Investigation of the April 2000 forest fire damage in Kang-won Province, Korea, using RADARSAT data

Kang, Sung Chul,Seo, Jin Won,Lee, Tae Hee,Park, Sang Eun,Hong, Suk Young,Moon, Wooil M. 대한원격탐사학회 2000 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.16 No.1

The series of forest Fires in Kangwon Province in April, 2000, were one of the mast serious ones in the Kang-won Province in recent years. The fire damaged areas are extensive and this paper investigates the utility of the satellite image data, particularly the RADARSAT SAR data. One of the main objectives of this study included evaluation of potential usefulness of the C-band RADARSAT data in the detection of forest fires in mountainous areas. Among several fire damaged sites, the area near Samchuk (city) was selected as the main study area and mufti-temporal RADARSAT(raw) data were acquired and the processed results were comparatively investigated with the IRS-1c data acquired shortly after the fire. To identify the burnt area from the undamaged background in the optical imagery, supervised classification and NDVI processing were carried out and tested with the IRS-1C data. For this experiment, several sets of raw RADARSAT standard and Fine mode (S4, F3, ascending orbit) data were processed and the final image was formed. In addition to the final image, sigma nought (σ°) was catnputed and compared for the burnt area against the undamaged areas. Because of the steep slopes in the study area and subsequent deviation from the flat surface scattering models, the fire scars in the sigma nought (σ°) image were not apparent. However, fire scars are slightly detected in the difference and ratio images obtained from the signal intensity data acquired at different dates (bath before and after fire). Texture analysis of the image data including the burnt areas were carried out using the Multiplicative Markov Random-Field (MMRF) algorithm. The detection of the fire damaged area from both standard mode and fine mode RADARSAT was not as straightforward as in optical data. However, Previous studies with ERS-1 S_AR and RADARSAT data in Indonesia and in the North American Plains indicate that C-band SAR data provide us with an effective tool for studying the forest fire damages. However, the application of C-band SAR data to the analysis of the forest fire areas requires careful processing of the data with realistic scattering models.

간호실무에서 신봉이론(Espoused theories)에 대한 탐색적 연구

서문자,김혜숙,이은희,박영숙,조경숙,강현숙,임난영,김주현,이소우,조복희,이명하,지성애,하양숙,손영희,권성복,김희진,추진아 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.1

As a nursing practice involves nurses' actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives, Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal) ; excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, account- ability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics) ; human respect. partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences. positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention. rewarding peer relationship(3 theories of situations) The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore. it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to and any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

기독교 여성 지도력 훈련 프로그램 개발을 위한 조사연구 : 서울여대 여성연구소를 중심으로

강문희,이광자,홍순혜 서울여자대학교 여성연구소 1997 여성연구논총 Vol.12 No.-

King Lear에 나타난 인간 실존

文康姬 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1987 人文科學論集 Vol.6 No.-

Everyone is apt to live, forgetting the reality of his own existence. Therefore, human existence is generally revealed under two aspects. One is the physical and self-centered aspect of existence through which human beings are absorbed in seeking their momentary pleasures in life. The other is the metaphysical aspect of existence through which human beings concentrate on the immorality of life. Shakespeare presents us with these two aspects of human existence in King Lear, and leads us to consider what the reality of human existence is. Lear of the man-plot and Gloucester of the sub-plot are enjoying their lives comfortably through their physical aspects of existence without any relationship to God. But immediately after their committing serious faults in their lives, they suddenly become miserable slaves of blind fortune and flaunder amid the disorder brought about by their misfortune. For the first time, they begin to awaken their insight to see which human existence is real in life. Through their extremely severe sufferings, spiritual and physical, the souls grow purified and their insight to see the reality is lightened gradually. Finally they feel a strong nausea from the existence they have been leading. And they get to perceive "nothing" of the world and attempt to free themselves from all in the world. At last they come to realize the reality of their existence and try to embody it. Lear realizes 'the human bond' which he detested from his ignorance of it and caused him to banish to France Cordelia who insisted earnstly on it at the beginning of the play. The soul of Lear is saved through his reunion with Cordelia, who is symbol of Christ in the play, in sacrificing his body and Codelia's to God. Gloucester's soul is also saved by his reunion with Edgar, who has been constantly embodying his real existence communicated with God. Through this play, Shakespeare indicates us the 'bond' Cordelia spoke of at first is just the natural law which is the embodiment of the Providence of God through Nature and the Providence of God set on every human being is just the reality of his own existence.

Efficacy of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Leukocytospermia

강희규,--,--,--,--,--,--,--,-- THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 2004 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.10 No.1

White blood cells (WBCs) are present in most human ejaculates, but abnormally high concentration of seminal leukocytes map reflect an underlying pathological condition. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined leukocytospermia as status of more than 10^(6) WBC/mL of semen. The purpose of this study was firstly, to compare the outcomes between conventional IVF and ICSl in leukocytospermia, and secondly, to investigate whether ICSI may be an alternation treatment for patients with leukocytospermia. Total 346 cycles of conventional IVF and ICSI candidates underwent IVF cycles at Eulji Hospital Infertility Clinic. Semen Parameters including concentration, motility, morphology of spermatozoa and concentration of leukocytes were assessed from the raw ejaculates. There was no difference in sperm concentration, motility and morphology. The rates of fertilization and good embryo development from ICSI were significantly higher than those from conventional IVF in leukocytospermia (60.4% & 32.5% respectively for ICSI group and 44.4% & 28.5%, respectively for IVF group, P<0.001). The pregnancy rate after ICSI was also higher than that from conventional IVF (34.0% vs 29.1%. P<0.05). These results indicate that the presence of seminal leukocyes (>1×10^(6) WBC/mL of semen) is adversely related with fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy rate. Therfore the measurement of seminal leukocytes in routine semen analysis appears to be of prognostic value with regard to male fertilizing potential. In conclusion. it is suggested that ICSI is an alternative choice of treatment for patients with leukocytospermia.

기독교 철학에 기초한 바람직한 한국 여성상에 관한 연구

강문희,김매희 서울여자대학교 여성연구소 1985 여성연구논총 Vol.1 No.-

Many aspects of our society have been affected by the christian religion. It was never to say that influence of christian religion on our women were only a little. The purposes of this study were 1) to analize the woman's view in terms of the Christian philosophy by the litteral study, 2) to examine the transition process of Korean Women's view before or after the civilization period and 3) to suggest the ideal image of Korean Women based on the christian philosophy searched by this survey study. To achieve these purposes , the image of Woman was analized in three aspects such as the woman in general , the wife and the mother. The questionnaire consisted of the 12 open-question items and the 42 multiple-choice items. The subjects of this investigation were 40 men and 45 women of reverends, evangelists and professors majoring in Theology. The average age of the subjects was 36 years old. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) On the woman's image in general, most subjects responded that the active and positive attitude towards living is desirable. The participating extent was the highest in the educational dimension and the lowest in the political activity dimension. The interesting thing was that most of men and women subjects responded that it is desirable to follow the traditiona1 morality such as self-sacrifice, self-devotion and perseverance. According to this result, we can say that one must have the active and positive attitude towards one's living, but such attitude must be supported morally by our traditional value. (2) The results show that the ideal wife must have on attitude to develop herself continually in the educational dimension, but carry out this social activity only within the extent not to give any trouble to their usual family life. It also was revealed that the main role of a good wife was to devote herself to her husband and parents-in-law within the family. (3) An ideal image of mother was as follows: She always must focus primarily on the child caring and must be the devoted and sacrified mother for her children. Moreover, to be a good model for her children she should put such efforts constantly for the development of herself. In a word, while devoting for her family, she must be a super-woman filled with constant up-wards mobility spiritually. Virtually, these results suggested that the ideal image of woman pursued in the Christian religion concided with our traditional value on women.

야간·24시간 보육 프로그램 개발을 위한 이론적 기초

강문희 서울여자대학교 2000 아동연구 Vol.5 No.-

[초록없음]

대학졸업 여성의 직업관 및 유망직종 분석에 관한 연구(Ⅰ)

강문희,강혜련 서울여자대학교 여성연구소 1986 여성연구논총 Vol.2 No.-

A Study on the Analysis of the Prospective Jobs and the View of Occupation of Highly Educated Women For the past twenty years, educational opportunities for women have been greatly expanded. Highly educated women want to get a job after graduation, but the job oppor­tunities for them are limited. In view of this premise, the purposes of this study are (1) to examine the job motiva­tion and the view of occupation of highly educated women, (2) to analyze the kinds of prospective jobs, (3) to examine the job satisfaction of employed women. To achieve the above mentioned purposes we made two questionnaires. One is for university women that consisted of the 1 open question ite, and the 25 multiple choice items, the other is for women with job that consisted of the 29 multiple choice items. The subjects of this survey were 437 students and 201 employed women. The results of this study can be summarized as follows:(1) In the case of job motivation, most of students accounted much of personal aspect than social aspect. (2) Most of subjects were willing to have a job after marriage but they responded that if their husband don't agree they will give it up. That is even in highly educated women, many of them have the passive attitude that they'll allow their husband's will rather than they decide their life style for themselves. (3) The results showed that the prospective jobs viewed by university women were jobs related to mass­media, teacher, counselor and the white collar job of firms and foreign agencies. The reasons for this they insisted were the act to the best of their abilities and the higher earnings. And they didn't made much of attaining the opportunity of promotion and the social fame. In order to work successfully most of subjects responded that they have to possess the intellectual ability, the efficient work accomplishment and the good interpersonal relationships.(4) Above 70 percentage of subjects, who have the prospective jobs responded that they are statisfied with their jobs and give much value on their jobs. The reasons of their satisfaction with their jobs are the importance of their work, the good circumstance and fringe benefits of jobs. They also value social experiences and the achievement of self­actualization. In short, Most of highly educated women want to get a career. So it was suggested that vocational guidance for university women should begin from early grade. Informations on occupations and special­lectures about jobs should also be offered to the university women.

Sr·페라이트 플라스틱자석의 제조에 관한 연구

문현욱,최희태,서강수,신용진 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 1995 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.14 No.-

In this paper, we mention he fabrication of Sr ferrite plastic magnet. In order to compose Sr ferrite, first, a little CaO, SiO₂, Na₂SiO₃, and Al₂O₃ are added to SrO5.9Fe₂O₃. Then, the composition is calcinated at 1225℃ under N₂ enviroment for 1 hourwith addition of PVA 5wt% solution. The carbon coating method increase grinding effect on powder fabrication. To fabricate anisotropic Sr ferrite plastic magnet, 80-89wt% of Sr ferrite and polyamide6 are kneaded and then 0-12kOe of magnetic field is applied. On magnet fabrication, an optimal condition of injection mold is obtained under the injection temperature 270℃, the injection pressure 120㎏/㎠, the magnetic field 8kOe and magnetic field applied time 8sec. As the result of experiments, we obtain (BH)max = 2.09MGOe property on anisotropic plastic magnet which is fabricated by using injection mold method in magnetic field.