변화맹시과제 제시방법에 따른 성인 ADHD 성향군의 주의력 결함

조민경,곽호완 한국인지및생물심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.22 No.3

변화맹시는 장면의 변화를 탐지하는데 실패하는 현상으로서, 무주의 또는 주의력 결함이 그 기저에 깔려있다. 본 연구는 변화맹시과제가 ADHD 성향군을 정상군으로부터 변별하기 위한 유용한 도구로 사용될 수 있는지 검토하였다. 참가자들은 변화맹시-순차제시과제, 변화맹시-동시제시과제, 연속수행검사, CAARS-K ADHD 평정척도 등을 웹-기반 과제를 통해 실행하였다. 각 과제들의 측정 지표인 평균반응시간, 반응시간 표준편차, 정반응률 등과 ADHD 평정척도와 상관분석을 통해 각 과제들이 주의력 결함을 드러내는지 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 변화맹시-순차제시과제에서는 과제 측정지표들과 ADHD 평정척도들 간의 유의미한 상관이 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 변화맹시-동시제시과제에서는 평균반응시간과 정반응률이 거의 모든 ADHD 세부척도들과 유의한 부적 상관이 얻어졌다. 판별분석결과, 변화맹시-동시과제의 지표들은 연속수행검사의 지표들에 비해 더 높은 수준의 판별정확도를 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 변화맹시과제의 제시 방법(순차적 대 동시적 제시)에 따라 다르며, 동시제시 과제가 주의력 결함 증상의 진단에 더 유용하다는 것을 시사한다. Change blindness is a failure to detect subtle changes in a series of scenes, and the phenomenon has been thought to be based on inattention or attention deficits. This study examined whether a change blindness task could be a useful tools for discriminating adult ADHD from normal adults. Participants performed a flicker-dot task, a simultaneous-dot task, a continuous performance teak, and a CAARS-K ADHD rating scale. In order to examine which task index (i.e., mean response time, standard deviation of response time, and accuracy) may reveal attention deficit, correlation analyses were conducted. As results, in flicker-dot task, there were almost no significant correlations between task indices and ADHD scales. In contrast, in simultaneous-dot task, response time and accuracy were negatively correlated to nearly every ADHD scales. In addition, the result of a discriminant analysis showed that indices from the simultaneous-dot task have more discrimination accuracy than those from the continuous performance task. These results suggest that change blindness task may be useful in revealing attention deficits in adults with ADHD.

경두개 직류 전류 자극이 시지각 과제의 수행 능력에 미치는 영향

박래준,이미영,조인술,황윤태 한국장애인재활협회 2008 재활복지 Vol.12 No.3

As a non-invasive technique for brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates the brain activity. Recent studies reported that tDCS enhances motor learning and working memory. Therefore, this study examined the effect of tDCS on the primary motor cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere in motor performance. Twenty-two healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. They were divided randomly into two groups, such as the experimental group or sham-controlled group. In the experimental group, tDCS (1 ㎃, 20 mins) was applied to the primary motor cortex and sham-control group was applied for 30seconds only. In addition, a serial reaction time task was carried out before and after tDCS in both groups. There was enhanced motor performance in both groups due to the repetitive motor execution. However, the experimental group showed larger changes in their reaction time. Overall, tDCS of the primary motor cortex is effective in stimulating the motor performance in healthy subjects. The results suggest that tDCS may enhance the beneficial effects of neurorehabilitative treatments in stroke patients. 경두개 직류 전류 자극법은 영구적 이식이나 침습적인 방법이 아닌 비침습적으로 뇌를 자극하는 방법으로써 뇌의 활성화를 조절하여 학습능률 향상을 도모하는 뇌기능 치료법이다. 경두개 직류 전류 자극법이 뇌기능장애환자나 신경계 손상환자의 뇌기능 활성화에 대한 치료적 프로토콜로 제안되는 이유는 시지각과제에 대한 운동학습과 작동 기억 향상에 있으나 아직 시지각과제의 운동수행력 향상을 뒷받침하는 논문은 많지 않다. 그러므로, 본 연구는 비우성 뇌반구의 일차운동영역에 경두개 직류 전류로 자극을 가하여 시지각과제의 운동 수행력에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 22명의 정상 성인을 대상으로 무작위로 실험군과 허위-대조군으로 나누었으며, 실험군에서는 비우세 뇌반구의 일차운동영역에 경두개 직류 전류 자극을 1㎃으로 20분 동안 적용하였고, 허위-대조군은 같은 부위에 30초동안 자극하고 대상자들이 모르도록 장치의 전원을 끈 상태로 유지하였다. 연속반응시간과제는 자극 전과 후에 두 그룹 모두에게 반응 시간의 변화를 확인하기 위해 적용되었다. 본 연구의 결과, 자극 전·후 반응시간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으나(p< .05), 집단간과 상호작용에는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p> .05). 반복적인 운동 수행 효과로 인해 두 집단 모두에서 수행력이 향상되었으나, 경두개 직류 전류 자극을 적용한 실험군에서 좀 더 많은 반응시간의 변화가 보였다. 그러므로, 경두개 직류 전류 자극을 적용한 집단이 허위-대조군보다 반응시간에서 좀 더 많은 변화가 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로의 연구에서 적절한 과제를 통해 효과성이 검증이 된다면 뇌졸중을 가진 환자의 뇌 활성화를 조절하는 신경재활치료에 중재법으로 유용할 것이라 생각된다.

성인 ADHD 성향군의 회귀억제와 반응억제 결함

정진영,곽호완,장문선 한국심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.27 No.1

This study examined inhibition of return(IOR) and response inhibition deficits in adults with ADHD tendency using three web-based neuropsychological experiments. Specifically, using an IOR task in Exp. 1., we tested whether the amount of IOR in adults with ADHD would be decreased compared to control group. In Exp. 2 and 3, we also examined whether adults with ADHD tendency would show deficits in response inhibition compared to control group, using a continuous performance test(CPT) and a Stroop task. As results, 1) we found that ADHD tendency group showed less IOR compared to control group. 2) ADHD tendency group showed less response accuracy than control group. We then compared ADHD tendency group with controls performance in the CPT task. As a result, the ADHD tendency group showed more commission errors than the control group. Finally, the amount of stroop interference in Stroop task was not significant, while there was an interesting three-way interaction among the stroop, IOR and group conditions. These results suggest that ADHD tendency group had difficulties in efficient employment-deployment of attention, as shown in the IOR task. Moreover, the group difference in commission error obtained in CPT suggests that adults with ADHD tendency have deficits in response inhibition. Taken together, the result of the present study may be useful in understanding the characteristic of specific symptoms in adults with ADHD tendency. Further research is needed to generalize these results to clinically diagnosed patients with ADHD. 본 연구에서는 세 가지 웹-기반 실험과제를 이용하여 성인 ADHD 성향군의 회귀억제 결함과 반응억제 결함을 검토하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 회귀억제과제를 실시한 후 통제군과 비교하여 성인 ADHD 성향군이 회귀억제력에서 결함이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 그리고 연속수행과제와 스트룹과제를 실시한 후 통제군과 비교하여 ADHD 성향군이 반응 억제능력과 지속적 주의에서도 결함이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 회귀억제과제에서 ADHD 성향군과 통제군의 반응시간을 비교한 결과, ADHD 성향군은 통제군에 비해 더 적은 회귀억제량을 보였으며, ADHD 성향군은 통제군에 비해 정반응률이 유의미하게 낮았다. 연속수행과제에서 ADHD 성향군과 통제군의 수행을 비교한 결과, ADHD 성향군이 통제군보다 오경보의 수가 더 많았으나 누락오류 수와 반응시간에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 마지막으로 스트룹과제 수행결과, 스트룹 간섭량과 정반응률에서 집단 간의 차이는 유의미하지 않았으나, 스트룹 간섭량 패턴에서 ADHD 성향군과 통제군의 패턴이 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하면, ADHD 성향군이 효율적인 주의억제와 반응억제를 실행하는데 어려움이 있고, 충동적이며 지속적인 주의를 유지하는 데 결함이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구의 결과들을 기초로, 성인 ADHD 성향군의 주의, 반응억제 등의 세부증상의 특성을 이해하는데 유용할 수 있고 이를 바탕으로 ADHD 성인을 진단하는 지표들을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 마지막으로, 향후 임상표본을 대상으로 본 연구 결과를 일반화시키기 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 환자의 주의력 결함 및 수면다원검사 특징

이유경,장문선,이호원,곽호완 한국건강심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.16 No.3

This study tried to examine the characteristics of attention deficits in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apenea(OSA) with different age levels, and to examine which indices of polysomnograms might be related to the indices of attention deficits in OSAs. Two age-level groups and a normal control group were subjected to two computerized attention tests, including a continuous performance test(CPT) and a change blindness task(CBT). In addition, the three groups were subjected to a Polysomnography to extract several sub-indicators of polysomnogram, and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale which measures subjective sleepiness. As results, the OSAs showed significantly more omission and commission errors in CPT, and they showed lower accuracy in CBT compared to the normal group. The results of a correlational analysis showed that attention deficits in OSA are significantly correlated with arterial oxygen saturation among sub-indicators of polysomnograms. In conclusion, OSAs seems to be less attentive, having difficulties in response inhibition, and having deficiencies in noticing important environmental changes. Age seems to make these deficiencies even worse. Especially, the relationship between attention deficiency and hypoxia which could cause irreversible cerebrum damage has an implication in cognitive impairment prevention through early treatment. 본 연구에서는 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증 환자(obstructive sleep Apnea, OSA)의 연령수준에 따른 주의력 결함 특성을 알아보고, 이들의 주의력 결함이 어떤 수면다원검사 지표들과 관련이 있는지 검토하고자 하였다. 두 하위 연령집단 및 정상군에 대해 전산화 주의력측정검사인 연속수행과제와 변화맹시과제를 실시하였다. 추가적으로 수면다원검사의 하위 지표들을 추출하고 주관적 주간졸음을 측정하는 엡워스 주간 졸리움 척도도 실시하였다. 연구결과, OSA군은 정상군과 비교하여 연속수행과제에서 누락 오류와 오경보 오류의 수가 유의하게 많은 것으로 나타났고, 변화맹시 과제에서 정반응률이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 상관분석 결과, OSA군의 주의력 결함은 수면다원검사 지표들 중 저산소혈증과 유의한 상관을 보였다. 결론적으로, OSA군은 부주의하고, 반응억제에 어려움을 보이며, 환경적 자극들 사이에서 일어나는 중요한 변화를 탐지하는데 결함이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 주의력 결함의 정도는 연령이 증가함에 따라 더욱 심화되었다. 특히 주의력 결함과 비가역적 대뇌 손상을 초래하는 저산소혈증과의 관련성은 OSA 환자의 인지기능의 손상을 예방하기 위해 조기치료가 필요함을 시사한다.

주의력 결핍·과잉행동장애 아동에서 Methylphenidate에 의한 사건관련전위와 연속과제수행 변화사이의 상관성

이미숙,최영,이무석 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1997 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.8 No.2

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 하위 유형별 연속수행과제 양상의 예비 연구

허승은(Seung Eun Huh),김용희(Young Hee Kim),반건호(Geon Ho Bahn),이원혜(Won Hye Lee) 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2008 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.19 No.2

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare two subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls in their attention using ADHD diagnostic system (ADS), a kind of continuous performance test. Methods : Subjects of this study were 8 children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive type, 28 children with ADHD-combined type and 20 control children. Ages ranged from 5 to 14 years. The Korean Educational Development Institute version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (KEDI-WISC) and the ADS were administered to all subjects to provide measures of intelligence and attention. Results : Significant differences were found in the ADS variables for the three groups. When compared with controls, the ADHD-predominantly inattentive type children scored significantly higher on the omission error at middle stage and later stage and ADHD-combined type children scored significantly higher on the omission error and reaction time at later stage. When compared with the other two groups, the ADHD-combined type children scored significantly higher on the commission error at all three stages. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the two subtypes of ADHD have different features in attention deficit. And there was a possibility that commission error is available variable to show cognitive characteristics of ADHD-combined type than any other ADS variables. Further studies are needed to evaluate this finding.

걱정사고 동반 유무에 따른 성인기 ADHD 성향집단의 연속수행과제 수행 특성

이상일 한국재활심리학회 2019 재활심리연구 Vol.26 No.1

This study investigated the relationship between characteristics of adults with ADHD and worry, and how group performance on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) differed based on the co-occurrence of worry. Wells’ model (1995) was used to categorize worry. The Korean version of Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Meta Cognitions Questionnaire were administered to 624 college students. Participants were divided into the following groups: ADHD tendency and worry; ADHD tendency; worry; meta-worry; and control. Analyses revealed significant correlations in all relationships except for some sub-indicators. The ADHD tendency and worry group had more statistically significant false alarms than other groups. There was no performance difference between the ADHD tendency group and the worry groups, or between the two worry groups. The results indicated that ADHD accompanied by worry may lead to greater response-inhibition deficits, and severe worry symptoms may lead to carelessness and impulsiveness not unlike ADHD symptoms.

연속수행검사에서 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 감별 진단 시 임상 T-점수의 유용성

윤수연(Soo-Youn Yoon),구훈정(Hoon-Jung Koo),김붕년(Boong-Nyun Kim),신민섭(Min-Sup Shin) 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2008 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.19 No.2

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine whether there are qualitative differences in attention problem among children with various psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder using clinical ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) T-scores. Methods : The subjects were 794 outpatient children aged from 5 to 15 years, including 540 children with ADHD, 95 children with depressive disorder, 86 children with anxiety disorder, and 73 children with tic disorder. Clinical T-scores on the ADS were calculated using the mean and standard deviations of four ADS variables for the ADHD group. Results : All four groups had T-scores on the ADS in the abnormal range. However, when comparing the clinical T-scores, the children with depressive and anxiety disorders performed better than the children with ADHD. We also found that although the four groups seemed to be similar in terms of clinical T-scores for omission and commission errors, there were significant differences in clinical T-scores for reaction time and the standard deviation of response time (RT) between the ADHD and other groups. Conclusions : We concluded that inattention and impulsivity might not be specific only to ADHD and that the clinical T-scores of RT and standard deviation of RT on the ADS could be used to discriminate between ADHD and other clinical groups.

시각적 착시에 의한 지각된 난이도 변화가 동작 수행에 미치는 영향

김준희,김상범 한국스포츠심리학회 2019 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.30 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how the perceived difficulty change by visual illusion affects performance. Methods: Participants in this study consisted of 8 persons (6 males and 2 females) with normal or corrected vision, with the dominant hand on the right. Participants performed verbal judgment tasks, judgment motor tasks, and continuous motor tasks. Inverted-T figures with difficulty levels of 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm were randomly presented for each task. The verbal judgment task was designed to express the shape of a horizontal line and a vertical line that looked long after showing the figure. Judgment motor task was to measure to present the distance between the horizontal line and the vertical line by opening the tip of the stick’s markers. Continuous motor task was to tap a given target 40 times with maximum speed. Results: As a result of the verbal judgement task, all eight participants said that the vertical line was long. In the judgment motor task, five participants judged that the vertical line was longer than the horizontal line. Conversely, three participants stated that the horizontal line was longer than the vertical line. In the continuous motor task, the visual illusion did not appear to affect the continuous movement. On the other hand, as the difficulty index increased, movement time was increased. Conclusion: The vertical line of Inverted-T was perceived as longer one in the perceptual judgement task, but no difference was found in continuous motor task between horizontal line and vertical line of Inverted-T, suggesting that visual illusion of inverted-T did not affect the motor performance of continuous motor task.

ADHD 아동의 주의력 결함 판별을 위한 웹-기반 신경심리 연구

이수경,박경,곽호완 한국임상심리학회 2012 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.31 No.1

Based on three web-based neuropsychological tasks, this study examined the characteristics of attention deficits in children with ADHD. Specifically, we examined whether or not the experimental indices from a continuous performance task, a change-blindness task, and an inhibition-of-return task would successfully discriminate ADHD children from normal ones. According to the results, 1) significant differences were obtained among normal and ADHD sub-groups, 2) 71.2% of the cases were correctly classified as predicted using the indices of the three tasks, and 3) standard deviations of response time from the change-blindness task were among the most useful indices for classification. Further research would be needed to generalize our results to other clinical cases, especially with comorbid symptoms.