8년간(1992~1999) 산업안전보건연구원에 의뢰된 직업병 심의 사례 분석

강성규,김규상,김양호,최정근,안연순,진영우,최병순,양정선,김은아,채창호,최용휴,김대성,박정선,정호근 대한산업의학회 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Objectives : Pneumoconisis and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) have been reported as main occupational diseases by the Special Health Examination. The Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance has reported various work-related diseases, however, these two diseases occupied almost a half of compensated cases. Therefore, it was not well known about the status of occupational diseases other than pneumoconiosis, NIHL, and cardio-cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This study was conducted to analyze claimed cases as an occupational disease, that was requested to the Korea Industrial Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA). Methods : The local office of the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC) has asked the KOSHA for confirmation of claimed cases as an occupational disease. We analyzed 379 cases requested from KLWC, the Ministry of Labor, employers, unions and occupational health agencies from 1992 to 1999. Results : Male was 80.7 % of the requested cases. Their mean age was 42 years old and 75.5 % of them were more than 35 years old. The requested cases were increased rapidly from 25 cases in 1992 to 108 cases in 1999 and the accept rate was 50.7 %. The majority of requested cases were respiratory diseases(22.4%), cancers(18.5%), Neuropsychiatric problems(14.5%), and musculoskeletal problems(13.5%). The accept rate was high in reproductive, respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive disorders and low in neuropsychiatric, renal and otologic problems and occupational cancers. 73.6% of them were caused by chemical agents, especially 28.5 % were by organic solvents. 67% of them were clinically confirmed at university hospitals. A half of the cases were from KyongIn area, even the request came from the whole country. Conclusions : A claim was common in workers whose age was over 35 years old and exposure history was over 10 years. The respiratory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders were still main problems in occupational health and occupational cancers was increasing even though its accept rate was not high yet.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor improves renal tubulointerstitial Hypoxia of the Diabetic rat Kidney

( Hui Kyoung Sun ),( Yun Mi Lee ),( Kum Hyun Han ),( Han Seong Kim ),( Seon Ho Ahn ),( Sang Youb Han ) 대한내과학회 2012 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.27 No.2

Background/Aims: Renal hypoxia is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Pentoxifyllin (PTX), a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is used to attenuate peripheral vascular diseases. To determine whether PTX can improve renal hypoxia, we investigated its effect in the streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic kidney. Methods: PTX (40 mg/kg, PO) was administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 8 weeks. To determine tissue hypoxia, we examined hypoxic inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) levels. We also tested the effect of PTX on HIF-1α in renal tubule cells. Results: PTX reduced the increased protein creatinine ratio in diabetic rats at 8 weeks. HIF-1α, VEGF, and GLUT-1 mRNA expression increased significantly, and the expression of HO-1 also tended to increase in diabetic rats. PTX significantly decreased mRNA expression of HIF-1α and VEGF at 4 and 8 weeks, and decreased HO-1 and GLUT-1 at 4 weeks. The expression of HIF-1α protein was significantly increased at 4 and 8 weeks in tubules in the diabetic rat kidney. PTX tended to decrease HIF-1α protein expression at 8 weeks. To examine whether PTX had a direct effect on renal tubules, normal rat kidney cells were stimulated with CoCl2 (100 μM), which enhanced HIF-1α mRNA and protein levels under low glucose conditions (5.5 mM). Their expressions were similar even after high glucose (30 mM) treatment. PTX had no effect on HIF-1α expression. Conclusions: PTX attenuates tubular hypoxia in the diabetic kidney.

작업관련성 근골격계질환으로 요양승인된 사례 분석

안연순,최용휴,강성규,정호근 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.2

목 적 : 이 연구는 1999년 근로복지공단에서 업무상질병으로 인정한 근골격계질환을 정밀분석하여 질병의 종류와 특성을 밝힘으로서 직업성 근골격계질환 예방사업이나 업무상질병 판정의 기초자료로 제공하고자 실시하였다. 방 법 : 근로복지공단 주전산망을 통하여 재해일자가 1999년 1월 1일부터 12월 31일까지인 근로자중 2000년 6월 30일까지 요양이 승인된 업무상 질병자 2,333명을 파악하고 이 중 뇌심혈관계질환자 1,348명과 직업병자 575명을 제외한 근골격계질환자 410명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 소속 사업장 또는 연구대상 근로자에 대하여 우편 또는 전화 면담조사를 실시하여 업무상 질병자의 성, 연령, 질병 관련 작업기간, 질병 발생원인, 업종, 직종, 질병종류, 사업장규모 등에 대한 조사를 실시 후 기술분석을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 근골격계질환자 410명 중 남성이 310명(75.6 %), 여성이 100명(24.4 %)이었다. 연령별로는 30-39세가 143명(34.9 %)을로 가장 많았고, 질병관련 근무기간은 1년 이상 5년 미만 근무자의 비율이 36.0 %로 가장 높았다. 소속 사업장 규모는 5인 이상 50인 미만 사업장이 38.0 %로 가장 높았다. 종사업종은 제조업이 235명(57.3 %)을로 가장 많았고 다음으로 운수업 46명(11.2 %), 건설업 25명(6.1 %) 순 이었다. 제조업 중에는 자동차 밑 트레일러 제조업과 운송장비제조업이 각각 58명, 35명으로 가장 많았다. 직종별로는 장치, 기계조작 및 조립 종사자가 129명(36.5 %)을로 가장 많았고 다음으로 단순 노무 종사자 90명(25,5 %), 기능원 및 관련기능종사자 63명(17.8 %), 서비스 종사자 28명(7.9 %) 순 이었다. 질병별로는 전체 424건 중 요부질환이 232건(54.7 %)이었고, 경부 및 상지질환이 183건(43.2 %), 하지질환이 9건(2.1 %)이었다. 요부질환자의 평균 연령은 36.5세, 평균작업기간은 4.7년이었고, 질병 종료는 요추간판탈출증이 134건(57.5 %)을로 가장 많았다. 질병 발생원인은 반복작업에 의한 경우가 54건, 비반복성 원인에 의한 경우가 89건이었는데 반복작업은 부적절한 작업자세로 인한 요통이 23건으로 가장 많았고, 비반복성 원인은 들기작업에 의한 요통이 27건으로 가장 많았다. 결 론 : 이 연구는 재해발생 시점과 조사시점이 많은 차이가 있어 근골격계질환과 관련하여 중요한 많은 항목들을 제대로 조사하지 못하였고, 특히 발생 원인은 약 70%만 조사가 가능하여 결과가 선택치우침에 의해 도출되었을 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 그러나, 이 연구를 통하여 우리나라에서 업무상질병으로 인정받은 근골격계질환을 분석함으로써 연령, 성, 작업기간 등 질병 발생 근로자의 특성과 고위험업종 및 직종, 발생 원인 등을 전체적으로 파악할 수 있었던 것은 나름대로 의의가 있다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal diseases, as listed by the Korea Labor Welfare Corperation(KLWC) Methods : Using the database of the KLWC, we collected information from 410 approved occupational musculoskeletal disease cases, which occurred between 1 January and 31 December 1999 and were approved by 30 June in 2000. We investigated the characteristics of the disease using a mail survey and telephone interviews. The characteristics we investigated included : sex, age, disease-related working duration, process of disease occurrence, type of enterprises, etc. Results : Men accounted for 75.6 % (310 workers) of the approved cases. The most common age group was 30-39 years (n=143, 34,9 %). The mean disease-related working duration was 5.7 years, and the most commonly had a work-duration of 1-5 years (n=108, 36.0 %). The major industrial types of enterprise were manufacturing (235 workers, 57.3 %), transportation (46 workers, 11.2 %), and construction (25 workers, 6.1 %). Within the manufacturing industry, the most common was motor vehicles and trailers manufacturing. Within the group, the most common jobs were plant or machine operators and assemblers (129 workers, 36.5 %), elementary occupations (90 workers, 25.5 %), and craft and related trades workers (63 workers, 17.8 %). The majority of the diseases involved lumbar problems (232 cases, 54,7 %), neck and upper extremity diseases (183 cases, 43.2 %) and lower extremity diseases (9 cases, 2.1 %). In the cases of lumbar disease, the mean age and working duration was 36.5 years and 4.7 years, respectively. Fifty-four cases of lumbar diseases were due to repetitive work and 89 due to non-repetitive work. Bad posture at work was the most common cause for those doing repetitive woek(23 cases), and lifting the most common cause of problems in the non-repetitive work cases (27). Conclusions : We were able to elucidate the characteristics of workers with approvd occupational musculoskeletal disease through this study. Many approved cases occurred in women, and workers performing repetitive work, of these herniated nucleus pulposus occurred in many workers performing simple repetitive works without serious external forces. This suggests that a prevention policy for occupational musculoskeletal disease must be established, to focusing on the above-mentioned high-risk groups.

NaOH 첨가에 따른 음식물찌꺼기 고온 혐기성 산발효

안철우,이철승,서종환,박진식,문추연,장성호,김수생 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효에 있어 여러 조건들 중 온도가 효율적인 가수분해와 산발효에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 고온(55℃)과 중온(35℃)에서 각각 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효시 산생성 효율을 높이기 위한 전처리 과정으로 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입한 결과 가수분해효율을 표현한 가용화 정도(Solubilization)가 0.01 g NaOH/g TS이하로 투입된 경우 0.01 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)이하를 나타내었으나, 0.05 g NaOH/g TS이상을 투입했을 때는 0.07~0.09 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)로 나타났다. 따라서 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입하여 효율적인 가수분해가 이루어지기 위해서는 g TS당 0.05 g이상의 NaOH가 투입되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 음식물찌꺼기를 NaOH로 전처리한 후 고온(55℃) 산발효를 실시했을 때 0.05 g NaOH/g TS 투입시 SCOD의 증가치 3,800 mg/L로 최대의 가용화와 산생성에 효과적인 pH 5.95를 얻을 수 있었다. 0.05 g NaOH/g TS를 투입하여 중온(35℃)에서 산발효를 실시한 경우와 비교하여 SCOD 증가치가 약 5배 정도 높았고, 최대 가용화에 이르는 시간도 중온의 2/3 정도로 짧아 음식물찌꺼기의 가용화에는 고온이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. NaOH 0.05 g NaOH/g TS로 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기의 산발효 결과 고온(55℃) 및 중온(35℃)에서 각각 반응시작 후 72시간에 12,600 mg/L, 120tlrksdp 9,800 mg/L의 VFA농도를 나타내어 동일기질을 이용하여 산발효를 실시했을 때 중온보다는 고온에서 미생물의 활성증대와 유기물의 가수분해가 촉진되어 VFA생성이 효율적인 것으로 판단되었다. 고온에서 NaOH에 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기를 산발효 시켰을 때 VFA가 가장 높았던 시점을 기준으로 VFA의 조성을 조사한 결과 acetic acid가 45.9%, butyric acid가 26.7%, propionic acid가 13.9% 등으로 총 유기산 발생량의 86.5%를 차지하였다. This study showed that thermophilic anaerobic acid fermentation of food wastes had an enhanced hydrolysis capability and improvement of acidification efficiency. Influence of pH on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis was investigated to determine the proper alkalinity in the thermophilic fermentation of food wastes. The results of putting NaOH as alkali to evaluate hydrolysis and acid fermentation efficiency in acid fermentation process of food wastes showed that the food wastes pretreated with 0.05 g NaOH/g TS had the maximum 12,600 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 3 days in 55℃ hermophilic condition and the maximum 9,700 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 5 days in 35℃ mesophilic condition. The accomplishment of high VFAs concentration resulted from that the main component of food wastes such as cellulose, lignin and etc. is performed active chemical decomposition by alkali in thermophilic condition. The major components of VFAs produced from the thermophilic acid fermentation process of food wastes were the short chain fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid.

社會文化價値가 組織理論題目에 미친 影響分析

安成浩 大田大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.1 No.1

韓國人의 正義知覺에 關한 硏究

安成浩 大田大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

According to my previous study, egoistic self-interest perceptions appear to expain a relatively small portion of the variance in policy responses. The major portion of the variance in policy responses in expained by the judgments of procedural justice as a dominant determinat in citizens' policy responses. This study is to theoritically develop and empirically test Koreans' justice perceptions. It is understood that the justice judgments subsume some kinds of justice norms as criteria of fairness. Justice norms are social prescriptions of prohibitions that a community uses to create fair relations among its members. Generally, two categories of justice norms have been distinguished : distributive justice norms, i.e., the fairness criteria of the outcomes received; and procedural justice norms, i.e., the fairness criterion of the procedure by which the outcomes are distributed. In this study, four distributive justice norms and a procedural justice norm are considered. The five justice norms argued are : (1) Equality : All community members deserve equal amounts of divisible resources. Alternatively, community members should be required to bear equal burdens when necessary. (2) Need : All needs of community members deserve equal satisfaction. Alternatively, community members should sacrifice equal amounts of satisfaction. (3) Merit : Community members deserve rewards in proportion to what they contribute to the community. (4) Ascription : Community members deserve rewards according to relevant ascriptive traits, such as age, sex, class, region, family connection, or school connection. (5) Procedure :The procedural justice does not seek patterned fair results. Procedural justice can be thought of as pertaining to the perceived fairness of rules which govern policy process. Six rules can be suggested that might be applied when judging the fairness of a procedure : consistency across time and person, suppression of biases, accuracy of information, correctability of a decision, representativeness in a decisionmaking body, and the maintenance of ethical and moral standards. In order to test a set of hypotheses derived from the theoritical model of policy responses developed, survey data were collected through standardized interviews with 313 sample subjects residing in Taejon dity and Taeduk kun during the summer of 1987. Each subject answered 22 questions on a 5-point Likert scale with the aid of an interviewer. The findings of the statistcal analysis of survey data can be summarized as follows. 1. The first issue tested was about the categorization of citizens of value orientations toward distributive justice norms. The results of an oblique rotated factor analysis indicated that the value orientations of citizens toward distributive justice norms tended to be categorized into three areas : equality-related justice norms comprising equality and need, merit norm, and ascription norm. 2. The second issue examined was to ascertain the components of procedural justice judgments of public policies in general. The results showed that consistency across time and person, representativeness, correctability of the decison, ethicality, and accuracy of information are all important in assessing the fairness of the goverment dicisionmaking procedure. In particular, consistency and representativeness among these rules were prominent components citizens used in assessing the fairness of the government process. 3. The last issue was concerned with individual differences in the preferences of distributive justice norms. The results proved that age, sex, and education differences differentiated the preferences of distributive norms. The larger portion of the old tends to prefer ascriptive justice norm whereas the larger portion of the young tends to prefer equality-oriented justice norms. The relative large portion of women appears to follow equality-oriented justice norms, whereas the relative large portion of men appears to follow the norms of merit and ascription. Finally, egalitarian values were found to be linked to education.

업무상질병 발생 근로자의 특성 : 1999년 업무상질병으로 요양승인된 사례분석

안연순,강성규,권현길,정호근 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

목적 : 이 연구는 1999년 근로복지공단에서 업무상질병으로 인정한 사례를 정밀분석하여 직업병의 종류와 특성을 밝힘으로써 직업병 예방사업이나 산업보건연구의 우선순위를 결정하는데 기초자료로 제공하기 위하여 실시하였다. 방법 : 근로복지공단 주전산망을 통하여 재해일자가 1999년 1월 1일부터 12월 31일까지인 근로자 중2000년 6월 30일까지 요양이 승인된 업무상 질병자2,333명을 파악하고 이 중 뇌심혈관계질환자 1,348명과 근골격계질환자 410명을 제외한 575명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 소속 사업장 또는 연구대상 근로자에 대하여 우편 또는 전화 면담조사를 실시하여 업무상 질병자의 성, 연령, 질병 관련 작업기간, 질병 인지경위, 업종, 직종, 질병종류, 사업장규모 등에 대한 조사를 실시 후 기술분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 업무상 질병자 575명 중 남성이 511명(88.9%), 여성이 64명 (11.1%)이었다. 사망유무는 조사당시에 사망자가 56명(9.7%)이었고, 사망하지 않은 자가 519명 (90.3%)이었다. 연령별로는50~59세가 217명(37.7%)으로 가장 많았고, 질병관련 근무기간은 10년 이상 근무자의 비율이 49.0%로 가장 높았다. 질병인지경위는 소음성 난청, 진폐증, 이황화탄소 중독으로 인한 업무상 질병자를 제외하고 건강진단을 통하여 질병을 발견한 경우가 조 사자의 12.7%fl 불과하였다. 소속 사업장 규모는5인 미만 사업장이 26.1%로 1999년 당시 산재보험 임의가입 대상인 5인 미만 사업장에 소속된 근로자의 비율이 가장 높았다.질병별로는 호흡기질환이 211명(36.7%)으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 소음성 난청(이명 1명 포함)149명 (25.9%), 감염성질환 69명(12.0%), 유기용제, 중금속, 가스 등에 의한 중독성질환 60명(10.4%) 순이었다. 기타 피부질환 29명, 암 17명,양성종양(성대결절) 8명, 간장질환 9명, 일사병 및열사병 6명, 신경정신질환 5명, 신경계질환 4명, 안질환 3명, 혈액 ·골수질환 2명, 신장질환 1명, 기타2명이었다. 유해인자별로 분류하였을 때, 분진 209건(36.3%), 물리적인자 157건(27.3%), 화학적인자 89건(16.3%), 생물학적인자 82건(14.3%),작업판련성인자 34건(5.9%), 분류불능 4건으로 분진에 의한 업무상질병의 비율이 가장 높았다.종사업종은 제조업이 262명(45.6%)으로 가장 많았고 다음으로 광업 174명(30.3%), 기타 각종 행정기관 일용직 종사업이 42명 (7.3%), 의료업이 28명 (4.9%)이었다. 직종별로는 기능원 및 관련기능종사자가 285명 (49.6%)으로 가장 많았고 다음으로 장치, 기계조작 및 조립종사자 139명 (24.2%), 단순노무종사자 72명 (12.5%), 전문가 28명 (4.9%), 사무종사자 IS명(2.6%), 기술공 및 준전문가14명(2.4%), 행정 및 경영관리자 8명(1.4%), 판매 및 서비스종사자 8명(1.4%), 미상 6명이었다. 결론 : 이 연구를 통하여 우리나라에서 업무상질병으로 인정받고 있는 사례들을 분석함으로써 기존 통계에서 알 수 없었던 내용을 전체적으로 파악할 수있었고, 인첫받는 사례의 상당부분이 산업의학적 관리의 주요 대상인 팡업이나 제조업 이외의 업종에서 발생하고, 근무조건이 열악한 일용직 근로자에서 발생한다는 사실을 파악하였다. 또, 소음성 난청과 진폐증을 제외하고 업무상질병 승인자의 약 90% 가산업안전보건법상의 건강진단을 통하여 질병을 발견하기보다는 개인적인 병원방문을 통하여 발견한다는 사실을 확인하였다 이것은 작업병을 발견하기 위한특수건강진단 목적중 하나가 제대로 기능을 할 수 없다는 사실을 입증한 것으로 특수건강진단제도이 대한대상자 확대, 검사 항목 확대 등 제도보완이 필요함을 시사하는 결과로 판단된다. 또, 병원근로자, 일용직 근로자 등 업무상질병 위험직종에 대한 업무상질병 예방대책도 조속히 수립되어야 할 것이다. Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of occupational diseases listed by Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC). Methods : Using the database of the KLWC, we collected 575 approved occupational disease cases occurring between 1 January and 31 December 1999 and approved by the thirtieth June in 2000. We investigated the characteristics (sex, age, occupational history, kinds of occupational disease, exposure material, type of enterprises, etc.) of occupational disease using a mail survey and telephone interviews. Results : Men accounted for 88.9 %(511 workers) of the approved cases. 56 cases(9.7 %) died of occupational disease. The most common age group was 50∼59 years of age(n=217, 37.7 %). The proportion of workers with grater than ten years disease related working condition exposure were 195 (49.0 %). The majority of diseases were respiratory problems(211 workers, 22.4%), occupational healing loss(149 workers, 25.9%), infectious disease(69 workers, 12.0%), intoxication(60 workers, 10.4%), skin disease(29 workers, 5.0%) and cancer(17 workers, 3.0%). The causal hazardous agents were dusts(209 cases, 36.3%), physical agents(157 cases, 27.3 %), chemical agents(89 cases, 16.3 %), biological agents(82 cases, 14.3 %) and work-related agents (34 cases, 5.9 %). The major types of enterprise were manufacturing(262 workers, 45.6 %), mining and quarrying(174 workers, 30.3 %), public administration(42 workers, 7.3 %) and the health care Industry(28 workers, 4.9 %). The kinds of job included craft and related trades workers(285 workers, 49.6 %), plant or machine operators and assemblers(139 workers, 24.2 %), elementary occupations(72 workers, 12.5 %) and professionals(28 workers, 4.9 %). Conclusions : We were able to elucidate the kinds of occupational disease and the characteristics of workers through this study. Many approved cases occurred among non-manufacturing and non-mining workers and the kinds of disease were varied. This suggests that management policy must be established to prevent occupational disease occurring among workers in the above type of industries.

上向流式 好氣性 生物膜에 의한 農藥含有廢水의 處理에 관한 硏究

안용희,장성호,안종수,박출재,김수생 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1994 硏究報告 Vol.18 No.2

This study has been carried out to determine the toxicity of agricultural chemical (TPN) as to wastewater treatment. This system used Aerated Submerged Up-Flow Biofilm Reactor. This reactor can withstand the variation of concentration, flow rate and presence of certain toxic materials in the wastewater to be treated. An acclimation experiment was variated influent COD from 250㎎/ℓ~70㎎/ℓ. The agricultural chemical was added to obtained optimum condition at influent COD 400㎎/ℓ by the acclimation experiment. The conclusions from the experimental results are as follows ; 1. Influent COD concentration was variated 250㎎/ℓ~600㎎/ℓ. The treatment efficiency was stability(86% to 93.3%). When influent COD was 400㎎/ℓ, the treatment efficiency was at best-93.2%. Accordingly, this system was proved to be suitable in treating the wastewater with wide range of concentration. 2. The influent TPN concentration below 1ppm at Up-Flow Aerated Biofillm Reactor, raised no harmful result to treatment efficiency. 3. The treatment efficiency was decreased to 29.8% when the lapse of time. 4. When the experimental TPN toxicity was compared with the DDT toxicity in the reference, it was proved that both of the toxicity had the similer trend.

政策代案의 選擇基準에 關한 考察 : 費用便益基準, 費用效果性基準, '點數記錄表' 接近方法을 中心으로 Cost-Benefit Criterion, Cost-Effectiveness Criterion, And 'Scorecard' Approach

安成浩 大田大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.2 No.1

All choices contain both factual and value premises. Value premises are usually called ‘criteria for choice’. The metacriteria which the best criteria for choice are to be equipped with clearity, consistency, and generality. The criteria for choice that come nearest to being clear, consistent, and general are those of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness. This paper, in advance, comparatively review the general characteristics of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness criteria. Then, the desirability of each criterion’s comparion measures(net benefit, benefit/cost ratio, and internal rate of return in C/B criterion, and fixed cost, fixed effectiveness, effectiveness/ cost ratio, and fixed cost-fixed effectiveness in C/E criterion) are critically discussed in detail. This discussion results in an instruction that “net benefit”in C/B criteria is the best comparison measure except for special cases, and “fixed cost”and “fixed effectiveness”in C/E criterion are desirable and most frequently used comparison measures. Of course, it is not to be despised the fact that the other comparison measures can be complementarily used in particular choice situations. In spite of powerful strong points, aggregation approaches(C/B and C/E criteria) suffer from a few critical shortcomings; the loss of considerable information needed for final policy making, the non-/ imperfect reflection of policy-makers’preferences and values, and the serious difficulty in arriving at agreements on the weighting process confronted by the multiple policy makers. In order to alleviate these aggravating drawbacks in the immensely complicated problems of public policy, the so-called ‘scorecard’approach was developed. This approach put the criterion problems squarely up to the policy-makers. Although the ‘scorecard’approach also cannot solve all the criterion problems, it has several advantages that the aggregation approach has not. This paper examined the newly-applied ‘scorecard’approach and finally refers to the possible appropriate conciliatory application of the two approaches.