together in advance. This study demonstrated that just 2 of 15 pupils showed mathematical giftedness as well as mathematical creativity. And selecting mathematically creative and gifted pupils through creative problem-solving test consisting of problem solving tasks should be conducted very carefully to prevent missing excellent candidates. A couple of pupils who have been exerting their efforts in getting private tutoring seemed not overcoming algorithmic fixation and showed negative attitude in finding new problems and divergent approaches or solutions, though they showed excellence in solving typical mathematics problems. Thus, we conclude that it is necessary to incorporate problem posing tasks as well as multiple solution tasks into both screening process of gifted pupils and mathematics gifted classes for effective assessing and fostering mathematical creativity.

기계체조 세계선수권대회 철봉종목 기술동향 분석

김동화(Kim Dong-Hwa) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the skill trend of horizontal bar shown in superior artistic gymnastics male players and provide national artistic gymnastics players and leaders with the information required for improving game ability. For the purpose, the performances of the world top players, who participated in horizontal bar final of 2009 world championship, were comparatively analyzed by focusing on group element, skill difficulty and D score (beginning score). The results are as follows. First, for difficulty, the skill of D difficulty was most frequently performed (p<.001) with C difficulty (p<.01) and E difficulty (p<.01) in order. It was found that ZK (China) player who ranked first place performed D difficulty over 8 times. Second, for element group, it was found that total 8 players preferred flying element group (GroupⅡ) in 12 system skills. In addition, it was found that EI-grip and dorsal hang element and clement performed rearway to the bar(GroupⅣ) were performed over 7 times and long hang swing with turn element (Group Ⅰ) was performed over 7 times. Therefore, it was analyzed that the skill should be focused on flying element group (Group Ⅱ). Third, for connection skill, total 8 players performed 7 connection skill systems. It was found that they preferred the skill connecting flying element group (Group Ⅱ) in EI-grip and dorsal hang element and element performed rearway to the bar(GroupⅣ). ZK (China) player who ranked first place performed 4 connection skills and received 0.8 bonus score. It was analyzed that the connection skill is the most important core to win the medal.

체조선수들이 지각하는 코칭행동, 운동욕구와 훈련태도 간의 관계 분석

김동화(Kim, Dong hwa),박규남(Park, Kyu nam) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2020 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.20 No.22

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between coaching behavior, motor desire and training attitude perceived by gymnasts. For this reason, it is registered with the 2018 Gymnastics Association, and it collects data from 251 athletes who participated in the 45th Culture, Sports and Tourism Department Jangwanggi National City･ Road Competition and University･General Gymnastics Tournament, Multiple regression analyzes were performed using structured questionnaires related to gymnastics and training attitudes. As a result of this study, it was first found that the democratic leaders of coaching behavior perceived by gymnasts have a positive influence on the relationships, competence, and autonomy needs of athletes motor desire subfactors. Second, it was found that the relationships, competence, and autonomy needs of gymnastics sub-factors have a positive effect on training attitudes. This suggests that the coaching method viewed from the athlete s point of view in the sports field is closely related to the athlete s desire for exercise and training attitude, and is an information material for future guidance and the creation of an efficient training environment for athletes. It is meaningful to present as. 본 연구는 체조선수들이 지각하는 코칭행동, 운동욕구와 훈련태도 간의 관계를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2018년 대한체조협회에 등록되어 있고 제45회 문화체육관광부장관기 전국 시･도대항 및 대학･일반 체조대회에 참가한 251명의 선수로부터 자료를 수집하여 코칭행동, 운동욕구, 훈련태도와 관련된 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과 첫째, 체조선수들이 지각하는 코칭행동 중 민주적 지도자가 선수들의 운동욕구 하위요인 관계성, 유능성, 자율성 욕구에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 체조선수들의 운동욕구 하위요인 관계성, 유능성, 자율성 욕구는 훈련태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 스포츠 현장에서 선수들의 입장에서 바라보는 코칭방법으로 인하여 선수들의 운동욕구와 훈련태도에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사하고 향후 지도자 및 선수들의 효율적인 훈련환경 조성을 위한 정보자료로 제시하는데 그 의의가 있다.

무인항공기용 터보팬 엔진 2차유로 시스템 특징 비교

김동화(Dong Hwa Kim),유경원(Gyong Won You),김유일(Yu Il Kim) 한국추진공학회 2022 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

연안지역별 환경특성 분석과 관리수단 강화방안

김동화(Dong-Hwa KIM),이용우(Yong-Woo LEE),손규희(Kyu-Hee SON),김태곤(Tae-Gon KIM) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2015 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.5

2012년 런던올림픽 기계체조 평행봉 종목 우수선수 연기내용 분석

김동화(Dong Hwa Kim),최영철(Young Chyul Choi),정진수(Jin Soo Jung) 한국체육측정평가학회 2012 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구의 대상은 2012년 런던올림픽대회 평행봉 결승경기에 출전한 우수선수 8명을 대상으로 하였으며, 결승경기를 정면과 측면 관중석에서 2대의 Sony Video camera로 현장에서 직접 촬영하였으며, 자료분석의 정확성을 높이기 위해 대회 운영위원회로부터 결승경기 출전선수의 성적표를 수집하였다. 연기내용(시작점수, 최종점수, 난도,연기요소그룹)을 체조 국제심판 5명과 함께 국제체조연맹에서 새롭게 개정한 채점규칙을 근거로 1차 분석한 후, 수집된 선수 성적표 자료와 비교하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 난도요소에서 D난도를 총 34회(42.5%) 실시하여 선수들이 가장 선호하는 기술로 나타났고, E난도는 총 27회(33.75%), C난도는 총 15회(18.75%)실시하여 D난도와 E난도를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 연기구성에서 D난도 기술을 완벽하게 수행하고 E난도 기술의 감점을 최소화 하는 것이 올림픽대회에서 메달 획득을 하는데 있어 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 둘째, 그룹요소 힘·정지 다리스윙 요소그룹(Group Ⅳ)에서는 3개 계통의 기술을 총 21회 실시해 동일 그룹요소를 응용하여 실시하는 것으로 나타났고, 양봉에 매달려서 하는 스윙동작(Group Ⅲ)에서 10개 계통의 기술을 총 20회실시하여 평행봉 연기구성을 할 때 선수들의 기능적인 측면과 특성에 따라 다양한 기술을 연기구성에 포함시키는것이 중요하다고 나타났다. 셋째, 시작점수를 높이기 위해 선수들이 높은 난도의 기술을 구사하였고, 내리기 요소그룹에서도 D난도 Double salto bwd. p (dismount)기술을 8명의 선수 중 6명이 실시하여, 성공적인 착지 및 연기내용의 마무리를 완벽하게 수행하기 위해 선수들이 가장 선호하는 기술로 나타났다. 반면 높은 난도의 내리기를 선택한 선수 2명은 각각 2위, 5위를 차지하였으며, 높은 난도의 내리기 동작은 시작점수를 높이기 위해서 필요하며, 감점의 위험성과 연기 마무리라는 점에서 신중히 선택하는 것이 중요하다고 사료된다. This study was conducted on 8 excellent athletes who advanced to the finals in parallel bars at 2012 London Olympic Games. The finals game was recorded at the stadium from the front and side stand through 2 Sony video cameras. To increase the accuracy of data analysis, scores of athletes who advanced to the finals were collected from the operating committee. We conducted a preliminary analysis with 5 international gymnastics referees through contents of exercise (beginning score, final score, difficulty, and exercise element group) based on the scoring rules newly established by the International Federation of Gymnastics. After conducting a comparison with the athletes` scores collected, we have arrived at the following conclusion. First, As for difficulty elements, athletes carried out difficulty D a total number of 34 times (42.5%), which indicated that it was their most preferred technique. Also, they carried out E-part 27 times (33.75%) and difficulty C 15 times (18.75%), which indicated that athletes prefer difficulty D and difficulty E. Likewise, as for composition of exercise, it was indicated that perfectly executing difficulty D technique and minimizing bad marks from difficulty E technique was the most important aspect of winning a medal in the Olympic Games. Second, As for strength·hold and leg swing element group (Group Ⅳ) from group elements, 3 types of techniques were carried out a total number of 21 times, which indicated that athletes carried out techniques by applying identical group elements. As for a swing movement done by hanging on bars (Group Ⅲ), 10 types of techniques were carried out a total number of 20 times, which indicated that it was important to include various techniques to composition of exercise according to athletes` functional aspects and characteristics, while athletes perform on parallel bars. Third, To increase a starting score, athletes performed high-difficulty techniques, and 6 out of 8 athletes performed difficulty D Double salto bwd. p (dismount) technique for a dismount element group. It was indicated that athletes preferred this technique the most in order to successfully land on the floor and to perfectly execute the final composition of exercise. On the contrary, 2 athletes who selected to perform a high-difficulty dismount technique were placed second and fifth respectively. Therefore, it is understood that a high-difficulty dismount technique is necessary to increase a beginning score and should be carefully selected because the technique is risky and belongs to a final part of exercise.

원자력 발전소용 증기 발생기 수위제어를 위한 제어기 특성연구

김동화(Kim Dong Hwa),이원규(Lee Won Kyu),조일인(Cho Il In) 대한전기학회 1997 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.7

초ㆍ중학교 기계체조 선수들의 운동참여 만족도가 운동지속에 미치는 영향

김동화(Kim Dong-Hwa),박규남(Park Kyu-Nam),박현욱(Park Hyun-Uk) 한국체육과학회 2010 한국체육과학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The purpose of this study was to define the effect of participation satisfaction index of elementaryㆍmiddle school gymnasts on continual sports activity. From the result of analysis on gender, in psychological satisfaction, mind was effective for male gymnasts and body was effective for female gymnasts, and in social satisfaction, vitality was effective for male gymnasts and body was effective for female gymnasts. From the result of analysis on grade, it was found that mind and body were effective for elementary school gymnasts in psychological satisfaction, and body was effective for middle school gymnasts in social satisfaction. From the result of analysis on position. in psychological satisfaction, vitality and body were effective and for social satisfaction, both of captain and regular player were effective in physical variable.