니세틸 정(아세틸 - 엘 - 카르니틴 500mg)에 대한 뉴로세틸 정의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,오인준,이용복,임동구,문재동,심영순,김은아,정현철 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.1

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is naturally occurring molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ALC tablets, Nicetile^(TM) (Dong-A pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Neurocetil^(TM) (Kyung-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Twenty six normal male volunteers, 22.80±2.76 year in age and 63.07±7.98 ㎏ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2 × 2 cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 ㎎ of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_t, C_(max) and T_(max) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in AUC_t, C_(max) and T_(max) between two tablets were 2.72%, -0.65% and -8.42%, respectively, when calculated against the Nicetile^(TM) tablet. The powers (1-β) for AUC_t and C_(max) were 94.87% and 87.17%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences (△) at α=0.05 and 1-β=0.8 were less than 20% (e.g., 15.58% and 19.16% AUC_t and C_(max), respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were within ±20% (e.g., -11.84∼6.41 and -10.57∼11.88 for AUC_t and C_(max), respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Neurocetil^(TM) tablet is bioequivalent to Nicetile^(TM) tablet.

The prediction of the tooth size in the mixed dentition for Korean

Moon, Sung-Hwan,Kim, Seong-Oh,Yu, Hyung-Seong,Choi, Byung-Jai,Choi, Hyung-Jun,Lee, Jae-Ho 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.2

이번 연구의 목적은 혼합치열기 아동에서 미맹출된 견치와 소구치의 크기를 예측하는데 있어서 한국인에 맞는 방정식을 만들기 위함이다. 미맹출 치아의 크기를 예측하는 것은 혼합치열기 교정 진단과 치료계획 수립에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 미맹출된 견치와 소구치 크기를 예측하는 방법은 몇가지가 있지만 그중에서도 가장 흔하게 쓰이는 것이 모이어의 예측표와 다나카와 존스턴의 방정식이 있다. 하지만 그것들은 백인을 위해서 제작된 것이고 치아 크기는 인종에 따라서 다르다고 알려져 있다. 이번 연구에서는 치아크기를 측정하여 하악 영구 절치의 크기 합과 견치 및 소구치의 크기 합 사이의 상관관계를 구하고 회귀방정식을 이용해서 한국인에 맞는 예측표를 만들었다. 연세대학교 치과대학에 재학중인 178명의 한국 학생(남 108명, 여 70명, 평균연령 21.63)을 대상으로 실험하였다. 영구치의 근원심 폭경을 석고모형상에서 calipers를 이용해서 측정하였다. 성별간의 치아 크기는 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Correlation coefficient는 0.57에서 0.64의 범위였고, standard errors of the estimates 는 여성에서 0.6으로써 남성보다 우수하였다. r^(2)값은 0.27에서 0.41의 범위를 나타내었다. Estimating the size of unerupted teeth is an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning in the mixed dentition. Several methods were introduced and used for the prediction. The most common methods among these would be Moyers probability chart and Tanaka and Johnston equations. These are currently used widely, but they were developed for Caucasians. Because there are clear racial differences in teeth size, the objectives of this study were to produce correlation coefficients between the combined mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular incisors and those of the canines and premolars for each quadrant, and prediction tables with regression equations, specifically for Korean. 178 young adults (70 women, 108 men, mean age 21.63 years) were selected from the College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the permanent teeth were measured with calipers. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes. The correlation coefficients between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and those of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were found to be between 0.52 and 0.64. The standard error of the estimatation was better (0.60) for women and the r^(2) values ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 for both sexes, Prediction tables were prepared for Korean. This study showed larger canine and premolar diameters than Tanaka and Johnston's and Moyers' studies which might be due to the racial differences. Further investigations with a larger sample size will be needed for more representative data on the Korean population.

한일병합 100년, 한국문학의 식민성과 탈식민성 ; 1920년대 인도 시인의 유입과 탈식민성의 모색

오문석 ( Moon Seok Oh ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2011 민족문학사연구 Vol.45 No.-

근대시의 발전 경로에서 인도 시인의 영향은 이중적이다. 첫째는 인도에 대한 조선의 관심이 주로 서양을 매개로 한다는 점이다. 간디, 타고르, 나이두, 네루 등은 모두 서양이 주목한 정치인(혹은 종교인), 시인이라는 공통점을 갖는다. 그들은 서양에 의해서 인정받은 동양인이다. 여기에는 서구적 근대성의 시선이 작동하고 있다. 둘째는 인도의 저명인사들이 대개 ``반근대``, ``반문명``의 태도를 취한다는 점이다. 그들은 서구적 근대성의 시선에서 자유로우며, 서구문명과 서구적 근대를 부정하는 근거로 ``동양``을 제시하고 있다. 그들은 동양인의 자존심을 회복시켜주고 있다. 하지만 ``동양 담론``은 일본의 식민지 이데올로기 중의 하나이다. 동양의 동일성은 한일병합의 근거로 작용한 바 있다. 인도에서 ``동양 담론``은 ``탈근대`` ``탈문명``을 통해서 ``탈식민화``의 가능성을 내포하지만, 조선에서 ``동양 담론``은 근대문명의 동양적 결정판인 ``일본의 식민지 이데올로기``에 깊이 감염되어 있다. 동양 담론이 (서구적) 근대화의 이데올로기와 충돌하지 않았던 것이다. 하지만 1920년대 인도 시인의 영향은 달랐다. 그들이 서구적 근대화에 대한 반성의 계기를 마련해주고 있기 때문이다. 그 흔적은 타고르의 영역판 시집을 둘러싼 번역 문제에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 타고르의 시집 번역에서 가장 큰 문제는 해당 시집의 ``종교성``을 부각시키는 문제였다. 특히 『기탄잘리』의 영역판에 등장하는 ``thou``의 번역이 문제였다. 오천석은 ``thou``를 ``님/그대``로 번역하여 종교적 성격보다 연애시의 성격을 강조하였는데, 김억은 그것을 철저하게 ``you``와 구별하면서 ``주님/하느님``으로 번역하여 종교성의 의미를 살리고자 했다. 하지만 타고르의 대표 시집 3권을 완역한 이후 김억은 ``thou``와 ``you``의 동일성을 ``동양적 특성``으로 강조하게 된다. 오천석의 번역어인 ``님/그대``에 자신의 번역어인 ``주님/하느님``의 뜻이 포함될 수 있다는 것이다. 한용운의 지적처럼 ``님``은 연인에서 국가, 부처까지 무한 확장이 가능한 개념이 된 것이다. ``님``을 매개로 해서, 문학과 종교(초월)의 통일성, 님과의 합일을 통한 주체의 소멸 등의 동양적 성격이 오히려 근대적 ``서정시``의 성격으로 자리잡게 된다. 이른바 ``전통 서정시``의 기본적인 모델이 완성된 것이다. 이것은 서구적 노블의 정착을 목적으로 하는 근대 소설의 발전 경로와 다른 점이다. 또한 조선에도 ``님의 상실-회복``의 서사가 정착하게 되고, 조선(=님)의 르네상스를 이데올로기로 정립하게 된다. 근대를 기점으로 이전과 이후가 서로 결합하는 사고가 정착된 것이다. ``근대 이전``이 ``근대 이후``의 가능성을 모색하게 하는 낡은 창고로서 주목받게 된 것이다. 30년대의 ``신라``의 재발견은 그 일부에 해당한다. Indian poets such as Gandhi, Tagore, Naidu, Nehru and more influenced in the development of modern Korean poetry in two contradictory ways. First of all, Koreans were initially interested in the above mentioned poets in that they were most admired in the West. It is obvious that Koreans were strongly conscious that these political (or religious) poets were the Orientals recognized and praised by Westerns. In a certain way, it is implied that Koreans highly regarded Western perspective and modernity. On the other hand, it is noticeable that most of the eminent figures in India were against modernization and civilization. Not only did they reject to be confined to Western modernity but also unreservedly pictured the East in opposition to Western civilization and modernization. They indeed regained self-esteem and respect as Orientals. Nonetheless, it cannot be ignored that discourse on the Orient was central to Japanese imperialism and colonial ideologies. In fact, the Japanese colonization of Korea was once justified in the name of the Oriental identity. While discourse on the Orient in India suggested the possibilities of post-colonization with post-modernization and post-civilization, the discourse in Korea was deeply imbued with Japanese colonial ideologies which were regarded as the Oriental representative of modern civilization. In other words, discourse on the Orient in Korea was not incompatible with the ideologies of Western modernization. However, under the influence of Indian poets in the 1920s, Koreans were challenged to reconsider Western modernization. A controversy over translating Tagore`s poems in English into Korean was exemplary in case. What was at issue in translating Tagore`s poetry was its religious implication. Especially, how to translate ``thou`` in the English version of 『Gitanjali』 into Korean was debated. Oh Cheonseok translated ``thou`` as ``you`` indicating a lover. In doing so, the poem was more likely to be romantic than religious. In contrast, Kim Uk distinguishably understood it as ``God/Lord/Jesus`` to underline the religious implication of the poem. However, after translating all three volumes of Tagore`s poems, Kim stressed that characteristically there was no difference between ``thou`` and ``you`` in terms of an Oriental sensibility. He thus argued that Oh`s word ``you`` was equivalent to his word ``God/Lord/Jesus`` as Han Youngun`s ``Nim(you)`` was variously conceptualized as a lover, nation, Buddha, and more. From the concept of ``Nim,`` rather, Oriental characteristics such as the unity of literature and religion and the deconstruction of poetic subject into oneness with ``Nim`` have been distinguished as those of modern poetry. This is to say that the elementary model of ``traditional`` lyric poetry came to be complete. Also, it is what differs the development of modern Korean poems from that of modern Korean novels which aimed at the settlement of Western novels` style. Moreover, the narrative on ``the loss and recovery of Nim`` took root in Korea, and the Renaissance of the nation identified with Nim was established as ideology. Since the modern era, a notion to incorporate ``before the era`` and ``after the era`` has been diffused in a great degree. ``Before the modern era`` (pre-modernity) was much studied as ``an original storage`` to appreciate the potentials of ``after the modern era``(post-modernity). In the end, it partly resulted in the rediscovery of ``Shilla`` in the 1930s.

산소유리라디칼이 뇌조직 미크로좀분획의 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase 활성도에 미치는 영향

오세문(Sae Moon Oh)손영숙(Young Sook Son),최길수(Kil Soo Choi),임정규(Jung Kyoo Lim),정명희(Myung Hee Chung) 대한약리학회 1982 대한약리학잡지 Vol.18 No.2

중추신경계의 혈관폐쇄 또는 충격손상에 의한 허혈병소에서 진행되는 병리적 변화에 산소유리라디칼이 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 시사되고 있다. 저자는 산소유리라디칼이 뇌조직에 미치는 영향 중 특히 신경세포 정지막전위 유지에 중요한 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase의 활성도에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 산틴산화효소 반응계와 뇌조직미크로좀을 이용하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 미크로좀분획(microsomal fraction)을 산틴과 산틴산화효소와 함께 반응시켰을 때, 분획의 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase의 활성도는 현저한 불활성화를 보인 반면, Mg⁺⁺-ATPase의 활성도는 별로 영향을 받지 않았다. 이 불활성화는 산틴과 신틴산화효소 중 어느 한 물질이라도 반응계에 존재하지 않는 경우에는 나타나지 않았고, 두 물질이 같이 반응계에 존재할 때 나타났다. 산틴과 산틴산화효소의 반응에서 생성되는 산소유리라디칼들 중, 어떤 것이 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase불활성화에 관계하고 있는가를 알아보기 위하여, 산수유리라디칼 각각에 대하여 제독작용을 가진 효소나 화학물질을 사용하여 불활성화의 저해유무를 관찰하였다. O^-₂⋅의 제독효소인 superoxide dismutase, H₂O₂의 제독효소인 catalase와 ¹O₂의 제독물질인 1,4-diazabixyclo(2,2,2)octane을 각각 사용하였을 때, 이들 물질들이 농도에 비례하여 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase의 불활성화가 저해되었다. 그러나 OH⋅의 제독물질인 mannitol은 뚜렷한 효과를 보이지 못했다. 이상의 결과는 산소유리라디칼들 중 O^-₂⋅, H₂O₂ 및 ¹O₂가 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase의 불활성화에 관계하고 있고, OH⋅는 거의 관계하지 않는다는 것을 시사하여 주었다. 이로 미루어, 산소유리라디칼에 의한 뇌조직 Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase의 불활성화는 뇌 허혈병소에서 관찰되는 신경세로의 기능적 장해를 유발시키는 한 요인으로 사료되었다. The effects of xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction on brain microsomal Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity were studied to see possible involvement of oxygen free radicals in pathologic change occurring in ischemic state of CNS accompanied by cerebral vascular occlusion or impact injury. When microsomal fraction was incubated with xanthine ana xanthine oxidase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of the fraction was markedly inactivated (80% inactivation) whereas btssl Mg⁺⁺-ATPase was much less sensitive (less than 10% inactivation) compared to that of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase. The inactivation was observed only in the presence of both xanthine and xanthine oxidase, not either of them alone, and the extent of inactivation was dependent on the concentration of xanthine. In an attempt to determine which of the oxygen species was responsible for the inactivation, the ability of various scavengers to overcome the inactivation was tested. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane were shown to reverse the inactivation of the ATPase in dose-dependent manner. In contrast, mannitol as well as other OH⋅quenchers were ineffective in limiting oxygen radical-induced inactivation. Thus OO^-₂⋅, H₂O₂ and ¹O₂ were implicated to be mediators involved in the inactivation. Since oxygen radicals are suspected as being a cause of the peroxidative damaging process in train ischemia, the ATPase inactivation by oxygen radicals may be a possible contributing factor which gives rise to functional derangement of nerve cells observed in the pathologic process.

Vitamin D Inhibits Expression and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Lung Fibroblasts (HFL-1) Cells

( Seo Hwa Kim ),( Moon Seong Baek ),( Dong Sik Yoon ),( Jong Seol Park ),( Byoung Wook Yoon ),( Byoung Su Oh ),( Jin Kyeong Park ),( Hui Jung Kim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2014 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.77 No.2

Background: Low levels of serum vitamin D is associated with several lung diseases. The production and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The aim of the current study therefore is to investigate if vitamin D modulates the expression and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) cells. Methods: HFL-1 cells were cast into three-dimensional collagen gels and stimulated with or without interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the presence or absence of 100 nM 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for 48 hours. Trypsin was then added into the culture medium in order to activate MMPs. To investigate the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, gelatin zymography was performed. The expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of MMP-9 mRNA and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 mRNA was quantified by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: IL-1β significantly stimulated MMP-9 production and mRNA expression. Trypsin converted latent MMP-2 and MMP-9 into their active forms of MMP-2 (66 kDa) and MMP-9 (82 kDa) within 24 hours. This conversion was significantly inhibited by 25(OH)D (100 nM) and 1,25(OH)2D (100 nM). The expression of MMP-9 mRNA was also significantly inhibited by 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. Conclusion: Vitamin D, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D play a role in regulating human lung fibroblast functions in wound repair and tissue remodeling through not only inhibiting IL-1β stimulated MMP-9 production and conversion to its active β inhibition on TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 production.

Vitamin D Inhibits Expression and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Lung Fibroblasts (HFL-1) Cells

Kim, Seo Hwa,Baek, Moon Seong,Yoon, Dong Sik,Park, Jong Seol,Yoon, Byoung Wook,Oh, Byoung Su,Park, Jinkyeong,Kim, Hui Jung The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2014 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.77 No.2

Background: Low levels of serum vitamin D is associated with several lung diseases. The production and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The aim of the current study therefore is to investigate if vitamin D modulates the expression and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) cells. Methods: HFL-1 cells were cast into three-dimensional collagen gels and stimulated with or without interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) in the presence or absence of 100 nM 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ($1,25(OH)_2D$) for 48 hours. Trypsin was then added into the culture medium in order to activate MMPs. To investigate the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, gelatin zymography was performed. The expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of MMP-9 mRNA and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 mRNA was quantified by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: IL-$1{\beta}$ significantly stimulated MMP-9 production and mRNA expression. Trypsin converted latent MMP-2 and MMP-9 into their active forms of MMP-2 (66 kDa) and MMP-9 (82 kDa) within 24 hours. This conversion was significantly inhibited by 25(OH)D (100 nM) and $1,25(OH)_2D$ (100 nM). The expression of MMP-9 mRNA was also significantly inhibited by 25(OH)D and $1,25(OH)_2D$. Conclusion: Vitamin D, 25(OH)D, and $1,25(OH)_2D$ play a role in regulating human lung fibroblast functions in wound repair and tissue remodeling through not only inhibiting IL-$1{\beta}$ stimulated MMP-9 production and conversion to its active form but also inhibiting IL-$1{\beta}$ inhibition on TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 production.

The Effect of Ketamine Anesthesia on the Formation of Brain Edema during Focal Ischemia in Rats

Oh, Sae Moon,Choi, Sun Kil,Kang, Seung Koo 대한신경외과학회 1990 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.19 No.10-12

흥분성 아미노산(Excitatory amino aid)은 뇌허혈시 뇌손상 기전에 관여하는 중요 세포독소의 하나로 밝혀졌다. 한편 케타마인은 중추신경계에서 흥분성 아미노산의 흥분성 독성작용(excitotoxic action)에 대한 길항작용을 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 실험에서 저자들은 케타마인 마취가 실험적 국소 뇌허혈시 발생하는 뇌부종에 대하여 억제효과를 갖고 있는지의 여부를 관찰하였다. 체중 300~400g의 횐쥐 40마리를 할로테인 군과 케타마인 군으로 나누어 마취를 한 후 우측 중대뇌동맥 폐쇄술을 시행하였다. 뇌허혈 4시간 후 양측 대뇌반구에서 채취한 뇌피질개(cerebral conical mantle)의 중앙부, 중간부, 외각부에서 각각 뇌수분 함량과 전해질 함량(나트륨 및 칼륨)을 측정하여, 양측 대뇌간 및 두 실험군간에 함량을 비교하였던 바, 두 군 모두에서 허혈 대뇌반구측의 전 부위에 걸쳐 현저한 뇌부종 형성을 보였다. 또한 두 군 모두에서 허혈 대뇌반구측의 중앙부와 중간부에서는 뇌수분 함량의 증가와 거의 비례하는 정도로 전해질 이동 소견을 나타내었다. 그러나 두 군간 대응되는 뇌허혈 부위에서 발생한 뇌부종은 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이 결과는 케타마인 마취가 국소 뇌허혈시 진행되는 초기 뇌부종 형성에 대하여 억제 영향을 미치지 못한다는 사실을 시사하였다. Excitatory amino acids have been implicated as one of the important putative cellular toxins in ischemic brain. Ketamine antagonizes the excitotoxic action of excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system. The present study was undertaken to determine whether ketamine anesthesia protect the formation of brain edema in the model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 300gm and 400gm were used in this study. The animals were anesthetized with either halothane or ketamine, and then right middle cerebral artery occlusion were performed. After 4 hours of ischemia, the brain water and ion contents (Na^(+) and K^(+)) were determined in the central, intermediate, and outer zones of each cortical mantle. In both halothane and ketamine anesthetized groups, there were significant brain edema in the ischemic central and intermediate zones. Ionic shifts were also observed in the ischemic central and intermediate zones to approximately same extent as the brain water content in both groups. However, there were no significant differences of brain edema between the two groups in the corresponding ischemic zones. These results suggest that ketamine anesthesia does not have significant protective effect on the formation of brain edema during the early stages of permanent incomplete cerebral ischemia.

A Study on Change of Logistics Environment in Northeast Asia and Logistics Hub Strategy of China

Moon-Kap Oh 한국유통과학회 2016 유통과학연구 Vol.14 No.1

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to find out how shipping company recognizes making partnership with the third party logistics provider and to give implication. Research design, data and methodology – Personal interview and questionnaire by E-mail, Fax, Mail, and telephone were used. 700 copies of the questionnaires were distributed and 155 copied were returned. Among collected questionnaires, 20 copies were excluded because of insufficient content, and therefore 135 copies were used. Results – Korea should change into new paradigm from old one based on current economic and social systems which has stemmed from bureaucracy, inflexibility chauvinism and equalitarianism. Flexible policies, administration and systems will be needed for better business practices. The Domestic logistics corporation needs to preoccupy strategic logistics hub and network. Conclusions – To be a center of North East Logistics, Korea needs more reasonable business law, systems and policies. Social norms and orders should be established to accomplish political and social security. A paradigm of the policy ruling over development of capital city and satellite cities shall make change.

Visions of Early Childhood Education in the 21ST Century : The Early Childhood Practice of Reggio Emilia vs The Reggio Approach vs The Korean Adaptation of the Reggio Approach

Moon Ja Oh 한국유아교육학회 2000 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.6 No.-

This paper examines the current state of the Korean adaptation of the Reggio Approach in order to reveal the hidden assumptions and perspectives on which we can reflect to make changes for better education. Korean classrooms were examined and analyzed around four major features: project works as a part of curriculum, collaboration through communication, multi-symbolic approach using a variety of representational media, and documentation. Despite the common symbols shared by both settings, many differences were found in practice. Korean teachers tend to believe in objectivity, single interpretations of reality, and reducing cognitive conflicts, white the socio-constructivistic Reggio educators believe in intersubjectivity, multiple interpretations of reality and fostering cognitive conflicts. The successful adaptation of the Reggio principles would require us a $quot;paradigm shift$quot;. Reinterpretation of the familiar symbols from a new paradigm and perspective can help us reconstruct an early educational framework and practice of our own context and time.

Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing a Mutant VU-4 Calmodulin Have Altered Nicotinamide Co-Enzyme Levels and Hydrogen Peroxide Levels

Oh, Suk-Heung,Park, Yoon-Sick,Yang, Moon-Sik Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1999 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.32 No.1

In order to understand the biological role of calmodulin in plants, transgenic tobacco plants expressing a calmodulin mutant (VU-4 calmodulin, lys to ile-115) gene have been analyzed. SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analyses showed that the foreign calmodulin mutant is stably and highly expressed in the transgenic tobacco plants. The levels of $H_2O_2$were elevated approximately 2-fold in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco plants have more than 6-fold higher levels of NADPH compared to control tobacco plants. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the susceptibility of the transgenic tobacco seeds and normal tobacco seeds to fungal contamination (Oh and Yang, 1996), suggest that the expression of the calmodulin derivative gene in tobacco plants could increase resistance to infection by fungal pathogens.