한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

여성은행원에서의 스트레스 관련요인

정경태,장성실,이강숙,이연경,이동배 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

We surveyed 343 female bank clerks to find out associations between stress and a variety of factors including general, menstruation and reproductive characteristics of the participants. Unmarried women composed the majority of younger, lower income and lower education groups than married did. They also showed higher, though not significantly higher, scores for psychosocial well being index(PWI) and the first three items of the stress survey. And married women scored slightly higher only in the fourth item of the stress survey. Among the subgroups of married and unmarried women, many factors contributed to a higher stress score in two or more items of the stress survey: in unmarried women, lower education level, little physical exercise, and large family inhabitants, in contrast married women, higher monthly income and greater working hours were related to higher stress scores. According to the menstruation factors, subgroups with dysmenorrhea or irregular cycle and scanty bleeding volume in unmarried women and subgroups with dysmenorrhea kin married women showed higher stress scores in PWI. In married women, the proportion of those who have been pregnant was 77.2% and the proportion of those who have experienced spontaneous abortion was 24.1%. Those who have ever experienced two or more spontaneous abortion showed hgher, though not statistically significantly higher, scores for PWI. In conclusion, dysmenorrhea was associated with high stress score in two groups. And the other factors related to higher score of PWI were different between unmarred and married women, which should be considered in a management plan for mental health promotion.

감귤박, 다시마, 손바닥 선인장 분말을 함유한 식이의 급여가 고콜레스테롤 혈증 흰쥐의 체네 지질수준과 장내 콜레스테롤 흡수, 혈소판 응집성 및 간 조직에 미치는 영향

강민숙,강정숙 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2000 연구보고 Vol.14 No.-

This study was done to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect of low dietary fiber in a high cholesterol diet in aspect of cholesterol absorption and excretion using Sprague Dawley rats. After feeding diets containing 0.5% cholesterol and 5% tangerine pulp, sea tangle or prickly pear cactus for four weeks, we measured the levels of plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride, fecal neutral sterols for cholesterol excretion and fecal radioactivity after feeding 14C-cholesterol for cholesterol absorption. We also examined platelet aggregation and histological change in liver tissues in associaion of hypercholesterolemia. The liver to body weight ratio was significantly (p3<0.01) lower in rats fed prickly pear cactus than in other groups. The levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the prickly pear cactus group compared to the control, while there was no difference in the liver levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride among groups. Fecal corprostanol and cholesterol were significantly (p<0.01) higher in groups of control and prickly pear cactus compared to the other two groups. Radioisotope excretion after ingestion of 14C- cholesterol was higher in the control group than in tangerine pulp or sea tangle, with the highest excretlon in prickly pear cactus among groups. Radioisotope excretion was the most during the 2nd and 3rd days in all groups. Hematocrit and platelet aggregation were decreased in all fiber groups compared to the control, but not statistically different. Microscopic examination showed that cholesterol diet caused a fat accumulation in the liver and prickly pear cactus decreased the fat accumulation. Result indicates that prickly pear cactus has hypocholesterolemic effect by decreasing absorption and increasing excretion of cholesterol, thereby protective effect on fatty liver. Control group fed diet containing high cholesterol and low fiber seems to have a self control system in cholesterol absorption and excretion preventing hypercho1esterolemia.

DPPH 방법을 통한 녹차의 항산화 활성에 대한 연구

강정숙 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2003 연구보고 Vol.17 No.-

The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of green tea and related other common teas according to growing, processing and brewing by examining radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl). SC_(50) of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for 0.1mM DPPH radical were 5.5μM or 4.2㎎/ℓ by weight, then catechin, 14μM or 2.5㎎/ℓand vit C, 22μM or 3.9㎎/ℓ respectively. Okro tea powder of 24.2㎎/ℓ or green tea powder of 25.2㎎/ℓ was used to reach SC_(50) for 0.1mM DPPH. One serving of 2g green tea provides antioxidant activity equivalent to 109∼147㎎ EGCG, 130∼182㎎ catechin or 142∼168㎎ vit C. Teas from the first spring flush had the highest radical scavenging activity when compared with later harvest green tea grown in the same region, but there virtually is no difference by the harvest time. Chinese green tea, Younjung had the highest antioxidant activity among other green teas tested providing antioxidant capacity equivalent to 168㎎ EGCG or 188㎎ vit C per 2g serving, but partially fermented Chinese teas had much lower antioxidant activity than any green tea tested. Black tea which is fully fermented showed as strong antioxidant activity as green teas when compared in teabag. One teabag of green teas from market provided antixidant effect equivalent to 50∼85㎎ EGCG, 70∼105㎎ catechin or 60∼95㎎ vit C. Teas made of persimon, pine needle, mulberry had comparatively low antioxidant effect of 2.5∼3.5㎎ EGCG or 15∼20㎎ vit C per teabag. The third brewed green gea still had enough antioxidant activity, while tea from teabag brewed for 3min or 5min did not have any difference in their antioxidant activity. In conclusion, reen tea from the first harvest had more antioxidant activity and okro which is grown under shade had more or at least as much antioxidant activity as the green tea grown in the same region. Partially fermented Chinese teas were low in antioxidant effect while fully fermented black tea had strong antioxidant ctivity. More systemic studies are needed to clarify the changes in tea catechins in relation with fermantation process.

폐경후 여성에서 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완 반응에 에스트로겐의 급성효과 및 엔도쎌린(Endothelin)-1과의 연관성

강진호,김범수,이영욱,금동극,정현욱,이혜숙,이만호,박정로 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.7

사서교사의 직무연수 프로그램 운영에 관한 요구분석

강봉숙,손정표 慶北大學敎 社會科學大學 2005 社會科學 Vol.17 No.-

이 논문은 학교도서관관련 직무연수에 대한 사서교사 만족도와 요구를 조사 · 분석하여 직무연수 프로그램의 운영개선 방안을 제시한 것이다. 이 논문의 연구방법은 26개 문항으로 된 질문지법을 채택하였으며, 자료수집과 분석은 초 · 중 · 고등학교 사서교사 총 267명에게 질문지를 배부하여 회수된 174부를 분석 대상으로 하였다. 요구분석 결과를 기초로 하여 수립한 운영개선 방안을 제시하여 보면 다음과 같다. 연수 주최기관은 교육청 직속기관이나 대학부설 교원연수원이, 연수 시기는 하 · 동계 휴가기간 중 연 1회 이상 개설하되, 학교급별, 경력별로 구분개설이 바람직할 것이다. 반 편성규모는 30명 미만, 소그룹 참여인원은 6~8명, 반 편성방법은 사서교사, 학교도서관 담당 일반교사, 학교사서반으로 분리 개설하는 것이 좋으며, 교과영역 설정은 <표16>의 개설요구 순위를 고려하도록 하고, 이수시간은 30시간과 60시간이, 영역별 연수시간은 <표18>에 제시된 요구비율을 고려하여 배정하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 영역별 강사구성은 <표20>에 제시된 요구를, 영역별 교육방법은 자료조직의 경우 강의 : 실습 : 기타를 4 : 5 : 1로, 장서개발은 강의 : 토의 : 실습 : 기타를 4 : 2 : 1 : 3으로, 디지털도서관 구축 및 운영은 강의 : 사례발표 : 견학 : 기타를 3 : 3 : 2 : 2로, 정보검색은 강의 : 실습 : 기타를 3 : 5 : 2로, 정보봉사는 강의 : 사례발표 : 실습 : 기타를 3 : 2 : 3 : 2로, 정보활용교육은 강의 : 사례발표 : 실습 : 기타를 3 : 2 : 2 : 3으로, 독서교육은 강의 : 팀별 과제발표 : 사례발표 : 기타를 2 : 2 : 3 : 3으로, 도서관관련 법규는 강의 : 토의 : 기타를 8 : 1 : 1로, 도서관시설 · 설비는 강의 : 사례발표 : 견학 : 기타를 4 : 2 : 3 : 1로, 도서관운영 전반은 강의 : 토의 : 사례발표 : 기타를 2 : 2 : 3 : 3으로, 교과교육학 및 교재연구는 강의 : 팀별 과제발표 : 실습 : 기타를 4 : 2 : 2 : 2로, 교직은 강의 : 팀별 과제발표 : 기타를 7 : 1 : 2로, 교양은 강의 : 토의 : 기타를 7 : 1 : 2의 비율로 배정하는 것이 좋을 것이다. This study is to analyze the needs on operating the programs, and to suggest several directions for improvement of more effective operating the programs, based on the analysis of the satisfaction level on the present situations of teacher-librarians' in-service training programs in Korea. The suggestions for the improvement of the teacher-librarians' in-service training programs based on the results of the analysis on the needs assessment are as follows: ① It would be desirable that the local office of education or the teachers' in-service training institute attached to universities should be chosen as the in-service training institute for teacher-librarians. ② It would be advisable that the summer or winter vacation should be chosen as a proper period for the program operation, and the program should be enforced periodically as more than once a year. ③ It would be advisable that the training courses should be divided into the level of school and the educational career(either 3 steps or 4 steps). ④ The ideal size of a class for more effective operating the programs would be less than 30 persons, while the size of a sub-group within a class would be suitable to be 6~8 persons. ⑤ The decision of the priority of courses for operating the programs should take the teacher-librarians' needs ranking on the whole area of courses to be shown in the table 16. ⑥ It would be desirable that 30 hours and 60 hours should be allocated as a proper training hours for the program operation. ⑦ The decision of time rate to each area should take the teacher-librarians' needs rate to each area to be shown in the table 18. ⑧ Construction of the instructors for each area would be desirable to base on the results of the needs assessment to be shown in the table 20. ⑨ Selection of the educational methods for each area would be advisable to base on the results of the needs assessment to be shown as follows: Cataloging & classification-lecture : actual training : the others = 4 : 5 : 1; collection development-lecture : discussion : actual training : the others = 4 : 2 : 1 : 3; managing digital library system-lecture : case study : study tour : the others = 3 : 3 : 2 : 2; Information storage and retrieval-lecture : actual training : the others = 3 : 5 : 2; information service-lecture : case study : actural training : the others = 3 : 2 : 3 : 2; information literacy instruction-lecture : case study : actual training : the others = 3 : 2 : 3 : 3; reading education-lecture : syndicate : case study : the others = 2 : 2 : 3 : 3; laws related to school library-lecture : discussion : the others = 8 : 1 : 1; library facilities & equipment-lecture : case study : study tour : the others = 4 : 2 : 3 : 1; managing school library-lecture : discussion : case study : the others = 2 : 2 : 3 : 3; teaching materials and methodology in library and information science-lecture : syndicate : actual training : the others = 4 : 2 : 2 : 2; teaching profession-lecture : syndicate : the others = 7 : 1 : 2; liberal arts-lecture : discussion : the others = 7 : 1 : 2. ⑩ Selecting the method of the measurement and evaluation would be desirable to base on the results of the needs assessment to be shown as follows: Major area-practical examination; teaching profession area · liberal arts area-written examination.

세계 정상 여자선수들의 평균대운동 난이도 변화 분석

강순용,박정숙 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.3

In the competition in 1997, there were 72 performances of A, B and C in difficulty level, and the year 1999 competition had as many, In comparison, in 2001, although the number of the difficulty level decreased to 48, the players performed the movements of the difficulty level of performance link(CV) and D-E-Super E(DV). In case of CV, the year 1997 competition showed the total score 11 and the average 0.02, the year 1999 the total score 16 and the average 0.27, and the year 2001 the total score 22 and the average 0.37. In case of difficulty level D, the year 1997 showed 1B in number, the year 1999 22, and the year 2001 33, which showed a wide difference, The year 1997 saw two performances of difficulty level E and one of difficulty level SE, the year 1999 saw one performance of difficulty level E and one of SE, and the 2001 saw six performances of difficulty level E. This indicates that the players showed high techniques, since two players gave a performance of perfect score 10.00 and another two gave a performance of 9.90.

발열을 동반한 호중구감소증에서 Cefepime 단독투여와 Ceftazidime 및 Tobramycin 병합투여의 효능비교

정현욱,채제욱,강미라,양정채,문치숙,기현균,장현하,오원섭,김기현,백경란,이남용,송재훈 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.6

목적 : 국내에서 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자에게 경험적 항생제로 베타락탐계 항생제와 아미노배당체의 병합요법의 사용이 일반적이다. Cefepime은 광범위 항균 작용을 가지고 있어, 그람 음성균 뿐만 아니라 그람 양성균에 대해서도 우수한 효과를 나타낸다. 재료 및 방법: 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자를 대상으로 무작위, 공개, 비교 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 환자를 무작위로 cefepime 단독요법군과 ceftazidime 및 tobramycin 병합요법군으로 나누어 투여하고 각각의 임상적 효능과 안전성을 비교하였다. 구강및 인후 점막염이 있는 환자에서 분리된 녹색 연쇄알 구균에 대한 항생제 내성 정도를 조사하였다. 결과 : 대상환자 89명 중 CA 투여군이 48예(53.9%), CT 투여군이 41예(46.1%)이었다. 발열의 유형별로 MDI는 18예(20.2%), CDI는 9예(10.1%), UF는 62예(69.7%)로 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. CA 투여군과 CT 투여군의 임상적 호전률은 시험약 투여 후 2-4일째 각각 91.7%, 85.4% (P=0.31), 치료 종료 시 각각 91.7%, 100% (P=0.15)로 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 치료 종료 시 CA 투여군과 CT 투여군의 세균학적 소실률은 모두 100%로 두 군간의 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.78). 점막염이 있는 환자로부터 녹색 연쇄알 구균이 분리된 경우는 25예(28.1%)이었으며, 분리된 녹색 연쇄알 구균은 penicillin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, vancomycin에 모두 감수성을 보였다. 약제 관련 이상 반응의 발생 빈도도 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자의 경험적 항생제로서 cefepime 단독요법은 ceftazidime 및 아미노배당체의 병합요법만큼 효과적이고 안전하였다. Background : Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy has been recommended as an empirical regimen in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin with good activity against both gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and Methods : To compare the efficacy and safety of cefepime alone with ceftazidime plus tobramycin as empirical regimen for adult cancer patients with febrile neutropenia, a randomized, open label, comparative trial was performed. If the patient showed clinical improvent 72 hours, antibiotic could be changed to oral ciprofloxacin. Clinical and microbiological responses were determined at 72 hours and at the end of therapy. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of viridans streptococci, swab cultures were obtained from throat in all enrolled patients and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using microdilution method according to the NCCLS. Results : A total of 89 patients were enrolled. Forty-eight patients received cefepime alone (CA), and 41 patients received ceftazidime plus tobramycin (CT). Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups (P>0.05). The initial clinical success rate at day 2-4 in group CA (91.7%) was similar with that in CT group (85.4%) (P=0.31). At the end of therapy, the final clinical success rate in CA group (91.7%) was similar to that in CT group (100%) (P=0.15). In 18 patients, with microbiologically defined infections, the eradication rate was 100% in both groups. Adverse events including liver dysfunction (21.3%) and renal dysfunction (2.2%), were similar in both groups (P=0.87). Viridans streptococci were isolated from the throat cultures in 25 cases, and all of these strains were susceptible to penicillin (MIC_(90) 0.12 ㎍/mL), cefepime (1 ㎍/mL), and vancomycin (0.12 ㎍/mL). Conclusion : Efficacy and safety of cefepime monotherapy was comparable to the combination of ceftazidime and tobramycin. It could be used as an alternative empirical regimen for treating cancer patients with febrile neutropenia.

대장 및 직장의 침윤성 선암종에서 AgNORs수와 환자의 생존율과의 관계

강구,남은숙,신형식,김순란,박영의,이재정,박철재,이민철 대한대장항문학회 1997 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.13 No.1

근로자 건강증진전략을 위한 행동변화에 대한 요구도 평가

이강숙,임현우,구정완,홍현숙,이정민,이원철,박정일,맹광호,M, O'Donnel 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Objectives : In order to evaluate the stage of behavior change for health promotion strategy in workplace Methods : Questionnaire survey was carried out for 309 workers who employed in H Electronics company in Kyong-in area from September to October 1998. Results : According to need assessment of four step such as precontemplation stage, contemplation stage, action stage, maintenance stage which were to change of behavior for health promotion, the percent for quitting smoking were observed 48.8%, 43.1%, 8.1%, 0%, and for the restriction of drinking were 29.8%, 10.6%, 9.3%, 5.3%; for fitness 11.1%, 31.0%, 37.3%, 20.6% in male 26.6%, 27.8%, 26.6%, 19.0% in female, for regular diet 26.1%, 19.8%, 38.7%, 15.3% in male, 27.8%, 22.2%, 40.0%, 10.0% in female and for stress management 5.8%, 10.6%, 8.7%, 75.0% in male, 13.6%, 22.7%, 19.7%, 44.0% in female. In heavy smoker(p=0.017) and heavy drinker,(p=0.021) the percent of precontemplation stage was significantly higher than in lower drinker and light smoker. Conclusions : This study suggested that company support for health promotion in workplace was and workers of high risk group for smoking and drinking were in precontemplation stage. So before conducting the health promotion program, health risk appraisal and need assessment for stage of behavior change should be taken for the efficient health promotion strategy.